Centrifugal Process Research Articles

State monitoring and fault prediction of centrifugal compressors based on long short–term memory and principal component analysis (LSTM-PCA)

Centrifugal compressors are widely used in the petroleum and natural gas industry for gas compression, reinjection, and transportation. Early fault identification and fault evolution prediction for centrifugal compressors can improve equipment safety and reduce maintenance and operating costs. This article proposes a dynamic process monitoring method for centrifugal compressors based on long short-term memory (LSTM) and principal component analysis (PCA). This method constructs a sliding window for monitoring at each sampling point, which contains 100 data from the past and current time points, and uses LSTM to predict 30 future data points. At the same time, this method is also combined with the PCA threshold process monitoring method to construct a new LSTM-PCA monitoring algorithm. And the method was validated using centrifugal compressor process data. The results show that this method can effectively detect process anomalies, The improvements significantly reduced the false positive rate of detected anomalies, and can make multi-step advance predictions of system behavior after faults occur.

Potential of elites in consolidation of public opinion in eastern and western approaches

The authors proceed from the classical understanding of the elite as a social group endowed with power and capable of influencing public opinion. The paper represents the examination of the role of elites – political, economic and social – in the formation of public ideas, values and political attitudes. The problem is conditioned, on the one hand, by the intensification of geopolitical confrontation and the formation of polar ideological concepts on both sides of the ocean, on the other hand – by the dynamic change in characteristics of media environment, which lead to increased centrifugal processes and polarization of public opinion on current events, values and ideology. The authors take into account the widely accepted hypothesis of relative homogeneity of elites (Huntington, Sklair) in the sense that cultural differences and stereotypes influence decision-making in this environment the least. This assumption became the starting point in choosing the topic, predetermined the search for possible points of contact in building a public dialogue, and, in general, served as the basis for a conceptual assessment of the ability of elites to resolve insurmountable contradictions between different segments of the political media space. The authors identified similarities and differences in the understanding of the social and political role of elites in the East and West and proposed possible routes for the development of dialogue. The study is based on the works of the classics of the theory of elites, as well as on modern research in the field of social communication and media.

Efficient Nano Composite (Cerium/Aluminum Nitrate) in the Process of Desulfurization

AbstractIn the present work, a lot of efforts have been made to reduce the sulfur particles, as main pollutants, from gasoline with using cerium (Ce) and Al(NO3)3 nano composites measured with Reference method: ASTM D7039‐15. The sulfur crystallite number was around 7235 ppm for DS (Ni (NO3)2 and urea). These unwanted sulfur particles reached to 3028 ppm for y (Al (NO3)3)/x (Ce)=0.25 in weight ratio, without using centrifuge process. This result is a very good due to some points: The present experimental works have been done at the room temperature and atmosphere environment, whilst many other works, as addressed here, have needed higher temperature and pressures. To our knowledge, Ce, Aluminum nitrate and urea as nano composite materials have need been used for desulfurization processes. Moreover, some relevant techniques such as X‐ray powder diffraction (XRD), Energy dispersive X‐ray analysis (EDX), Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), UV‐Vis spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and Dynamic light scattering (DLS) have also been used.

Direct Synthesis of Perovskite Quantum Dot Photoresist for Direct Photolithography.

Perovskite quantum dots (PQDs) photoresists are promising building blocks for photolithographically patterned devices. However, their complex synthesis and combination processes limit their optical properties and potential patterning applications. Here, we present an exceptionally simple strategy for the synthesis of PQDs photoresist. Unlike traditional approaches that involve centrifugation, separation, and combination processes, our direct synthesis technique using polymerizable acrylic monomer as solvent to fabricate PQDs photoresists without complex post-synthesis process. We demonstrate that the change in solubility of the precursors is the main reason for the formation of PQDs in the polymerizable monomer. By direct photolithography, colorful PQD patterns with high photoluminescence quantum yields and excellent fluorescence uniformity are successfully demonstrated. This work opens a new avenue for the direct synthesis of PQDs photoresist, expanding their applications in various integrated applications, such as photonic, energy harvesting, and optoelectronic devices.

Direct Synthesis of Perovskite Quantum Dot Photoresist for Direct Photolithography

Perovskite quantum dots (PQDs) photoresists are promising building blocks for photolithographically patterned devices. However, their complex synthesis and combination processes limit their optical properties and potential patterning applications. Here, we present an exceptionally simple strategy for the synthesis of PQDs photoresist. Unlike traditional approaches that involve centrifugation, separation, and combination processes, our direct synthesis technique using polymerizable acrylic monomer as solvent to fabricate PQDs photoresists without complex post‐synthesis process. We demonstrate that the change in solubility of the precursors is the main reason for the formation of PQDs in the polymerizable monomer. By direct photolithography, colorful PQD patterns with high photoluminescence quantum yields and excellent fluorescence uniformity are successfully demonstrated. This work opens a new avenue for the direct synthesis of PQDs photoresist, expanding their applications in various integrated applications, such as photonic, energy harvesting, and optoelectronic devices.

Perylene Diimide-based Fluorescent Aptasensor for Quantitative Analysis of Pb2+ Based on Terminal Deoxynucleotidyl Transferase-assisted Formation of Elongated Aptamer and Gold Nanoparticles.

Due to the exceedingly poisonous properties of Pb2+, it is imperative to conduct a thorough assessment of its quantity in both biological and environmental samples, as this is crucial for safeguarding public health. This study describes an economic turn-off fluorescent aptasensor for the quantitative analysis of Pb2+ employing 3,4,9,10-perylenetetracarboxylic acid diimide (PTCDI) as a cost-effective fluorophore, gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) as separating agent and an elongated aptamer as both targeting agent and PTCDI loading site. The fundamental principle of the suggested fluorescent aptasensor, which is based on PTCDI, relies on detecting variations in the fluorescence intensity of PTCDI when an elongated aptamer (as single-stranded DNA) is present or absent. The advanced aptasensor is advantageous due to the elongation of the lead aptamer sequence length induced by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT), resulting in enhanced sensitivity. The presence of Pb2+ and the centrifugation process causes the separation of the poly A-modified aptamer/Pb2+ conjugate from the poly T sequence. Hence, the interaction of PTCDI with the poly A moiety in the modified aptamer leads to a decrease in its fluorescence emission. The findings showcased that the fluorescent aptasensor exhibited exceptional specificity towards Pb2+ ions, while the biosensing platform accomplished an impressive detection limit of 3.7pM. Moreover, the suggested aptasensor utilizing PTCDI exhibits a commendable capability in quantitatively analyzing Pb2+ within human serum samples and mineral water.

Human urine-derived stem cells: potential therapy for psoriasis-like dermatitis in mice

Over the past decade, significant advancements in stem cell research led by mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have facilitated their practical application in clinical settings, including inflammatory skin diseases. Urine-derived stem cells (USCs) are obtained from healthy human urine in a noninvasive approach with properties similar to mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). However, the therapeutic potential of USCs for inflammatory skin diseases has not yet been fully explored. Herein, we report the therapeutic effects of USCs-derived culture supernatants on mice with psoriasis-like dermatitis using our originally established human USCs model. We examined the isolation of USCs from human urine using a simple centrifugation process. Cell markers related to MSCs-like cell were positive for CD29, CD44, CD73, CD90, and negative for HLA-DR, CD34, and CD45 by FACS analysis. Differentiation assays revealed that the cells possessed the capability to differentiate into adipocytes, chondrocytes, and osteocytes. USCs-conditioned medium (CM) treatment significantly suppressed the severity of dermatitis in imiquimod (IMQ)-treated psoriasis mice model. Histopathological examination revealed that USCs-CM treatment attenuated epidermal thickness and the numbers of infiltrating inflammatory cells, including neutrophils, T-cells, and macrophages in dermatitis-affected areas in IMQ-treated psoriasis mice. Furthermore, USCs-CM treatment decreased mRNA levels of IL-17A, IL-17F, and IL-23p19 was reduced in dermatitis area. In summary, our findings revealed new potential strategies for utilizing USCs and USCs-CM as therapeutic agents for inflammatory skin diseases, including psoriasis.

Comparison of the hardness value and microstructure of Al6061 in horizontal centrifugal casting with and without mold cooling

The object of this research is the horizontal centrifugal casting process of the Al6061 alloy. Usually, cast products experience some casting defects, so the horizontal centrifugal casting process is applied to reduce the possibility of casting defects arising. In some casting processes, especially in the production of cylindrical specimens, casting defects such as porosity are encountered. Therefore, horizontal centrifugal casting was applied to overcome this problem. The test results show that the average hardness value for aluminum 6061 specimens resulting from centrifugal casting products with water cooling was 73.3 HRE, while the average hardness value for aluminum 6061 specimens resulting from centrifugal casting products without water cooling was 86.4 HRE. The microstructure results show that the grain size of centrifugal casting products with water cooling was 82.5 µm, whereas without water cooling it was 75 µm. Higher hardness values were obtained in specimens without mold cooling, this is because the conductivity in molds without cooling was higher compared to molds that experienced water cooling. The higher the heat conductivity of the mold, the faster the cooling process of the cast product. The casting process using the horizontal centrifugal method can be carried out to produce cylindrical spare parts

Nano Fe-Al-bi-MOF-based dispersive micro solid phase extraction of diazinon, acetochlor, hexaconazole, oxadiazon, fenitrothion, haloxyfop-R-methyl, diniconazole, and tebuconazole from fruit juices

This research presents an analytical technique based on nano Fe-Al-bi-MOF designed for the extraction and preconcentration of some pesticides from fruit juices. The MOF was synthesized using iron and aluminum salts along with 1,4-benzenedicarboxylic acid. The obtained sorbent was subjected to a series of characterization techniques to accurately determine the phase and characteristics of the material. The MOF (mg amount) was added in the fruit juices for extracting the targeted pesticides. The mixture was agitated using a vortex mixer to enhance the analytes sorption onto the sorbent, followed by centrifugation to facilitate settling down the analyte-loaded particles. Subsequently, the sorbent particles were subjected to elute with mL-volume of acetonitrile. Ultimately, the resulting eluate was mixed with a µL-volume of 1,2-dibromoethane and rapidly injected into deionized water. The milky solution underwent the process of centrifugation and sedimentation in order to separate the organic phase. An appropriate portion of it was injected into a gas chromatograph equipped with a flame ionization detector. Low limits of detection (0.53–2.59 µg L−1) and quantification (1.75–8.57 µg L−1), high enrichment factors (295−350), appreciable extraction recoveries (59–70 %), and the use of three-dimensional nano MOF in the analytical method development are the highlights of the research.

Surface Treatment of Additively Manufactured Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) by Centrifugal Disc Finishing Process: Identification of the Key Parameters.

Polyetheretherketone is a promising material for implants due to its good mechanical properties and excellent biocompatibility. Its accessibility to a wide range of applications is facilitated by the ability to process it with an easy-to-use manufacturing process such as fused filament fabrication. The elimination of disadvantages associated with the manufacturing process, such as a poor surface quality, is a main challenge to deal with. As part of the mass finishing process, centrifugal disc finishing has demonstrated good results in surface optimization, making it a promising candidate for the post-processing of additively manufactured parts. The objective of this study is to identify the key parameters of the centrifugal disc finishing process on the waviness of additively manufactured PEEK specimens, which has not been investigated previously. The waviness of the specimen was investigated by means of confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM), while weight loss was additionally tracked. Six parameters were investigated: type, amount and speed of media, use of compound, amount of water and time. Type of media, time and speed were found to significantly influence waviness reduction and weight loss. Surface electron microscopy images demonstrated the additional effects of deburring and corner rounding. Results on previous studies with specimens made of metal showed similar results. Further investigation is required to optimize waviness reduction and polish parts in a second post-processing step.

Preparation and characterization of cauliflower-like γ-Fe2O3/H-γ-AlOOH magnetic composites with high adsorption performance towards As(V)

That long-term consumption of water with arsenic concentrations greater than 10 μg L−1 induces renal, hepatic, and cardiovascular diseases, in addition, the effective adsorbents for removing arsenic are limited by their harsh synthesis conditions, slow adsorption kinetics, low adsorption capacities and hard solid-liquid separation. Herein, a hierarchical cauliflower-like γ-Fe2O3/H-γ-AlOOH magnetic composites for the treatment of As(V)-contaminated wastewater is firstly proposed to avoid the complex centrifugation and filtration process, and achieve the purpose of simplifying operation. A series of physicochemical characterization tools reveal the successful synthesis of hierarchical cauliflower-like γ-Fe2O3/H-γ-AlOOH magnetic composite adsorbent with a large specific surface area (SBET) of 131.82 m2 g 1, high Zeta potential of +17.22 mV, and magnetic saturation (Ms) of 26.1 emu g−1, which synergistically improves the adsorption performance and achieve the purpose of simplifying operation. The related adsorption experimental data demonstrates that the saturated adsorption capacity for As(V) reaches 130.17 mg g−1 and decreases by only 17.6 % after six adsorption-desorption experiments, and the whole adsorption process conforms to Pseudo-second order model and the Langmuir model, which proves it is more inclined to be monolayer adsorption and there is no chemical reaction between As(V) and adsorbent. In addition, the adsorption of As(V) onto the cauliflower-like γ-Fe2O3/H-γ-AlOOH magnetic composites is assigned to a spontaneous, endothermic and entropy increased process. The main adsorption mechanism is that, combined with X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis, all components of the composite are involved in the adsorption of As(V), with the predominance of metal hydroxyl groups. The synthetic route of a novel and highly effective adsorbent, the hierarchical cauliflower-like γ-Fe2O3/H-γ-AlOOH magnetic composite material, provides a more promising alternative candidate for the As(V) treatment, from the perspective of aquatic ecosystem protection and solid-liquid separation.

Characterization of a novel Ca2+-Activated potassium channel in rat brain rough endoplasmic reticulum

ObjectivesPotassium channels in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) are crucial for maintaining calcium balance during calcium fluxes. Disruption in ER calcium balance leads to ER stress, implicated in diseases like diabetes and Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, limited data exists on ER potassium channels in excitable tissues such as the brain. To fill this gap, we aimed to evaluate potassium currents in rat brain rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER). MethodsRats were euthanized under deep anesthesia and their brains were immediately removed. The brains were then homogenized in ice-cold sucrose buffer, followed by the extraction of RER microsomes through a series of centrifugation processes. Purity of sample was evaluated using western blotting technique. Single channel recordings were done in voltage steps from +50 to −60 mV following incorporation of rat brain RER vesicles into planar bilayers. ResultsWe observed a voltage-dependent potassium channel with an approximate conductance of 188 pS. Channel open probability was low at negative voltages, increasing at positive voltages. The channel was blocked by Charybdotoxin but not by Iberiotoxin. Additionally, TRAM-34, a specific KCa3.1 channel blocker, suppressed channel current amplitude and open probability. Western blot analysis revealed specific bands for anti-KCa3.1 antibody, approximately 50 kDa in brain homogenate and RER fraction. ConclusionOur study provides strong evidence for the presence of an KCa3.1 channel on the RER membrane in rat brain, exhibiting distinct electro-pharmacological profile compared to plasma membrane and other organelles.

Study on leukapheresis of hyperleukocytic acute myeloid leukemia through in vitro centrifugation

Respiratory failure, intracranial hemorrhage and infection were more common in hyperleukocytic acute myeloid leukemia patients than in non-hyperleukocytic leukemia patients. Compared with non-apheresis treatment, the white blood cells decreased significantly and the infection rate decreased after apheresis treatment. However, the treatment time of leukapheresis in patients with hyperleukocytic leukemia is very long, while it is more damaging to cells. In this study, which conducted a retrospective analysis on patients with hyperleukocytic acute myeloid leukemia, the process of centrifugation of normal cells and patients’ cells by apheresis machine was simulated in vitro. Through selecting 5 healthy persons and 11 patients with hyperleukocytic acute myeloid leukemia, extracting their blood samples and performing in vitro centrifugation at different speeds or duration, we observed the changes of the numbers and morphology of peripheral blood cells in healthy people and patients, so as to explore the optimal centrifugation parameters during leukapheresis. The cells obtained by the optimal centrifugation parameters were cryopreserved and two groups of mice (10 mice in each group) were used to establish leukemia animal models. Through the research, it is found that when the centrifugal speed is below 6000 rpm, the damage to blood cells in healthy people and in patients with hyperleukocytic leukemia is not obvious. When the centrifugal speed is above 6000 rpm, the platelets will be damaged significantly. The cells obtained under the optimal centrifugation parameters can be successfully cryopreserved and used to establish leukemia animal models. This study is of great significance for improving the efficiency and reducing the side effects of leukapheresis, and is helpful to improve the treatment of white blood cells reduction.

Highly luminescent CsPbBr3 perovskite nanocrystal films via the ligand-assisted reaction

Via the ligand-assisted reaction, highly luminescent CsPbBr3 perovskite nanocrystal (PNC) films were synthesized by a simple centrifugal casting process based on the supersaturated recrystallization method. The structure, the optical properties, the morphology, the stability and the potential application of the PNC films were investigated in detail. The results show that under the joint use of OA, DDAB and APTES, the obtained PNC films with 1.5 M DDAB show the strong PL emission with highest quantum yield of 77.5 %, the pure CsPbBr3 structure, the smooth surface and the enhanced stability under UV irradiation. Additionally, the white LED device based on the PNC films obtained here and a commercial red phosphor layer shows excellent optical and color properties and working stability, demonstrating the potential of the PNC films in this study in the field of light-emitting and display.

Simulation of non‐Newtonian biopolymer extrusion and fall in the centrifugal microencapsulation process

AbstractWe present high‐fidelity numerical simulations of the centrifugal microencapsulation process, that is of interest for biomedical applications as cell therapy. We provide first a comprehensive rheological characterization of high‐molecular‐weight calcium alginate, a commonly used material in microencapsulation. Building upon this, we employ a fluid model that accurately replicates the relevant non‐Newtonian properties of the fluid. This model is applied to numerical simulations of the first three stages of the centrifugal microencapsulation process: capillary flow, ejection from the capillary, and fall through the air. The results are successfully compared with experiments. Furthermore, this model, which can be adapted to various centrifugal microencapsulation devices, effectively elucidates the physical factors contributing to different capsule shapes that can be achieved at the end of the process. This breakthrough opens the door to precise control of capsule shapes and production rates.

Efficacy of Ultrasound-Guided Injection of Platelet-Rich Plasma in Treatment of Sports-Related Meniscal Injuries

Abstract Purpose Meniscal injuries are a common occurrence in sports-related activities, often leading to pain, reduced joint function, and impaired athletic performance. This study aimed to evaluate the role of ultrasound-guided intra-articular platelet-rich plasma (PRP)-rich fluid injection which was obtained through serial centrifugation in the treatment of meniscal injuries resulting from sports activities. Materials and Methods A prospective study was conducted involving 54 cases with grade I, II, and III meniscal injuries, aged 18 and 43 years. PRP-rich fluid was prepared by subjecting autologous blood samples to a two-step centrifugation process. Patients were assessed pretreatment and at regular intervals posttreatment. Results Patients reported reduced pain and improved joint functionality following treatment. Average age of the patients was 34.4 years, and average follow-up period was 275.1 days. It is noteworthy that no cases of bilateral meniscal injuries were identified; indicating that the focus was primarily on single knee injuries. Predominance of grade II injuries suggests that the PRP intervention might be particularly effective in addressing more severe meniscal tears. Conclusion The results of our study provide compelling evidence for the positive impact of PRP augmentation in meniscus repair. Our findings indicate that PRP therapy has the potential to bring about substantial benefits for individuals with meniscus tears of the knee, particularly in terms of pain relief and enhanced functional capabilities.

Alumina-based ceramic coatings obtained by the SHS process for high temperature corrosion and wear protection of steel tubulars

Ceramic coatings have much potential for steel tubulars' protection against high temperature corrosion of gases and liquids, often containing abrasive solid particles, and to enhance their integrity in severe power generation, mineral and oil & gas production environments. Combining self-propagating high-temperature synthesis (SHS) with high-speed centrifugal process, alumina-based coatings were produced onto the inner surface of tubulars for these applications. According to the developed SHS batch formulation and the designed centrifugal device and process, well-consolidated composite ceramic layers with a thickness of 1.5–3 mm have been obtained. The developed SHS process does not create hazardous gases, and it takes ∼30 s for the ceramic phase formation. A high-level compaction due to centrifugal forces and a liquid phase sintering approach provided a dense gradient ceramic structure formed by oxide grains cemented by a glassy phase and bonded with a steel substrate through a thin iron layer. The coatings were successfully produced onto the inner surface of carbon and stainless steels’ tubes of up to 12 ft-lengths and standard dimensions from 2 to 3/8″ to 7.5” OD. The coatings were tested, for the first time, in wear and high-temperature corrosive environments, e.g., in steam–H2S–CO2 gases and molten salts, with encouraging results due to high contents of Al2O3 and some other oxides and consolidated ceramic structure. They can be recommended for applications in high-temperature (900 °C and greater) corrosive environments and erosive flows.

Evaluation of the effects of temperature and centrifugation time on elimination of uncured resin from 3D-printed dental aligners

The study investigated the effects of temperature and centrifugation time on the efficacy of removing uncured resin from 3D-printed clear aligners. Using a photo-polymerizable polyurethane resin (Tera Harz TC-85, Graphy Inc., Seoul, Korea), aligners were printed and subjected to cleaning processes using isopropyl alcohol (IPA) or centrifugation (g-force 27.95g) at room temperature (RT, 23 °C) and high temperature (HT, 55 °C) for 2, 4, and 6 min. The control group received no treatment (NT). Cleaning efficiency was assessed through rheological analysis, weight measurement, transparency evaluation, SEM imaging, 3D geometry evaluation, stress relaxation, and cell viability tests. Results showed increased temperature and longer centrifugation times significantly reduced aligner viscosity, weight (P < 0.05), and transmittance. IPA-cleaned aligners exhibited significantly lower transparency and rougher surfaces in SEM images. All groups met ISO biocompatibility standards in cytotoxicity tests. The NT group had higher root mean square (RMS) values, indicating greater deviation from the original design. Stress relaxation tests revealed over 95% recovery in all groups after 60 min. The findings suggest that a 2-min HT centrifugation process effectively removes uncured resin without significantly impacting the aligners’ physical and optical properties, making it a clinically viable option.

WASTE PROCESSING BY PLASMA ARC ELECTROLYTIC CENTRIFUGAL CONVERSION

The plasma-arc electrolytic centrifugal conversion process was developed for processing of crude ore materials and hydrocarbons to end products with simultaneous generation of energy carriers and energy [1]. The developed process may be used with a similar purpose for processing of various wastes. Industrial and household wastes have identical chemistry with common ore and hydrocarbons. Waste ore called “tailings” is comparable to payable ore and, just as in base ore, oxygen comprises about half of its composition. Household wastes for the most part contain organic compounds, including plastic, wood, paper, and form hydrocarbon mixtures containing various metals and nonmetals. Melted waste mixture contains almost every elements of the periodic table with various chemical elements acting as reaction catalysts. The wastes are processed under electric energy generated by hydrogen burning in oxygen. Hydrogen is recovered from hydrocarbon materials contained in household wastes and water contained in the feed. Oxygen is recovered from waste ore. Hydrogen and oxygen are stored in a methanol compound obtained from synthesis gas generated in the course of waste plasma melting.

Investigating the proliferative inhibition of HepG2 cells by exosome-like nanovesicles derived from Centella asiatica extract through metabolomics

Nano-particles demonstrating excellent anticancer properties have gradually found application in cancer therapy. However, their widespread use is impeded by their potential toxicity, high cost, and the complexity of the preparation process. In this study, we achieved exosome-like Centella asiatica-derived nanovesicles (ADNVs) through a straightforward juicing and high-speed centrifugation process. We employed transmission electron microscopy and nanoparticle flow cytometry to characterize the morphology, diameter, and stability of the ADNVs. We evaluated the in vitro anticancer effects of ADNVs using Cell Counting Kit-8 and apoptosis assays. Through sequencing and bicinchoninic acid protein analysis, we discovered the abundant presence of proteins and microRNAs in ADNVs. These microRNAs can target various diseases such as cancer and infection. Furthermore, we demonstrated the effective internalization of ADNVs by HepG2 cells, resulting in an increase in reactive oxygen species levels, mitochondrial damage, cell cycle arrest at the G1 phase, and apoptosis. Finally, we analyzed changes in cellular metabolites post-treatment using cell metabolomics techniques. Our findings indicated that ADNVs primarily influence metabolic pathways such as amino acid metabolism and lipid biosynthesis, which are closely associated with HepG2 treatment. Our results demonstrate the potential utility of ADNVs as anticancer agents.