Abstract On the basis of a brief survey of the subdivision and evolution of the Variscides, this paper addresses controversial issues relating to the plate kinematic assembly and the 'collapse' of the orogen. A widespread phase of Devonian extension and basaltic magmatism is at variance with overall convergence. This episode either reflects subduction of the Rheic mid-ocean ridge, or else relates to a set of mantle plumes that also produced the Dniepr-Donets aulacogen. Another controversy regards the position of Gondwana in Devonian and Early Carboniferous time. Contrary to recent proposals of a wide Palaeotethys ocean, biogeographical and palaeomagnetic data suggest, until the Late Carboniferous, a Pangaea B model with Gondwana juxtaposed against Southern Europe. Contrary to the concept of Late Carboniferous-Permian 'collapse' of a central Variscan high plateau, major crustal thickening occurred only in relatively narrow belts, and parts of the central Variscides were close to sea level from the Late Devonian onwards. Collision occurred in a high-temperature regime from c. 350-340 Ma onwards. Heating by several independent mechanisms effected the reduction of orogenic roots by buoyant rise and lateral spreading of thermally softened crust. However, major flysch wedges reflect the importance of erosion and uplift. Late Carboniferous-Permian magmatism and extension associated with strike-slip zones affected a largely equilibrated crust. These events probably relate to the westward displacement of Gondwana and the opening of the Palaeotethys embayment (Pangaea B to Pangaea A).