Centrilobular Nodules Research Articles

Imaging and clinical manifestations of hematogenous dissemination in melioidosis

BackgroundAlthough there is a high incidence of hematogenous infections in melioidosis, a tropical infectious disease, there are few systematic analyses of hematogenous melioidosis in imaging articles. A comprehensive clinical and imaging evaluation of hematogenous melioidosis be conducted in order to achieve early diagnosis of the disease.Materials and methodsWe conducted an analysis of 111 cases of melioidosis diagnosed by bacteriological culture between August 2001 and September 2022. The analysis focused on observing the main manifestations of chest imaging and clinical data, including nodules, cavities, consolidation, ground glass opacity(GGO), pleural effusion, centrilobular nodules, and temperature, leucocyte count, diabetes, etc. Our study involved univariate and multivariate analyses to identify significant diagnostic variables and risk predictive factors.ResultsA total of 71.2% (79/111) of melioidosis cases were caused by hematogenous infection, and the most common organ involved was the lungs (88.5%, 100/113). The incidence of sepsis in patients with lung abnormalities was high (73%, 73/100), and the mortality rate of septic shock was 22% (22/100). Univariate analysis showed that the radiologic signs of blood culture-positive cases were more likely to have bilateral pulmonary and subpleural nodules (p = 0.003), bilateral GGO (p = 0.001), bilateral hydrothorax (p = 0.011). The multivariate analysis revealed a significant improvement in the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) when comparing the model that included both clinical and radiologic variables to the model with clinical variables alone. The AUC increased from 0.818 to 0.932 (p = 0.012). The most important variables in the logistic regression with backward elimination were found to be nodule, GGO, and diabetes.ConclusionThe combination of CT features and clinical variables provided a valuable and timely warning for blood borne infectious melioidosis.

Outcomes of severe lower respiratory tract infection in Mexican children with cancer

Abstract Background Lower respiratory tract infections (LRTI) are a very serious complication in children with cancer, with high morbidity and mortality, due to viral infections, followed by bacterial and fungal organisms. These patients with cancer are undergoing chemotherapy that damages their mucosal barrier and respiratory epithelium, and course with profound or severe neutropenia. Thus, they are high-risk to develop severe respiratory infections acquired from the community. However, the clinical characteristics, etiological agents, finding on computed tomography (CT) and outcomes of the LRTI in immunocompromised patients are not well known, these are necessary in order to start adequate management including empirical antimicrobial therapy and supplementary oxygen therapy. Methods Children with cancer who were attended in the pediatric emergency room due to fever (>38°C) and presence of respiratory symptoms such as increased breath rate, cough, O2Sat <93%, and needed to supplementary oxygen were included. To analyze the cases of children with cancer and LRTI we documented the data regarding to clinical presentation, detection of respiratory virus and findings in the CT. Data such age, sex, oncological diagnosis, absolute neutrophil count. The detection of nucleic acid of respiratory virus was performed by qPCR, whereas the identification galactomannan in serum was done for fungal diagnosis, and clinical presentation was initial used for diagnosis of bacterial LRTI. The findings on TC were included to integrate all the LRTI etiological diagnosis. The outcomes recorded were to need supplementary oxygen therapy (nasal cannula, high-flow nasal cannula or mechanical ventilation), ICU admission, and mortality on the follow for all patient included in the study. A descriptive statistical analysis was performed to estimate frequency of the etiological agents, outcomes, and mortality rate. Results A total of 10 children with cancer and severe LRTI were followed up, 60% female sex, age 5.5 years (range, 1-16 <); 80% had acute leukemias and 20% lymphoma. Seven (70%) children were diagnosed with bacterial LRTI, whereas two (20%) and one (10%) were viral LRTI-diagnosed. The finding in the CT were the follow: bilateral patchy consolidation and ill-defined small nodules for viral infection, centrilobular nodules and bronchial wall thickening for bacterial infection and scattered nodules or patchy focus for fungal infection. In respect to clinical presentation 90% had fever, 100% had cough, and 100% had O2Sat <93%. Of these patients 60% were presented with profound and 20% with severe neutropenia (p<0.05); 30% had required high-flow oxygen and 10% mechanical ventilation; and three (30%) patients required care in ICU. The mortality rate for severe LRTI was 30%. Conclusion Children with cancer and profound or severe neutropenia are in high-risk to develop severe LRTI and they have high mortality. The finding on the CT can help to start on adequate management for LRTI in immunosuppressed pediatric patients.

Diagnosis of pulmonary lophomoniasis infection in patient with systemic lupus erythematosus; A case report and literature review.

Over the past 30 years, there has been an increasing number of documented human infections associated with the protozoan Lophomonas, specifically Lophomonas blattarum, which is considered a relatively rare infection. These infections are primarily associated with states of immune suppression, including those resulting from corticosteroid therapy. We report a 61-year-old female patient with a 20-year medical history of Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) who was admitted due to persistent respiratory symptoms that were unresponsive to treatment. The patient was receiving immunosuppressive therapy for SLE. Upon hospitalization, computed tomography of the lungs revealed the presence of centrilobular nodules exhibiting tree-in-bud patterns, as well as bronchiectasis, predominantly in the middle and lower lobes. Subsequently, the patient underwent bronchoscopy, during which a BAL sample was obtained. Microscopic analysis of the sample indicated the presence of L. blattarum. Clinicians often focus on the primary symptoms of SLE, but they must also consider the risk of severe respiratory complications like lophomoniasis. This condition is critical to address in the management of SLE patients, who are immunosuppressed due to the disease's nature and its treatment.

Aspergillus-sensitized asthma in children.

Asthma is the most common chronic respiratory disease in childhood. Aspergillus fumigatus sensitivity may be involved in the pathogenesis of asthma by leading to different clinical presentations. To investigate the demographic, clinical, laboratory, and radiological characteristics of A. fumigatus sensitivity in childhood asthma and identify associated risk factors and diagnostic parameters. A total of 259 children with asthma were included in the study, 7 (2.7%) with allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA), 84 (32.4%) with A. fumigatus-sensitized asthma (Af-SA), and 168 (64.9%) with A. fumigatus-unsensitized asthma (Af-UA). Aspergillus sensitivity was associated with early asthma onset and longer asthma duration. Total IgE level and asthma severity are highest in ABPA and higher in Af-SA. Absolute eosinophil count was higher, and FEV1 was lower in Af-SA and ABPA. Aspergillus fumigatus was associated with greater odds of being male (odds ratio [OR], 2.45), having atopic dermatitis (OR, 3.159), Alternaria sensitivity (OR, 10.37), and longer asthma duration (OR, 1.266). The best cut-off values for detecting A. fumigatus positivity were 363.5 IU/mL for total IgE and 455 cells/μL for absolute eosinophil count. In Af-SA compared to Af-UA, centrilobular nodules and peribronchial thickening were more common, and the bronchoarterial ratio was higher. Aspergillus sensitivity is a strong allergic stimulus in asthma, leading to laboratory, structural, clinical, and functional consequences. Af-SA is a distinct asthma endotype independent of ABPA that is characterized by increased risk of severe clinical presentations and impaired lung function.

Erasmus syndrome: A rare case report

Erasmus syndrome is a rare clinical entity in which systemic sclerosis develops following exposure to silica with or without development of silicosis. There are very few cases reported in literature from India. Here we report a case of Erasmus syndrome in a 52 years male who is a stone crusher by occupation for last 22 years presented with dry cough, low grade irregular fever, progressive shortness of breath, slowly progressive sclerodactyly and features suggestive of Raynaud’s phenomenon. Radiological evaluations revealed multiple subpleural and centrilobular nodules in bilateral upper, lower lobes and right middle lobe, conglomerated nodular opacities (progressive massive fibrosis- PMF). There was pleural thickening and calcification, bronchial dilatation and fibrosis, calcified right hilar and mediastinal lymphadenopathy. Serological markers like Anti Scl-70 antibody came out to be positive (3+) Based on clinical features diagnosis of systemic sclerosis was made. Based on exposure history and radiology silicosis was diagnosed. Association of silicosis and systemic sclerosis establishes the diagnosis of Erasmus syndrome. Treatment was started with Prednisone, cyclophosphamide and Nifedipine. Strict avoidance to cold and regular follow-up was advised.

Imaging patterns of Lophomonas blattarum infection in the respiratory tract: a registry-based analysis

BackgroundLophomonas blattarum is an emerging protozoan that mostly infects the lower respiratory tract and causes pulmonary lophomoniasis. Radiologic findings in patients with pulmonary lophomoniasis have yet to be studied. Thus, we conducted a registry-based clinical investigation to evaluate the radiologic findings of lophomoniasis.MethodsIn this cross-sectional study, 34 Lophomonas positive patients were enrolled. Demographic data, relevant characteristics, and radiologic findings of the patients were recorded and analyzed.ResultsThirty-four (male = 18, female = 16) patients with an average age of 52.21 ± 20.48 years old were examined. Radiological findings such as Alveolar consolidation (26.5%), Ground glass opacity (5.9%), Centrilobular nodules (23.5%), Tree -in- bud (38.2%), Cavitation (23.5%), Pleural effusion (23.5%), Interstitial opacity (8.8%), Lymphadenopathy (23.5%), Bronchocele (5.9%), Bronchiectasis (29.4%), Nodules (8.8%) and Mass (11.8%) were obtained, that the frequency of all radiological findings was less than 50%.ConclusionIn this study, the most common radiological findings in patients with lophomoniasis were tree-in-bud nodules, alveolar consolidation, bronchiectasis, and centrilobular nodules which were mostly seen in the right lung and its middle and lower lobes. Given that the radiologic findings of this disease are unknown, it can be considered in differential diagnosis.

Phenotyping of COPD with MRI in comparison to same-day CT in a multi-centre trial

ObjectivesA prospective, multi-centre study to evaluate concordance of morphologic lung MRI and CT in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) phenotyping for airway disease and emphysema.MethodsA total of 601 participants with COPD from 15 sites underwent same-day morpho-functional chest MRI and paired inspiratory-expiratory CT. Two readers systematically scored bronchial wall thickening, bronchiectasis, centrilobular nodules, air trapping and lung parenchyma defects in each lung lobe and determined COPD phenotype. A third reader acted as adjudicator to establish consensus. Inter-modality and inter-reader agreement were assessed using Cohen’s kappa (im-κ and ir-κ).ResultsThe mean combined MRI score for bronchiectasis/bronchial wall thickening was 4.5/12 (CT scores, 2.2/12 for bronchiectasis and 6/12 for bronchial wall thickening; im-κ, 0.04–0.3). Expiratory right/left bronchial collapse was observed in 51 and 47/583 on MRI (62 and 57/599 on CT; im-κ, 0.49–0.52). Markers of small airways disease on MRI were 0.15/12 for centrilobular nodules (CT, 0.34/12), 0.94/12 for air trapping (CT, 0.9/12) and 7.6/12 for perfusion deficits (CT, 0.37/12 for mosaic attenuation; im-κ, 0.1–0.41). The mean lung defect score on MRI was 1.3/12 (CT emphysema score, 5.8/24; im-κ, 0.18–0.26). Airway-/emphysema/mixed COPD phenotypes were assigned in 370, 218 and 10 of 583 cases on MRI (347, 218 and 34 of 599 cases on CT; im-κ, 0.63). For all examined features, inter-reader agreement on MRI was lower than on CT.ConclusionConcordance of MRI and CT for phenotyping of COPD in a multi-centre setting was substantial with variable inter-modality and inter-reader concordance for single diagnostic key features.Clinical relevance statementMRI of lung morphology may well serve as a radiation-free imaging modality for COPD in scientific and clinical settings, given that its potential and limitations as shown here are carefully considered.Key Points• In a multi-centre setting, MRI and CT showed substantial concordance for phenotyping of COPD (airway-/emphysema-/mixed-type).• Individual features of COPD demonstrated variable inter-modality concordance with features of pulmonary hypertension showing the highest and bronchiectasis showing the lowest concordance.• For all single features of COPD, inter-reader agreement was lower on MRI than on CT.

A Rare Case of Hypophysitis Due to Tuberculosis with an Atypical Presentation of Normal Pituitary Markers

Abstract Hypophysitis developing secondary to tuberculosis is a very rare clinical entity. Hypophysitis occurs because of inflammation and it may affect the anterior, infundibulum, posterior, or entire pituitary gland. Here, we are presenting a case of a young male having tubercular meningitis who was taking antitubercular treatment for the last 2 months and was having disseminated tuberculosis. The patient presented with severe headache with fever and 4–5 episodes of vomiting. The patient presented with the affection of consciousness in the form of confusion, irritability, and disorientation. High-resolution CT thorax was suggestive of pulmonary tuberculosis (Koch’s) with centrilobular nodules and a tree-in-bud appearance. Magnetic resonance imaging brain showed prominent leptomeningeal enhancement with an enlarged pituitary gland with enlarged enhancing stalk suggestive of hypophysitis. The hypophysitis case developing secondary to tuberculosis as a very rare entity is discussed in this case report. This case is also an atypical presentation wherein the pituitary markers are normal in hypophysitis.

Spectrum of Radiological Findings in Pulmonary Tuberculosis- A Tertiary Care Hospital-based Retrospective Descriptive Study

Introduction: Tuberculosis is a worldwide public health problem associated with high morbidity and mortality. Tuberculosis can manifest in active and latent forms. Improving the diagnosis, treatment, and screening of tuberculosis is crucial for effective tuberculosis control. Chest X-ray and Computed Tomography chest play a vital role in diagnosing and screening for tuberculosis. Aim: To analyse the spectrum of radiological findings in pulmonary tuberculosis. Materials and Methods: The present retrospective descriptive study was conducted at a teritary care hospital in the Department of Radiodiagnosis, Saveetha Medical College and Hospital, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India. The data of 160 patients diagnosed with pulmonary tuberculosis between January 2019 and December 2020 were accessed and analysed. The recorded variables included forms of pulmonary tuberculosis, age/gender distribution, co-morbidities, Acid-fast Bacillus (AFB) smear status, and radiological findings and distribution. Descriptive statistics are presented in frequency and percentage. Results: Among the 160 cases of pulmonary tuberculosis, 30 (18.75%) cases were active primary tuberculosis, 105 (65.63%) cases were active post-primary tuberculosis, and 25 (15.62%) cases were inactive tuberculosis. Among the 30 cases of active primary tuberculosis, 14 (46.67%) cases had consolidation with air bronchogram, and 6 (20%) cases had consolidation without air bronchogram. Among the 105 cases of active post-primary tuberculosis, 65 (61.9%) cases had consolidation, 50 (47.62%) cases had cavities, and 56 (81.9%) cases had centrilobular nodules with a tree-in-bud appearance. Among the 25 cases of inactive tuberculosis, 18 (72%) cases had fibrosis with bronchiectasis, while 4 (16%) cases had fibrosis without bronchiectasis, and 3 (12%) cases had calcified granulomas. Conclusion: The study conclusively demonstrates the diverse radiological manifestations of pulmonary tuberculosis in different patient demographics. It highlights a higher incidence of active post-primary tuberculosis, especially in patients above 45 years, with varying radiological findings such as consolidation, cavitation, and fibrosis.

Centrilobular ground-glass nodule pattern in acute myeloid leukemia patients receiving cytosine arabinoside chemotherapy: an important form of drug-induced lung disease.

Centrilobular ground-glass nodule pattern in acute myeloid leukemia patients receiving cytosine arabinoside chemotherapy: an important form of drug-induced lung disease.

The Added Value of Bronchoalveolar Lavage for Pulmonary Tuberculosis Diagnosis in High-Risk Hospitalized Patients with Negative Sputum Samples.

Hospitalized patients with a high suspicion of pulmonary tuberculosis (HS-PTB) are isolated until a definite diagnosis can be determined. If doubt remains after negative sputum samples, bronchoscopy with bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) is often sought. Still, evidence of the added value of BAL in this patient population is scarce. To address this issue, we included consecutive HS-PTB patients with negative sputum samples who underwent BAL between 2017 and 2018. Chest X-rays (CXR) and CT scans were evaluated by a chest radiologist blind to the final diagnosis. Independent predictors for PTB were assessed by multivariate regression, using all positive PTB patients between 2017 and 2019 (by sputum or BAL) as a control group (n = 41). Overall, 42 HS-PTB patients were included (mean age 51 ± 9, 36% female). BAL was a viable diagnostic for PTB in three (7%) cases and for other clinically relevant pathogens in six (14%). Independent predictors for PTB were ≥2 sub-acute symptoms (adjusted OR 3.18, 95% CI 1.04-9.8), CXR upper-lobe consolidation (AOR 8.70, 95% CI 2.5-29), and centrilobular nodules in chest CT (AOR 3.96, 95% CI 1.20-13.0, p = 0.02). In conclusion, bronchoscopy with BAL in hospitalized patients with HS-PTB had a 7% added diagnostic value after negative sputum samples. Our findings highlight specific predictors for PTB diagnosis that could be used in future controlled studies to personalize the diagnostic evaluation.

Features of radiological manifestations in the diagnosis of nontuberculous mycobacteriosis. Literature review Сlinical observation

Purpose of the study. The purpose of this literature review is to determine the radiographic features in the diagnosis of non-tuberculous mycobacteriosis (NTMB) and to assess the possibility of radiological diagnosis of a combination of tuberculosis and non-tuberculous mycobacteriosis of the lungs in a patient with HIV infection.Materials and methods. A review of the literature on the bases of scientific articles PubMed, ELibrary and Google Scholar. Attention was focused on full-text articles. The article presents a clinical observation of a patient being treated at the Clinical TB Dispensary in Omsk from 2019 to 2022 with a diagnosis of disseminated pulmonary tuberculosis, bilateral, in the infiltration phase, tuberculous spondylitis ThVII–IX, complicated by a paravertebral abscess.Results. The radiological changes characteristic of NTMB are: lesion of the right middle and lingual lobes of the lungs with the presence of diffuse bronchiectasis, changes in the type of “tree in the kidneys”, compaction of lung tissue by the type of “frosted glass” with the presence of centrilobular nodules, asymmetric small dense foci with peribronchial location, apical location of thin-walled cavities with thickening of the costal pleura, as well as foci of inflammatory infiltration. The absence of specific symptoms for this pathology requires further research in this area. The identification of characteristic radiological features will speed up the diagnosis of infection and determine the correct management tactics for patients.Conclusion. The radiosemiotics of NTMB is characterized by a large variability of manifestations. The most informative method of radiation diagnosis of NTMB is multispiral computed tomography (MSCT). Thanks to MSCT, a radiologist has the opportunity to accurately assess the localization and nature of foci, as well as assess the dynamics and prevalence of the process. The most characteristic radiological symptoms are the defeat of the right middle and lingual lobes of the lungs with the presence of diffuse bronchiectasis, changes in the type of “tree in the kidneys”, compaction of lung tissue by the type of “frosted glass” and the presence of centrilobular nodules, asymmetric small dense foci with peribronchial arrangement, apical arrangement of thin-walled cavities with thickening of the costal pleura, as well as foci inflammatory infiltration. The absence of specific symptoms for this pathology requires further research in this area. The identification of characteristic radiological features will speed up the diagnosis of infection and determine the correct management tactics for patients.

Post-COVID pulmonary fungal infections: An unanticipated predicament or a ticking time bomb? Clinico-microbiological profile of cases encountered during the second wave of COVID-19 pandemic at a teaching hospital in the Himalayas with a brief literature review.

This study attempts to generate preliminary data regarding post-COVID pulmonary fungal infections, namely, COVID-19-associated pulmonary aspergillosis (CAPA), COVID-19-associated pulmonary mucormycosis (CAPM), and mixed infections from the Himalayas and compares the micro-radio-clinical profile and outcomes of the affected patients. A retrospective data analysis was conducted, where clinical profiles, microbiological and radiological reports, and outcomes of n = 16 patients of post-COVID pulmonary infections were compared. Of n = 16 patients, n = 7 had CAPA (n = 5 Aspergillus fumigatus, n = 1 Aspergillus flavus, and n = 1 Aspergillus niger), n = 5 CAPM (Rhizopus arrhizus), and n = 4 with mixed infections (n = 3 infected with Aspergillus fumigatus and Rhizopus spp. and n = 1 with Aspergillus flavus and Rhizopus arrhizus). Thick-walled cavitary lesions, air-fluid levels, and multiple centrilobular nodules were some of the common radiological findings reported among these patients. The immuno-compromised state following COVID-19 infection and treatment might be responsible for the progression of regular exposure to the dense Himalayan vegetation into an invasive pulmonary fungal infection. Suspecting post-COVID pulmonary fungal infection is necessary for primary care physicians to ensure timely referral to higher centers. Mixed pulmonary fungal infections (coinfection with Aspergillus spp. and Rhizopus spp.) are also emerging as important sequelae of COVID-19.

Differential Diagnosis of Fibrotic Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis with Its Non-Fibrotic Phenotype and Usual Interstitial Pneumonia During High-Resolution Computed Tomography

Background. Diagnosis of hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP) using high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) is not an easy task. The most difficult aspects of the disease include differential diagnosis of its fibrotic (fHP) and non-fibrotic (nfHP) phenotypes, as well as their differentiation from usual interstitial pneumonia (UIP) in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. The determination of fibrous changes at an early stage of development can significantly accelerate the beginning of antifibrotic therapy and improve the prognosis.Objective: to identify key HRCT signs for reliable differentiation of fHP and nfHP, to carry out differential diagnostics between fHP and UIP.Material and methods. The data of 73 patients with morphologically verified HP, in whom HRCT had been performed, were retrospectively analysed. In 21 patients, nfHP was determined, and in 52 patients fHP was identified. The comparison group consisted of 24 patients with a typical radiological UIP pattern. The analysis of the changes detected during HRCT was carried out by qualitative and semi-quantitative methods. The significance of qualitative differences in a sign manifestation was assessed by Fisher’s exact test, semi-quantitative differences were evaluated using Mann–Whitney test.Results. The results of the study allow to assume, that the presence and degree of manifestation of certain HRCT signs significantly differ between the selected groups of patients in qualitative and/or semi-quantitative terms. In cases of НP, the distribution of changes was mostly uniform and diffuse, with no clear predominance in certain lobes. In UIP, diffuse craniocaudal distribution took place, and in the axial plane, the changes were mainly subpleural in nature.Conclusion. Based on the results of the study, it can be assumed that fHP significantly differs from nfHP in such features as the presence and degree of manifestation of ground glass and honeycombing symptoms, reticular changes and traction bronchiectases. When comparing the fHP and UIP groups, the distinctive signs of fHP were centrilobular nodules, mosaic pattern, as well as diffuse axial sign distribution.

Clinical features and outcomes of small airway disease in ANCA-associated vasculitis.

To clarify the prevalence, features and outcomes of small airway disease (SAD) in a Chinese cohort with antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitis (AAV) related pulmonary involvement. SAD was recorded when the manifestations of either centrilobular nodules or air trapping were observed according to CT scans, except for infection or other airway-related comorbidities. Baseline and follow-up data were collected retrospectively. Of the 359 newly diagnosed AAV patients with pulmonary involvement, 92 (25.6%) had SAD, including 79 (85.9%) cases of anti-MPO-ANCA positive, 9 (9.8%) cases of anti-PR3-ANCA positive and 2 (2.2%) cases of double positive. Patients with SAD were more likely to be younger, female, non-smokers, have more ear-nose-throat (ENT) involvement, and have higher baseline Birmingham Vasculitis Activity Score (BVAS) compared to patients without SAD. Several AAV-related SAD patients have improved lung function and CT scans after immunosuppressive therapy. Patients with SAD had a better prognosis compared to those without SAD. When dividing all patients into three groups: isolated SAD (only small airway involvements), SAD with other lower airway involvements, and non-SAD, patients in the SAD with other lower airway involvements group had the highest risk of infection, while patients in the non-SAD group had the worst long-term outcomes. Similar results were observed in anti-MPO-ANCA positive patients when performing subgroup analyses. SAD is a unique manifestation of AAV-related lung involvement and exhibits distinct clinical features. It is vital to focus on SAD because of its association with prognosis and infection in AAV patients, especially in anti-MPO-ANCA positive patients. Moreover, SAD might represent a better response to immunosuppressors.

Vaping lung damage (review)

The review presents data from meta-analyses and original studies on the study of the vapers disease electronic cigarette or vaping product use-associated lung injury (EVALI) a new nosological form in patients with acute and subacute respiratory diseases caused by the consumption of electronic nicotine delivery vehicles, or vaping. The number of users are growing in around the world, especially among young people. According to a 2022 meta-analysis, the global prevalence of vaping use was 23%, including 16% in women and 22% in men. Prevalence of electronic nicotine delivery systems among cigarette smokers reached 43%, while on different continents, except for Asia, during the life it was approximately the same: in America 24%, Europe 26%, Asia 16%, Oceania 25%. Vaping rates among children aged 15 to 17 are almost four times (21.3%) higher than those aged 1214 (5.4%). Two-thirds (66.1%) of children aged 12 to 17 using electronic nicotine delivery devices were also smokers, while they started with vapes. Nicotine cartridges used by 89.3% of teen vapers aged 15 to 19 years. Vaping lung diseases have been reported since invention e-cigarettes, but the number of cases increased sharply at the end of September 2019, and by February In 2020, the number of hospitalized patients in the United States reached 2807, with 68 confirmed deaths. Most of the cases are male adolescents and men aged 1334 years. The review discusses the etiology, clinical picture, imaging findings, pathological EVALI features. When examining patients with EVALI, computed tomography revealed images characteristic of acute lung injury and pneumonia, as well as those resembling non-fibrous hypersensitivity pneumonitis, acute eosinophilic pneumonia. The article discusses the main differences between these diseases and the computed tomography picture of COVID-19. Before EVALI, vaping was associated with a wide range of pulmonary manifestations, including lipoid pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome and diffuse alveolar hemorrhage. Although the overall prevalence of EVALI has declined sharply compared to with a peak in September 2019, other chemicals may appear that cause various pulmonary diseases associated with vaping. EVALI is a new nosological form in patients with acute and subacute respiratory diseases caused by lung damage due to the use of electronic means delivery of nicotine. The appearance of radiographic images in EVALI is diverse: from bilateral opacities in the lungs to reveal centrilobular nodules resembling non-fibrous hypersensitivity pneumonitis. When interpreting acute lung injury in young people, the possibility of EVALI should be considered.

Lung infection with nontuberculous mycobacteria

ObjectiveTo describe the epidemiology and CT findings for nontuberculous mycobacterial lung infections and outcomes depending on the treatment. Material and methodsWe retrospectively studied 131 consecutive patients with positive cultures for nontuberculous mycobacteria between 2005 and 2016. We selected those who met the criteria for nontuberculous mycobacterial lung infection. We analysed the epidemiologic data; clinical, microbiological, and radiological findings; treatment; and outcome according to treatment. ResultsWe included 34 patients (mean age, 55 y; 67.6% men); 50% were immunodepressed (58.8% of these were HIV+), 20.6% had COPD, 5.9% had known tumors, 5.9% had cystic fibrosis, and 29.4% had no comorbidities. We found that 20.6% had a history of tuberculosis and 20.6% were also infected with other microorganisms. Mycobacterium avium complex was the most frequently isolated germ (52.9%); 7 (20.6%) were also infected with other organisms. The most common CT findings were nodules (64.7%), tree-in-bud pattern (61.8%), centrilobular nodules (44.1 %), consolidations (41.2%), bronchiectasis (35.3%), and cavities (32.4%). We compared findings between men and women and between immunodepressed and immunocompetent patients. Treatment was antituberculosis drugs in 67.6% of patients (72% of whom showed improvement) and conventional antibiotics in 20.6% (all of whom showed radiologic improvement). ConclusionThe diagnosis of nontuberculous mycobacterial lung infections is complex. The clinical and radiologic findings are nonspecific and a significant percentage of pateints can have other, concomitant infections.

Clinical, Microbiological, Serological and Radiological Profile of Patients With Mild-Moderate and Severe Allergic Bronchopulmonary Aspergillosis (ABPA).

Objective Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) is a complex hypersensitivity reaction to Aspergillus antigen mostly Aspergillus fumigatus that occurs almost exclusively in patients with asthma and cystic fibrosis. ABPA is an underdiagnosed and undertreated disease because of its presentation with various grades of severity in asthma patients. Data available regarding the clinical, serological, and radiological profile of ABPA patients is limited due to lack of consensus on diagnostic criteria and treatment guidelines. Thus ABPA is a significant disease, especially in the Indian population where the incidence of allergic diseases like asthma is on the rise. Methods This prospective study was conducted in the Department of Pulmonary Medicine at one of the tertiary centers of north India. All consecutive patients diagnosed withallergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) from 1st January 2017to 30th September 2017 were included in the study. A total of 67 consecutive patients diagnosedwithbronchial asthma were included in the study. The diagnosis of ABPA was based upon either criterion given by Rosenberg and Patersonor the International Society of Human and Animal Mycology (ISHAM) criteria. Patients diagnosed with ABPAwere finally divided into mild, moderate, and severe. Results The majority of patients showed an obstructive pattern on spirometry and moderate to severe obstruction was the most common pattern observed among patients who had an obstructive pattern on spirometry. Also, all three patients with the mixed pattern on spirometry had severe disease. Serological analysis revealed that patients in the moderate category had a higher level of absolute eosinophil count (AEC), total IgE, and Aspergillus-specific IgE antibodies, especially in patients who hadeither high attenuation mucus (HAM) or centrilobular nodules on their high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) scan. Conclusion ABPA is a disease of divergent presentation. We concluded to have alternate or add-on criteria for the classification of ABPA which was not based on the sequelae of chronic inflammatory changes in the lungs.

Computed tomography findings in COVID-19 and atypical pneumonia: a comparative study.

Computed tomography (CT) has an important role in the rapid diagnosis, treatment, and management of lower respiratory tract infections. This study aimed to explore different imaging characteristics between Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and atypical pneumonia (non-COVID-19) on chest CT of patients admitted to the emergency department. CT features of 120 patients with positive Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and 83 patients with negative SARS-CoV-2 by RT-PCR but positive respiratory tract sample test results for other respiratory pathogens were retrospectively evaluated, findings were recorded and compared between the two groups. Compared to non-COVID-19, COVID-19 patients were more likely to have a peripheral (60.5% vs. 23.8%, p < 0.001) and bilateral distribution (72.3% vs. 41.3%, p < 0.001), patchy consolidations (45% vs. 28.9%, p = 0.021), ground glass opacity (GGO) (94.2% vs. 83.1%, p = 0.011), crazy paving patterns (55% vs. 31.3%, p < 0.001); but less likely to have centrilobular nodules (15% vs. 62.7%, p < 0.001), pleural effusion (3.3% vs. 10.8%, p = 0.032), multifocal consolidations (7.5% vs. 21.7%, p = 0.003), and random distribution (1.7% vs. 46.3%, p < 0.001). There were significant differences between the CT patterns of patients with COVID-19 and other atypical pneumonia. The presence of patchy consolidations, GGO, crazy paving patterns with typical peripheral, bilateral distribution, and absence of centrilobular nodules, pleural effusion, and multifocal consolidations may help to differentiate COVID-19 from atypical pneumonia.

Role of Multidetector Computed Tomography in Differentiation of Benign and Malignant Cavitary Lung Lesions With a Histopathological Correlation: A Retrospective Cross-Sectional Study.

Introduction Cavitary lung disease has a wide range of differential diagnoses, which include both benign and malignant lesions. Imaging differentiation of benign from malignant cavitary lesions has always been a challenge due to overlapping imaging findings. The present study describes the most accurate multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) findings that could help in differentiating benign from malignant conditions in correlation with the histopathological reports. Methods This retrospective study was carried out on diagnosed cases of cavitary lung lesions on MDCTfrom January 2022 to February 2023. We evaluated the number of cavitary lung lesions, their location with respect to lung segment/lobe, the maximum diameter of the largest lesion, the maximum wall thickness of the largest cavity, and additional findings associated with these lesions. Measurements of the maximum wall thickness were plotted on a graph. Statistical analysis was done, and a receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) was calculated to find the accurate cut-off wall thickness for malignant and non-malignant lesions.These findings were then correlated with the histopathological report. Results A review of the MDCT scans of 47 patients was done; 30 (63.8%) of those were male with a mean age of 47.93±14.68 (SD) years while 17 (36.2%) were female with a mean age of 52.53 ±18.38 (SD) years. Out of 47 patients, 27 (57.4%) had benign lesions and 20 (42.5%) had malignant lesions. Significant differences (p<0.05) were found between benign and malignant lesions while comparing the averages of maximum wall thickness (8.1 mm and 14.5 mm, respectively) and the irregular inner margin of the largest cavitary lesions. The presence of consolidation and centrilobular nodules correlated significantly (p<0.05) with the benign nature of cavitary lung lesions. The maximum cut-off wall thickness was <6 mm and >17 mm for the differentiation of benign from malignant lung lesions, respectively. Conclusions The maximum wall thickness and irregular inner margin of cavitary lung lesions was a good indicator for the differentiation of benign and malignant etiologies on MDCTwhile consolidation and centrilobular nodules favoured the benign etiology more.