Century Poland Research Articles

Latinization Projects in Karaite and Jewish Linguistic Environment in 20th Century Poland and Lithuania

The rise of nationalism and modernization encouraged the emergence of a range of language reforms within different ethnic groups. One of the most widespread was the idea of Latinization, which emerged in Ottoman Empire, Caucasus, and Jewish groups in Europe in the beginning of the 20th century. The reform swept through those regions and effected many linguistic communities in different countries. The article aims to discuss the Latinization projects in Karaite and Jewish Rabbanite communities and the impact of other Latinization reforms for these communities. The implemented research has shown that Latinization projects in Jewish communities were a part of a bigger movement. And, despite of different motivations, that drove these reforms in Karaite and Jewish Rabbanite communities, we can trace the impact of the Turkish language reforms in both projects.

FOLK MEDICINE THEN AND NOW - CHARACTERIZATION OF THE HEALING PROCESS IN FOLK MEDICINE IN 19TH AND 20TH CENTURY ON POLISH RURAL AREAS, AND ANALYSIS OF THE CONTEMPORARY APPROACH TO PRACTICES DERIVED FROM FOLK HEALING

Europäische Wissenschaftliche Gesellschaft About the Journal Pee Home r Review Editorial Board For Authors Reviewer Recognition Archive Contact Impressum EWG e.V. Elektronische Zeitschriftbibliotek Logo Bielefeld Academic Search Engine Logo Erfolgreich durch internationale Zusammenarbeit HISTORY OF MEDICINE Cite as: Archiv EuroMedica. 2024. 14; 3. DOI 10.35630/2024/14/3.347 Received 28 May 2024; Accepted 20 June 2024; Published 25 June 2024 FOLK MEDICINE THEN AND NOW - CHARACTERIZATION OF THE HEALING PROCESS IN FOLK MEDICINE IN 19TH AND 20TH CENTURY ON POLISH RURAL AREAS, AND ANALYSIS OF THE CONTEMPORARY APPROACH TO PRACTICES DERIVED FROM FOLK HEALING Maciej Rumian1 email orcid id logo, Wojciech Koziołek2 orcid id logo, Alicja Kosel1 orcid id logo, Maria Antos1 orcid id logo, Angelika Wawryszuk1 orcid id logo, Grzegorz Łyko3 orcid id logo, Weronika Kaminska3 orcid id logo, Adrian Bobrzyk3 orcid id logo 1Collegium Medicum, Jan Kochanowski University, Kielce, Poland 2Jagiellonian University, Medical College, Świętej Anny 12, 31-008 Kraków, Poland 3Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland download article (pdf) rumni1998@interia.pl ABSTRACT Introduction and purpose: Folk medicine is a vast subject, describing various actions drawn from herbal medicine, magic and folk beliefs, as well as conventional medicine, aimed at healing the sick. The purpose of the study was to characterize the main principles and components of the healing process in folk medicine practiced among the rural population in 19th and 20th century Poland, based on available literature. Materials and review methods: The PubMed, Google Scholar databases and available book literature were searched for studies and chapters describing the causes of diseases in 19th and 20th century folk medicine, the activities of rural healers, and the methods of treating illnesses practiced at that time. State of knowledge, results: Folk medicine has been a part of the tradition of polish rural medicine for a long time. Folk medicine included both preventive and curative procedures and interventions. Despite their significant differences and diversity, depending on the region of practice, many healing procedures were based on similar principles and had a lot in common. Even today, folk medicine remains alive and, although sometimes treated with a grain of salt, it still remains a practiced element of the medical profession. Conclusion: The review of historical and current literature conducted by the authors allows us to confidently say that folk medicine was very widespread among the rural population in the 19th and 20th centuries in Poland. Despite many differences, the methods used in folk medicine drew from similar principles and rules, which granted them healing power. Studies conducted by contemporary authors demonstrate that despite the intensive development of science and medicine, methods derived from folk medicine are still in use, although they are not as popular as in past centuries.

Bracia polscy a Oświecenie

The paper discusses the philosophical and theological ideas of the Polish Brethren, a nontrinitarian reformed church in 16th Century Poland. Due to religious persecution, the Polish Brethren, also known as Socinians or Polish Arians, were forced to leave the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and seek refuge in other European countries. Their legacy had a significant impact on the development of Enlightenment thought in Europe and inspired legislators both in Europe and America. The ideas developed by the Polish Brethren had a significant impact on the formation of Enlightenment ideas and thought trends, such as rationalism and deism referring to rationalism, as well as tolerance, particularly religious tolerance, and secularism manifesting in the separation of religious and secular institutions. Moreover, the ideas of Polish Arianism, which fascinated Enlightenment thinkers, became part of the cultural mainstream and were reflected in modern Western state institutions.

Discussing Pauperism in mid-Nineteenth Century Poland and Russia: A Study of Conceptual Transfers to the Imperial Heartland and Peripheries

ABSTRACTThis article investigates the transfer of the concept of pauperism to the Russian Empire in the 1840s, exploring the published output of authors from the Kingdom of Poland and St Petersburg. Henryk Kamieński and Vladimir A. Milyutin published articles – in 1845 and 1847 respectively – for the first time in their native languages discussing the phenomenon of pauperism in Western Europe. Their reflections are parallel in many respects, especially concerning their conviction that despite the varying economic models, industrialisation and the mechanisation of labour would in general positively influence the social well-being in their native countries, even though it was producing miserable living conditions for the lowest social stratum in the West. The cases examined in this paper may also stimulate methodological reflections on conceptual transfers, and in particular their intricacies in the Eastern and Central European contexts.

Risk Management and Communication in Cultural Heritage Project: The Case of The Veit Stoss Altar in Poland

According to Project Management Institute (PMI), the largest worldwide association of project managers, effective risk communication to all stakeholders is the most critical success factor for projects. The aim of the present paper is to analyze the problem of risk management and communication in cultural heritage projects. As an example, we analyze the case of one of the largest cultural heritage endeavors in the 21st century in Poland - research and conservation of the Veit Stoss Altar in Kraków, Poland.

Westernizing Arabian Horses

This article reviews Western approaches to the regulation of Arabian horse breeding as it shifted west and globalized, focusing on the period between 1880 and 2020. The move to “preserve” the Arabian horse within a Western framework is central to this history, but different approaches have been adopted over time. I consider examples from nineteenth century Poland, England, and Russia as contexts for understanding how debates about and approaches to producing “purity” unfolded in the Arabian horse industry in the twentieth-century United States and continue today in the global context of Arabian breeding framed by the Word Arabian Horse Organization (WAHO).

Organization of special education in Poland in the interwar period. Plans, achievements, deficiencies in the special education system

The article presents special education in interwar Poland. After regaining independence in November 1918, the Polish authorities faced the need to rebuild the state, individual spheres of social life and education which had been under the authority of the partitioning authorities for over 100 years. Special education, which dates to the first years of the 19th century in Poland, also needed to be rebuilt. In the interwar period, activities in this field were undertaken primarily by people involved in the upbringing and education of abnormal children, as children with disabilities were called at that time. It is their commitment, seeing the sense in working for this group of children, that contributed to the resumption of the activities of institutions established during the partitions, as well as the creation of new ones. They developed working methods, prepared teaching aids, conducted propaganda campaigns, and educated the society. Very important for the developmentof special education, and not only in the discussed period, was the establishment, on the initiative of Maria Grzegorzewska, of the National Institute of Special Education an institution preparing teaching staff for special schools, one of the few operating at that time in Europe. Despite numerous difficulties, in the years 19181939, it was possible to develop the foundations on which the reconstruction of special education after World War II was based.

Kazimierz Kolańczyk (1915-1982) and a New Approach to the Teaching of Roman Law in Post-war Poland

An entirely new approach to the teaching of Roman law was long-awaited in post-war Poland. There were not many studies for learning the subject, and in the case of the available ones, their weaknesses were highlighted. A breakthrough in the area of the Roman law academic textbook came with the publication of “Roman Law” by Kazimierz Kolańczyk. It is considered one of the best Roman law textbooks, if not the best, in the 20th century in Poland. The work was significantly different from the other hitherto available textbooks, primarily because the author developed his own concept for that type of study. As it turned out, the work by K. Kolańczyk opened a completely new phase in the Polish didactics of Roman law. It is therefore useful to take a closer look at its assumptions and K. Kolańczyk’s approach to the teaching of Roman law, and also to evaluate the permanence of the changes in teaching caused by that study.

Piotr Mieszkowski o Senacie Rzeczpospolitej. Kilka uwag na temat XVII-wiecznego polskiego republikanizmu

Piotr Mieszkowski is one of the forgotten republican writers of 17th century Poland. His reflections on the political system of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth are the culmination of the debates that took place in the 16th century. In his treatise Polonus Iure Politus, Mieszkowski presents a mature perspective on the proper system of the Polish-Lithuanian state, which merges the Roman republican tradition and the achievements of Polish political philosophy of the Renaissance, its golden age. According to Mieszkowski, the Senate of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth is of particular importance. The author of the article proves that Mieszkowski is one of the representatives of a group of constitutionalists of 17th century Commonwealth who considered the senate the crucial element of the political system, ensuring its durability and stability. The necessary condition for fulfilling this role, however, is the cultivation of republican virtues.

Crossing the Rubicon in archival sciences. Redefining the scope of state archivists in the 21st century Poland (with Ukrainian reflection)

The archivist’s profession has been shaped by its relations with historic sciences. In the 19th century, where first archival institutions were founded, they attracted numerous historians. It was them who primarily joined the ranks of archives’ personnel and contributed to their development. It constitutes a foundation for the traditional archival methodology, the perception of archives themselves and the self-identification of their employees. Nowadays, the world is changing more rapidly than ever before affecting the archives. Polish state archives influenced by both techno-logical and cultural revolutions are faced with a difficult choice for further advancement of their scope and activities. This article outlines the principle reasons behind the discernible changes in the Polish archival realism. The authors try to answer the question of what these changes are, in which spheres of archival work take place and on what levels. They also prepare a portrait of an employee of the modern state archive in Poland and describe the transformations in the consciousness, self-esteem and intellectual and professional condition of archivists. They confront this picture with the situation in Ukrainian archives operating in a similar geographical area, although with the experience of the realities of the Soviet Union and a different systemic path after 1991. This comparative study was based on an analysis of the scientific literature on Polish and Ukrainian archivists and the results of research conducted by the authors among employees state archives.

Foreigners and the Knowledge of Foreign Languages Among the Jesuits in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth until the End of 16th Century

The objective of the paper is to revise and complete the current state of research into general characteristics of the first generation of the Polish Jesuits. The first part characterizes the 16th century Poland as a country. Then the influence of linguistic and regional relations in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth is depicted and the degree of language knowledge among the Polish Jesuits is presented. The term “Polish Jesuits” applies here both to the members of the Society born in the Commonwealth as well as those coming from abroad to perform their duties there. In the 16th century these Jesuits formed a group which was fascinating in terms of origin and their knowledge of languages. Situation of the Jesuit Society in the period discussed in the present paper was incomparable to that in other European countries and the knowledge of multiple languages among the priests and brothers attests to this fact.

EVOLUTION OF THE LOCAL GOVERNMENT SYSTEM IN POLISH CONSTITUTIONS OF THE 20TH CENTURY

The review article was devoted to the publication of Marek Klimek entitled “Local government in the constitutions of Poland of the 20th century. Selected political and political aspects ”. Despite the time limit of the 20th century adopted in the title of the monograph, the reader will find a concise approach to the constitutional regulations of the 18th (the law on cities as an integral part of the Constitution of May 3, 1791) and the 19th century (the constitution of the Duchy of Warsaw, constitutions of the Kingdom of Poland or the constitutions of the Republic of Krakow). The publication of M. Klimek, concerns regulations relating to local self-government from the political and political perspective. In the first part, the author characterized the concept and essence of local government, the role of the constitution in the regulation of local government law, and constitutional regulations concerning local government before the 20th century in Poland. Then the constitution of March 17, 1921, the systemic transformations of the local government after the May coup and the amendment to the constitution, as well as the 1935 constitution were discussed. Going further, there is an analysis of the local administration in the years 1944-1950 and an overview of the constitution of the Polish People’s Republic of 1952 and its amendments. The last part of the monograph describes the “little constitution” of 1992 and the constitution of April 2, 1997. The evolution of constitutional solutions has been shown against the background of general political and system transformations. In particular, an attempt was made to define the place of local self-government in the regulations of the 20th century constitution in Poland; how they defined the place of self-government in the entire system of public administration in the state; how was his legal subjectivity referred to; how its structure and tasks were determined; how his relations with government administration bodies were regulated; what impact did foreign system solutions have on the constitutional local government regulations in Poland; what place for self-government was envisaged in the state system during the various stages of its evolution in the 20th century.

Heavenly spirit or material being? Science on electricity at the turn of the 19th century in Poland.

In my paper I follow the emergence of the science of electricity in Poland. I believe that the science of electricity established in 1777 served as a new social program. Through the introduced translations, this science was intended to create a new social imaginary and social relations. I describe two interrelated processes: the social construction of the science of electricity, and negotiations between secular and religious definitions of electricity. In the first part of the article I show that both processes were related to each other and contributed to hybrid interpretations of electricity - as a "material being" and "spirit of the world." In the second part of the paper I pay attention to the efforts made by Jan and Jędrzej Śniadecki to secularize the science of electricity in Vilnius. I follow the metaphor of 'laboratory' used in their works in order to describe the natural phenomena. I claim that Jędrzej Śniadecki established not only a new theory of electricity (a "radiant being"), but in fact a new understanding of social space. I point out that he did that by transferring scientific practices into the cultural space.

Alcohol and tobacco: different tax policies and different health and revenue consequences in the 21st century in Poland

ENWEndNote BIBJabRef, Mendeley RISPapers, Reference Manager, RefWorks, Zotero AMA Neneman J. Alcohol and tobacco: different tax policies and different health and revenue consequences in the 21st century in Poland. Journal of Health Inequalities. 2022;8(2):119-123. doi:10.5114/jhi.2022.123434. APA Neneman, J. (2022). Alcohol and tobacco: different tax policies and different health and revenue consequences in the 21st century in Poland. Journal of Health Inequalities, 8(2), 119-123. https://doi.org/10.5114/jhi.2022.123434 Chicago Neneman, Jarosław. 2022. "Alcohol and tobacco: different tax policies and different health and revenue consequences in the 21st century in Poland". Journal of Health Inequalities 8 (2): 119-123. doi:10.5114/jhi.2022.123434. Harvard Neneman, J. (2022). Alcohol and tobacco: different tax policies and different health and revenue consequences in the 21st century in Poland. Journal of Health Inequalities, 8(2), pp.119-123. https://doi.org/10.5114/jhi.2022.123434 MLA Neneman, Jarosław. "Alcohol and tobacco: different tax policies and different health and revenue consequences in the 21st century in Poland." Journal of Health Inequalities, vol. 8, no. 2, 2022, pp. 119-123. doi:10.5114/jhi.2022.123434. Vancouver Neneman J. Alcohol and tobacco: different tax policies and different health and revenue consequences in the 21st century in Poland. Journal of Health Inequalities. 2022;8(2):119-123. doi:10.5114/jhi.2022.123434.

The impact of the People’s Republic of Poland and events at the end of the 20th century on professional activity of contemporary jurists

The second half of the 20th century in Poland was full of momentous events. The consequences of many of them had their repercussions on the ground of application of law. The aftermath of World War II, the Stalinist period, the events of March 1968, people fleeing abroad, new socialist laws and systemic education, the functioning of the socialist economy, or the systemic changes of the 1990s are only the most significant events, the legal consequences of which are still felt today. Most of these events are still discussed in the media and political space at the beginning of the third decade of the 21st century. Current lawyers are also sometimes involved in resolving these long-standing issues both with their clients and in the public space.The study demonstrates that due to the passage of time, legal and cultural changes, the events of the past are less and less frequent among Polish jurists. Media and political reports are created artificially without support in the actual work of the Polish judiciary and lawyers. Polish legal professionals emphasise that old cases from the 20th century are increasingly rare in their professional practice, while media reports are exaggerated.The research was based on interviews with representatives of Polish bar associations of advocates and legal advisers across the country. It was conducted using semi-structured interviews and content analysis. The research belongs to the paradigm of sociology of law and oral history.

The “Vanishing Indian” and the Vanishing Pole: From a Middle Ground to a Logic of Elimination in the European and Global Periphery, 1840–1880

This article examines the use of the “Vanishing Indian” and “Doomed Race” extinction narratives in the writings of Henryk Sienkiewicz, Paul Edmund Strzelecki, and Sygurd Wiśniowski with respect to the Indigenous peoples of North America, Australia, and New Zealand. It locates these writers in the context of mid-late nineteenth century Poland, at the periphery of Europe and of empire, arguing that they demonstrated an ability to detect and critique the injustices of colonialism and sought out a rhetorical “middle ground” between Poles and non-European victims of empire in their work. However, their sympathy was in tension with Poland's historic role as a regional metropole, the need to assert their status as White Europeans, and the lure of settler colonialism. The “middle ground” they sought to create ultimately gave way to a “logic of elimination” that neutralized this tension, justifying colonialism to themselves and to other agents of empire.

Redukcjonizm w twórczości fletowej Henryka Mikołaja Góreckiego z lat 1986–1996

The aim of this discussion is to demonstrate manifestations of reductionism in the works of Henryk Mikołaj Górecki. In order to achieve this the article compares conclusions based on analyses of three works for the flute by Górecki composed during the same decade – For you, Anne-Lill op. 58 for flute and piano (1986), Good Night op. 63 for soprano, alto flute, piano and three tam-tams (1990) as well as Valentine Piece op. 70 for flute and bell (1996). The part of the flute is analysed in particular detail – the way it is shaped, its type of narration, and its relation to other instruments. The article is in two parts: the first outlines the tendencies in flute compositions in 20 th century in Poland and in the world, while the second part presents analyses of selected flute compositions by Górecki. The conclusions point to Górecki having an individual approach to using the flute as a solo instrument or as part of a group of instruments in a chamber composition, as well as to cohesiveness of the development of flute compositions against the background of the composer’s stylistic evolution as a whole.

The Political Career of Gáspár Bekes and Ferenc Wesselényi in Poland-Lithuania during the Reign of Stefan Batory

This article is about the career and political positions of Gáspár Bekes and Ferenc Wesselényi in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth during Stephen Báthory’s reign. It explains how they both achieved their positions and why they were important for the monarch. It should be emphasised that both of them are a good example of how the elected Polish king could help foreigners in their career in 16th century Poland. On the one hand, Gáspár Bekes achieved his position by serving in the army before and during Báthory’s wars, on the other hand Ferenc Wesselényi played an important role as a holder of a high office at the Polish royal court.

Konteksty społeczne początku XX wieku a poradnictwo dla rodziców w zakresie opieki i wychowania na ziemiach polskich

Social Contexts of the Beginning of the 20th Century and Counseling for Parents in the Field of Care and Education in Poland The beginning of the 20th century was a period of great popularity of guidebooks for parents, which often dealt with issues related to the care and upbringing of children in the family, and the authors focused especially on the role of the mother, assigning it a special meaning. The aim of the article is to present the content of counseling for parents on the care and upbringing of children at the beginning of the 20th century in Poland. The article also presents the position of the educators and psychologists of the time on the issues related to the upbringing and care of children in the family environment. The analyzes include publications that appeared in Poland in a period of political change that initiated changes in the approach to the tasks of the family regarding upbringing and childcare. The independence of Poland enabled the development of native pedagogical thought, which resulted in the implementation of new ideas and the creation of new concepts of education.

The Moment of Worldwide Renewal: Hillel Zeitlin and the Theosophical Activity in Warsaw 1917–1924

Abstract This article examines the idiosyncratic conduct of the philosopher, journalist and mystic, Hillel Zeitlin (1871–1942). Both Zeitlin's writings and activities are unique or even strange when viewed against the backdrop of the Jewish streets of Warsaw during those years, even when considering other “neo-Hasidic” projects. He published poem-prayers and a personal-mystical diary, founded journals, called for religious and spiritual awakening and tried to start mystical study and prayer groups. Zeitlin's work had a messianic fervor that was lacking in the activity of other Jewish figures. Despite an expansion of scholarly interest in Zeitlin's writings and activities, no satisfactory explanation of his behavior has yet been proposed. This article contextualizes Zeitlin's writing and activities in light of those of various spiritual and esoteric movements that flourished in early twentieth century Poland, Russia and Germany, in particular, those of the Theosophical Societies in Warsaw. He was aware and deeply sympathetic to the various movements of spiritual awakening, and these affected his work profoundly.