Cephalexin Adsorption Research Articles

ZnO/nZVI nanoparticle-enhanced double-slope U-shaped solar distillation: A thermodynamic investigation of cephalexin adsorption

The increasing need for sustainable methods to remove pharmaceutical contaminants like cephalexin and improve water desalination is critical. This study explores ZnO/nZVI nanoparticles synthesized with Jackfruit peel extracts as eco-friendly, cost-effective adsorbents, enhancing water purification in solar desalination systems. This work used a matte black paint coating within a double slope U-shaped solar distiller (DSUD) in a discontinuous experimental setting to examine potential improvements in solar distillation performance. Activated carbon (AC) and bioactive powdered nanoparticles of ZnO/nZVI (nano zerovalent iron), produced from jackfruit peel extracts (JP) were combined in a synergistic way. The effectiveness of cephalexin removal was assessed taking into account the JPAC solution parameters, reaction duration, ZnO/nZVI concentrations in the nanocomposite dosage, and initial nanocomposite concentration. The best conditions for cephalexin adsorption were found to be pH 5 and reaction time of 50 min, which resulted in high absorption efficiencies of 94.74% (nZVI) and 97.53% (ZnO) at room temperature with a JPAC dose of 2.50 g L⁻1. The efficiency of the eco-friendly adsorbent in getting rid of cephalexin was calculated using “pseudo-second-order kinetics” for nanocomposites, which is consistent with the “Langmuir” isothermal absorption process. The nanocomposites as absorbent materials in solar thermal desalination processes, efficient heat transmission and energy storage have been established. JPAC and the addition of steel balls (S) with a silver hue to the DSUD improved the internal heat transfer mechanisms. Thermodynamic of Gibbs free energy and the Laplacian method (TGL), two thermodynamic concepts, were used to extensively study the temperature dynamics of the DSUD with SJPAC components. For ZnO/JPAC, an exceptional distillate production rate was noted from 8:00 to 18:00, with a noteworthy 4.932 L/m2 output in winter and 5.833 L/m2 per day in summer. Using silver balls, ZnO/JPAC generated significant yields over a 24-h period: 8.957 L/m2 in summer and 7.253 L/m2 in winter, with an ideal energy efficiency of 51.05%. The unique advancements in TGL procedures and their environmental consequences are presented in this paper. The field of thermal energy transduction will advance if silver balls are used in DSUD for the synthesis of JPAC, ZnO/JPAC, and nZVI/JPAC, as supported by the theoretical insights presented here.

Influence of cephalexin on cadmium adsorption onto microplastic particles in water: Human health risk evaluation

This paper explores the impact of environmental factors on the adsorption of cadmium (Cd) and cephalexin (CEX) onto polyethylene (PE) microplastics. The study focused on Cd adsorption behavior on microplastics (MPs) of various sizes, revealing that particles sized 30–63 μm exhibited the highest adsorption capacity compared to other sizes. Cd sorption was significantly influenced by initial pH and salinity levels. Experimental data closely matched both the Langmuir (R2 > 0.91) and Freundlich (R2 > 0.92) isotherms. Cd adsorption onto PE particles was greater than CEX adsorption, with the maximum Cd uptake capacity measured at 1.8 mg/g. FTIR analysis indicated that Cd and CEX adsorption onto MPs was likely governed by physical interactions, as no new functional groups were detected post-uptake. The desorption rates of Cd and CEX from PE microplastics were evaluated in various liquids, including aqueous solution, tap water, seawater, and synthetic gastric juice. The health risks associated with Cd, in combination with MPs and CEX, for both children and adults were assessed in groundwater and aqueous solutions. This study offers scientific insights and guidelines for examining the environmental behavior, migration, and transformation of microplastics and their related ecological risks in scenarios of combined pollution.

Theoretical and experimental studies of cephalexin adsorption on aluminium as a new alternative of removal from wastewater

ABSTRACT Cephalexin (CPX) is an antibiotic widely used to treat many infections. CPX has become an emerging pollutant present in wastewater. On the other hand, it is well known that organic compounds can be adsorbed over metal surfaces when the metal is in active state such as when it is rusting. This work proposes an alternative for the elimination of CPX from wastewater, applying electrochemical principles using a conventional and cheap substrate, aluminium. The first part consisted of obtaining the active states of aluminium electrodes carrying out voltametric curves at different pH (4, 7 and 9) to find the particular condition of interaction between CPX and metal surface. The potential was used in the potentiostatic tests to set the activation potential of metal at different times. After the treatment, electrolyte solutions were analysed using UV-vis spectra, and the aluminium surfaces were studied by optical micrographs and X-ray diffraction. In addition, aluminium-CPX interactions were corroborated by quantum-chemical calculations and adsorption isotherms. All results indicate that it was possible for the CPX removal at basic pH conditions, where the molecule adsorption on the aluminium substrate occurs due to a strong electrostatic interaction.

Waste to resource: Engineered ridge gourd peel‐based activated carbon for enhanced cephalexin adsorption

This research investigates the efficacy of ridge gourd peel‐derived activated carbon (RGAC), activated with zinc chloride, for the removal of the antibiotic pollutant cephalexin (CFX) from aqueous solutions. Ensuring the elimination of cephalexin residues from aquatic environments is crucial for curbing the emergence of antibiotic‐resistant bacteria and preserving the balance of ecosystems. RGAC exhibits exceptional characteristics, with a surface area of 945.857 m2/g and a pore size of 1.7 nm, as determined through thorough structural analysis. Scanning electron microscopy and Fourier transform infrared analysis confirm the presence of various functional groups on RGAC's surface which aids in adsorption process, while zeta potential analysis indicates a negative surface charge of −18.11 mV. As experimental investigation, batch study was conducted considering distilled water spiked with CFX under standard condition for treatment with RGAC. Impressively, RGAC demonstrates a high CFX adsorption capacity of 37.56 mg/g, also achieving more than 90% CFX removal efficiency. Fitting of the Langmuir isotherm (R2 = 0.9647) and the pseudo‐second‐order kinetics model (R2 = 0.99) reveals strong agreement between theoretical predictions and experimental results. Furthermore, real‐time sampling and regeneration studies underscore RGAC's potential as a commercially viable adsorbent for addressing antibiotic micro‐pollutants in aquatic environments. Throughout six cycles of regeneration studies, a stable pattern emerged, showcasing rejection rates consistently between 81% and 93%. These findings contribute significantly to the advancement of environmentally sustainable water treatment strategies and pollution mitigation efforts.

Adsorption of cephalexin from aqueous solutions by MIL-101 (Fe) metal–organic framework

Adsorption using metal–organic structures is one of the methods of eliminating antibiotics that has shown promising results so far. In this study, to remove the antibiotic cephalexin from water, metal–organic structure MIL-101(Fe) was used. After making the adsorbent, adsorption tests were carried out to remove cephalexin from the aqueous solution in batch mode. The effect of parameters, including initial adsorbent dosage, initial cephalexin concentration, pH, time, and temperature on the adsorption was investigated. Kinetic data showed that the cephalexin adsorption on MIL-101(Fe) followed the pseudo-second-order model. The cephalexin adsorption isotherm was consistent with Langmuir model, and the maximum absorption capacity at 45 °C was 16.44 mg/g. The thermodynamic parameters showed that the cephalexin adsorption on adsorbent is spontaneous, endothermic, and accompanied by an increase in entropy. Therefore, MIL-101(Fe) can be a promising adsorbent to remove cephalexin from aqueous solutions.

Exploration of cephalexin adsorption mechanisms onto bauxite and palygorskite and regeneration of spent adsorbents with cold plasma bubbling

The aim of the present study was the direct comparison of two popular minerals, bauxite and palygorskite, as adsorbents for the removal of cephalexin (CPX) from aqueous solutions and the regeneration of the spent adsorbents through cold atmospheric plasma. Batch kinetics and isotherm studies were carried out to evaluate the effect of contact time, initial CPX concentration, adsorbent dosage, pH and temperature. The adsorbents were characterized by ATR-FTIR, N2 sorption, SEM and XRD, while several isotherm, kinetic and thermodynamic models were evaluated attempting to shed light on the adsorption mechanisms. CPX adsorption on both adsorbents was better described by Langmuir model, with an adsorption capacity of 112.36 mg/g for palygorskite and 11.79 mg/g for bauxite. Thermodynamics revealed the endothermic and the spontaneous character of the process, indicating chemisorption as the main adsorption mechanism for both adsorbents. The pseudo-second-order and the Elovich models fitted satisfactorily the adsorption onto bauxite, while adsorption onto palygorskite was well presented by Weber–Morris model, indicating that pore diffusion is also involved in the process. The adsorption capacity of both minerals decreased significantly after being used for several adsorption cycles and then almost completely recovered (regeneration efficiency was 99.6% and 98% for palygorskite and bauxite, respectively) inside a novel cold plasma microbubble reactor energized by high-voltage nanopulses, revealing the potential of these adsorbents to be reused. In addition to the regeneration of the adsorbents, the cold plasma completely eliminated the CPX transferred from the solid to the aqueous phase during the regeneration process.

Enhancing the Adsorption of Cephalexin onto the Pristine and Iron-Impregnated Biochars via Mechanical Ball Milling

Enhancing the Adsorption of Cephalexin onto the Pristine and Iron-Impregnated Biochars via Mechanical Ball Milling

Water-dispersible polymer coated silica nanoparticle for turn-on fluorometric detection of Cephalexin

Nanostructured molecular imprinted polymer for the sensitive and selective fluorometric detection of Cephalexin has been developed using a core-shell imprinting technology. The polymer coat on silica nanoparticles acquires a large surface area to adsorb the analytes. A hydrophilic functional monomer N-[Tris(hydroxymethyl)methyl]acrylamide and crosslinker ethylene glycol dimethylacrylate were used to synthesize the imprinted polymer to enhance the water dispersibility. The imprinted polymer was characterized with FTIR, FESEM and HRTEM. The diameter of the imprinted polymer appears to be ∼200–500 nm size. An environment-sensitive coumarin-based fluorescent monomer was integrated into the polymer as a signaling unit. The polymer shows a turn-on emission behaviour upon adsorption of Cephalexin on the surface. The limit of detection of Cephalexin is 1.6 μM. The imprinted polymer efficiently detects the drug molecule in synthetic urine samples also. The interaction of the monomer and the drug molecules was further supported with the optimized geometries, electron density calculation at the hydrogen bond critical points, and reduced density gradient (RDG) analysis calculated at ωB97X-D/6-311 + G(d,p) level of theory.

Synthesis of magnetic bio-nanocomposites for drug release and adsorption applications

Aims: Synthesis of nanocarrier Fe3O4/silica-starch/PNVCL for drug delivery and Fe3O4/GO-starch for antibiotic removal applicationsBackground: In the first part, the new magnetic nanocomposite including Fe3O4 nanoparticles coated with silica, anchored starch nanoparticles, and poly(N-vinylcaprolactam) and then, loaded by acetazolamide. In the second part, magnetic starch nanocomposites were synthesized and modified with graphene oxide.Methods: The drug loading, release and intrinsic cytotoxicity were measured. Also, the potential of Fe3O4/GO-starch as an adsorbent to remove cephalexin antibiotics from aqueous solutions was evaluated.Result: In the first part, the maximum drug adsorption was occurred at pH = 7 on the nanocarrier and the Langmuir model looks more suitable for describing the adsorption process at room temperature. The second study showed that the maximum adsorption of cephalexin at pH 4 for magnetic nanocomposites in good agreement with the Freundlich model and the adsorption kinetics followed the quasi-quadratic model.Conclusion: It seems that the prepared nanocarrier Fe3O4/silica-starch/PNVCL can be utilized as a promising candidate for drug delivery. Also, magnetic nanocomposites of Fe3O4/GO-starch can be used as suitable and inexpensive adsorbents in cephalexin removal.

Cephalexin Adsorption by Acidic Pretreated Jackfruit Adsorbent: A Deep Learning Prediction Model Study

Cephalexin (CFX) residues in the environment represent a major threat to human health worldwide. Herein we investigate the use of novel approaches in deep learning in order to understand the mechanisms and optimal conditions for the sorption of cephalexin in water onto an acidic pretreated jackfruit peel adsorbent (APJPA). The interaction between the initial concentration of CFX (10–50 mg/100 mL), APJAP dosage (3–10 mg/100 mL), time (10–60 min), and the pH (4–9), was simulated using the one-factor-at-a-time method. APJPA was characterized by FESEM images showing that APJPA exhibits a smooth surface devoid of pores. FTIR spectra confirmed the presence of -C-O, C–H, C=C, and -COOH bonds within the APJPA. Maximum removal was recorded with 6.5 mg/100 mL of APJAP dosage, pH 6.5, after 35 min and with 25 mg/100 mL of CFX, at which the predicted and actual adsorption were 96.08 and 98.25%, respectively. The simulation results show that the dosage of APJAP exhibits a high degree of influence on the maximum adsorption of CFX removal (100%) between 2 and 8 mg dose/100 mL. The highest adsorption capacity of APJAP was 384.62 mg CFX/g. The simulation for the effect of pH determined that the best pH for the CFX adsorption lies between pH 5 and 8.

Removal of Cephalexin from Wastewater Using Prepared Activated Carbon

In this study adsorption technique was used for the removal of antibiotic pollutants from wastewater. Cephalexin (CEX) was selected for the current study purpose as it is commonly used drug. Commercial activated carbon (AC) was used as the nano-adsorbent considering its high degree of porosity, availability, economic considerations, and environmental friendliness. Batch adsorption of cephalexin by commercially prepared activated carbon was used for the study. The parameters considered in the experiment include time, pH, concentration of adsorbent, adsorbate, and temperature of 298.15 K was maintained. It was found experimentally that with pH in acidic range (3-7), contact time of 1 hour, and 5mg per 20 ml dosage of adsorbent, the maximum removal efficiency of 87% was achieved. Isotherm and kinetic studies were carried out in this study. Keeping all these parameters constant, the method was tried out on stimulated hospital effluent and removal efficiency of 85% was obtained against cephalexin.

Modeling the Liquid-Phase Adsorption of Cephalexin onto Coated Iron Nanoparticles Using Response Surface and Molecular Modeling

In order to assess the interactions between process factors, the experiments involving the liquid-phase adsorption of cephalexin (CEX) onto silicon-coated iron nanoparticles (Fe3O4@SIO2) were designed using the Box-Behnken Design-Response surface methodology (BBD-RSM). Optimal circumstances were used to investigate the synergistic influence on the process’s efficiency. In addition, the data was used to test and fit an artificial neural network (ANN) model. Molecular-level DFT calculations on the CEX molecule were carried out. The PW6B95D3/Def2-TZVP level of theory was used to build DFT-based descriptors for the CEX molecule. At 25°C, pH 5.83, 37.67 min, a dosage of 0.8 g Fe3O4@SIO2 and 118.01 mg/L CEX, the removal efficiency achieved a maximum of 99.01 percent. For example, we found that OH --- O, NH --- O, CH --- O hydrogen bonds, NH --- π, OH --- π, CH --- π interactions as well as dipole-dipole interactions between CEX and the nanoparticles could all be used to connect the CEX and the nanoparticles. There is a strong correlation between the output and target values acquired by BBD-RSM and ANN fits. Fe3O4@SIO2 proved to be an excellent tool for eliminating CEX.

Synthesis of activated carbon from walnut wood and magnetized with cobalt ferrite (CoFe2O4) and its application in removal of cephalexin from aqueous solutions

The aim of this study was to synthesize activated carbon from low-cost material and then magnetize it with CoFe2O4 nanoparticles for evaluating its efficiency in the removal of cephalexin from aqueous media. The physical and structural properties of the synthesized adsorbent were analyzed by SEM, BET, XRD, and VSM techniques. In addition, the effect of parameters, including pH, the concentration of cephalexin, adsorbent dose, and contact time, were studied to determine the equilibrium adsorption process isotherms and kinetics. The results of this study showed that the removal efficiency of cephalexin increases with increasing contact time and adsorbent dose and decreases with increasing pH and the initial concentration of cephalexin. As the concentration of antibiotics increased from 50 to 250 mg/L, the removal efficiency of cephalexin decreased from 96.8% to 36.1%. Optimal conditions for cephalexin removal were obtained at pH = 3, time = 30 min, antibiotics concentration = 50 mg/L, and adsorbent dose = 2 g/L. Cephalexin antibiotic adsorption process follows the Freundlich isotherm (R2 = 0.9817) and pseudo second-order kinetics (R2 = 0.939). Although the removal of cephalexin increases with increasing adsorbent dose, the amount of cephalexin adsorbed per unit mass of adsorbent (qe) decreases from 27.5 to 18.3 mg/g from 0.25 to 2.5 g/L of activated carbon. The present study showed that magnetized low-cost material activated carbon, in addition to having properties such as rapid and easy separation, has a high potential for cephalexin adsorption.

Evaluating the Removal of the Antibiotic Cephalexin from Aqueous Solutions Using an Adsorbent Obtained from Palm Oil Fiber.

This study aimed to understand the adsorption process of cephalexin (CPX) from aqueous solution by a biochar produced from the fiber residue of palm oil. Scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Boehm titration, and the point of zero charge were used to characterize the morphology and surface functional groups of the adsorbent. Batch tests were carried out to evaluate the effects of the solution pH, temperature, and antibiotic structure. The adsorption behavior followed the Langmuir model and pseudo-second-order model with a maximum CPX adsorption capacity of 57.47 mg g−1. Tests on the thermodynamic behavior suggested that chemisorption occurs with an activation energy of 91.6 kJ mol−1 through a spontaneous endothermic process. Electrostatic interactions and hydrogen bonding represent the most likely adsorption mechanisms, although π–π interactions also appear to contribute. Finally, the CPX removal efficiency of the adsorbent was evaluated for synthetic matrices of municipal wastewater and urine. Promising results were obtained, indicating that this adsorbent can potentially be applied to purifying wastewater that contains trace antibiotics.

Removal of Antibiotics from Aqueous Solutions by a Carbon Adsorbent Derived from Protein-Waste-Doped Biomass.

Antibiotic pollution in water is an urgent environmental problem. A novel carbon adsorbent derived from powdery puffed waterfowl feather (PPWF)-doped Phragmites australis (PA) was proposed for enhancing the removal of antibiotics from water in this study. Amoxicillin (AMX) and cephalexin (CEX) were selected as typical antibiotics. PPWF-doped (FPAC) and -undoped (PAC) carbon adsorbents were developed to test the adsorption capacities and mechanisms of AMX and CEX. Characterization techniques such as N2 adsorption/desorption, Fourier transform infrared, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, elemental analysis, and Boehm titration were used to determine the properties of adsorbents. Results showed that more microporous structure and surface functional groups are exhibited in FPAC compared to PAC. The nitrogen-containing functional groups were introduced in FPAC. Adsorption capacities at different contact times, pH, and initial concentration were investigated by batch experiments. The AMX and CEX maximum adsorption capacities of FPAC are 25.2 and 30.1% higher than those of PAC, respectively. The kinetic data were well represented by the pseudo-second-order model for AMX and CEX adsorption. The equilibrium data agreed well with the Langmuir model for AMX adsorption and the Freundlich model for CEX adsorption. The adsorption mechanism of AMX and CEX was chemisorption, such as electrostatic attraction and covalent bonding.

A novel, eco-friendly and green synthesis of PPAC-ZnO and PPAC-nZVI nanocomposite using pomegranate peel: Cephalexin adsorption experiments, mechanisms, isotherms and kinetics

In the present work, powdered activated carbon coated by nanoparticles ZnO and nZVI was derived from pomegranate peel extracts and finally applied for removal of cephalexin (CEX (from aqueous solutions. This experimental research was conducted discontinuously. The effects of pH of solution, reaction time, PPAC-nZVI and PPAC-ZnO composites dose, and initial concentration of cephalexin and composite recovery on process efficiency were investigated. The removal efficiency in optimal conditions for cephalexin with PPAC-nZVI and PPAC-ZnO (CEX = 50 mg L−1, composite dose = 1.25 g L−1, reaction time = 45 min and pH = 5) was obtained 96.06% and 94.17%, respectively. The results of the study of isotherm and absorption kinetics for both composites showed that the absorption process follows Langmuir isotherm and pseudo second-order kinetics. The present study showed that the composites could be used as an effective and bio-friendly absorbent to remove cephalexin from aqueous solutions.

Magnetic nanocomposite of filamentous algae activated carbon for efficient elimination of cephalexin from aqueous media

Discharge of antibiotics into the environment can cause problems like increase of the microorganisms’ resistance, disturbing the ecological balance and increasing the allergy in humans. In this research, an activated carbon was produced from filamentous algae and then magnetized with Fe3O4. The adsorbent size was nano-scale and its characteristics were studied using XRD, FT-IR, FE-SEM, BET and VSM techniques. The response surface method (RSM) was employed to optimize the operating parameters and determine the best conditions for cephalexin removal by novel composite of AC-Fe3O4. The various parameters in the process, such as reaction time, initial pH, adsorbent dose, initial concentration of cephalexin and effect of cations and anions that could interfere in the adsorption of cephalexin were evaluated in three levels. The proposed quadratic model was found to be best suggested model for the adsorption process (R2=0.99094 and $${\rm{R}}_{adj}^2=0.9991$$). According to results, the parameters such as cephalexin concentration, the adsorbent dose, the reaction time and the pH value were found to be 28.16 mg/L, 2 g/L, 30.04 and 3.02, respectively. Experimental results showed that the adsorption of cephalexin followed Langmuir isotherm (R2=0.9803). Also, the results showed cephalexin adsorption on the composite fitted pseudo-second-order kinetics. The study showed that the AC-Fe3O4 adsorbent has high efficacy for eliminating cephalexin from aqueous solution.

Adsorption of cephalexin in aqueous media by graphene oxide: kinetics, isotherm, and thermodynamics.

The present study proposes the synthesis and characterization of graphene oxide (GO) and its application in the adsorption of the antibiotic cephalexin (CFX) in aqueous solution. The characterization of graphene oxide was obtained by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and zeta potential. The influence of pH on the batch adsorption process was investigated by analysing adsorption equilibrium isotherms and adsorption kinetics. The images obtained by SEM and TEM presented the typical morphology attributed to GO sheets. The kinetic adsorption tests showed that equilibrium was reached in 420min, and an adsorption capacity of 164mgg-1 was obtained. The models that best fit the experimental data were pseudo-second as well as the Langmuir isotherm. Therefore, GO was effective for removing the CFX antibiotic from aqueous solution by using a batch adsorption process.

Predictive model based on Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System for estimation of Cephalexin adsorption on the Octenyl Succinic Anhydride starch

The purpose of this study was to investigate the potential of an amphiphilic biopolymer to remove organic contaminants from aqueous solutions. The removal of Cephalexin antibiotic as model compound by adsorption using the Octenyl Succinic Anhydride starch (OSA starch) as amphiphilic polysaccharide was studied. The effects of various parameters such as contact time, pH, temperature and OSA starch dosage were investigated. Different adsorption isotherm models were tested, and it was found that, the best fit with the experimental data is provided by Langmuir and Redlich-Peterson models (R2 = 0.9638 and R2 = 0.9661 respectively). The maximum adsorption capacity was obtained is 0,9236 mg/g in optimal conditions (pH = 6, T = 25 °C and OSA starch initial concentration of 5 g/L). Pseudo-second order model has perfectly represented the kinetic data (R2 = 0.9932). On the other hand, an Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) was optimized for modeling the adsorption process by predicting the OSA starch adsorption capacity as well as the effect of the different parameters. The predicted values are very similar to the experimental results with coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.999 and Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) equal to 3.9 × 10−3. Furthermore, thermodynamic study showed the exothermic nature of Cephalexin adsorption on OSA starch.

Cephalexin adsorption from aqueous solutions by biochar prepared from plantain wood: equilibrium and kinetics studies

Cephalexin adsorption from aqueous solutions by biochar prepared from plantain wood: equilibrium and kinetics studies