Central Tanganyika Research Articles

Morality Plays: Marriage, Church Courts, and Colonial Agency in Central Tanganyika, ca. 1876–1928

Morality Plays: Marriage, Church Courts, and Colonial Agency in Central Tanganyika, ca. 1876–1928

The Shrine in the Desert

TOWARDS THE END OF THE nineteenth century, German explorer reported that high on the Rimi Plateau, in central Tanganyika, there was a great shrine in desert. It seems that he referred to Tita, near Puma in Wahi, the south of what is now Singida District. Here an upthrust of granite forms kind of central boss whose innumerable eroded peaks stand against the skyline like the ruined cities of some forgotten people. These in sense indeed they are, for the first inhabitants are said to have built their homes close to the peaks, from the tops of which they watched for approaching enemies. At the base of the peaks they drew their water from the perennial springs that gush from under the rocks and form stream which is one of the few permanent streams in the District. Thus when the surrounding country is parched white in the long dry season, near Tita there is always water.

THE CYTOLOGY OF A HYBRID BETWEENGOSSYPIUM HIRSUTUMANDG.LONGICALYX

T h e specics of Gossypiz~nz havc been categorized by Beasley (1940) into five cytologically and geographically defined diploid genome groups (A, Africa and Asia; B, northern and southern Africa; C, Australia; Dl North and South America; and E, northeastern Africa to Pakistan) and one amphidiploid group (AD, tropical America, Hawaii, and cultivated). Interspecific, intragenomic hybrids gcncrally show cn. 13 bivaleilts at meiotic metaphase I, whereas the uumbcr of bivalints in intergenomic hybrids ranges from less than 1 (for some hybrids involving E genome species) to 11 (A X B hybrids). In 1958 Hutchinson and Lee described a new species of Gossypiz~m from central Tanganyika as G. longicnlyx; collections of this species have also been made in Uganda and southcrn Sudan. They placed the new species in section Stocltsiana (which is coincident with Beasley's E genome group), citing simililrities in thc geographical range and morphology of G. lo~zgicnlyx with species of this scction of the genus. Saunders (1961) later assigned this species the E: subeenome dcsienation. U U Attempts to hybridize G, lo7zgicrrlyx with other Gossypizf~~z taxa have been generally unrewa;ding, but recently a hybrid involving the natural amphidiploid, G. hi.rs.lrtznn, and G. lo7lgicalyx has bcen obtained. T h e present report describcs the cytology of this triploid, and its synthetic hexaploid, which we interpret as evidence that G. longicnlyx represents a new Gossypiz~nz cytotype. Methods and Materials The G. hi7'~~lt~17?~ (and pistillate) parent of the G. hirs~rtz~7?z X lo7zgicnlyx hybrid is accession #820 of the Gossypiz~nz collection of Dr. S. G. Stephens of this institution. Seeds of G. lo~zgicnlyx were reccived through the Cotton and Cordage Fibers Branch, U.S. Department of Agriculture. Three hybrid seeds were obtained: two of the resulting plants vrovided the materials used for the I I study of triploid cytology, the third plant was converted into a hexaploid via the colchicine-tragacanth method of Schwanitz ( 1919). T h e cytological analyses of the two triploid plants were similar, and have been combined in TabIe I. The cytological analyses of PhlC's were made at meiotic metaphase I, following fixation in Carnoy's fluid (4: 3: 1) and storage in 70% ethanol. Results and Discussion The results of the G. hirszrtzr77z X longicrrlyx triploid and hexapIoid cytological analyses are contained in Tablcs I and IT, respectively. A summary of the pertinent literature on the cytology of triploid and hexaploid hybrids combining the AD tetraploids (G. hirszrtunz and G. bnrbacle7zse L.) with species of the A, B, C, D, and E genome groups is presented in Table 111. Comparable data on triploid bivalent frequency and hexaploid multivalent frequency for G. hirszrtzr7n X longicnlyx (6.75 and 2.00, per cell, respectively) and AD X E (0.55 and 0.19, per cell, respectively), indicate that G. lo7zgicalyx

Aircraft applications of insecticides in East Africa XIV.—Very-low-volume aerosols of dieldrin and isobenzan for the control of Glossina morsitans Westw

Two experiments were conducted simultaneously in 1962–63 at Chungai, in central Tanganyika, to test new equipment for disseminating insecticides from aircraft and a new insecticide, isobenzan (Telodrin), in the eradication of Glossina morsitans Westw. and G. pallidipes Aust. The new equipment consisted of an aerosol generator fitted to the exhaust of a Cessna 182E high-wing monoplane, and was used in both experiments. The isobenzan was compared with dieldrin, and the two insecticides were applied at rates inversely proportional to their toxicities to G. morsitans as previously determined in the laboratory.Two blocks of woodland, each 11 sq. miles in area, were treated, one with a 12·3 per cent, solution of dieldrin at the rate of 0·0254 gal. per acre, giving a dosage of 0·5 oz. (14 g.) toxicant per acre, and the other with a 10 per cent, solution of isobenzan at the rate of 0·0124 gal. per acre, giving a dosage of 0·2 oz. (6 g.) per acre. The former block received eight treatments with dieldrin at approximately 3-week intervals, the fourth treatment being incomplete; the latter block received six treatments with isobenzan at intervals ranging from 20 to 45 days. The effects were assessed by means of fly-catches along fixed paths which continued for one year after treatments had ceased.Both species of tsetse fly disappeared from the two blocks before the final treatments took place, and no more were caught until 11 months after spraying ended, when one example of G. morsitans was caught in each block; both were probably immigrants. None was found in the following month, and it is concluded that the flies were exterminated in both blocks. The fact that the blocks were unusually well isolated from sources of reinfestation probably contributed to the success of the operations.The cost per sq. mile was £224 using dieldrin and £190 using isobenzan. These were the basic costs, independent of the locality in which spraying took place. Additional costs were incurred which would vary with local conditions; for the present experiments they were £34 and £30, respectively. It is considered that there is good scope for further reductions in costs, particularly with dieldrin, and that these might make dieldrin economically competitive with isobenzan. Owing to the low fly density in the block treated with isobenzan, the efficacy of this insecticide cannot be regarded as conclusively proved until further experiments have been carried out. It may then merit serious consideration as a toxicant for aerial spraying against tsetse flies.

A Model of African Indigenous Economy and Society

certain elements of African life which have bearing on an economic approach. These include in particular the matters of the role of livestock, the relation between people and livestock, the nature of rights in people, the nature of so-called corporate groups, and the nature of food production and exchange. In making this reassessment, I am drawing heavily upon the results of my study of the Wanyaturu or Turu of central Tanganyika in 1959 and 1960 and on an extension of the conclusions to other pastoral societies, based upon the feeling that there is sufficient evidence from ethnographic sources to warrant such an hypothetical extension, even though it is oversimplified. One of the most distressing barriers to the development of a comparative economics with the sophistication of Western economics is often said to be the lack of precise pricing of values in non-Western societies. Prices represent values and by means of them values can be accurately compared. But I do not believe that such a barrier exists in studying the economics of pastoral Africa simply because it is now apparent that livestock fill the role of money. Livestock in pastoral Africa have various uses of which the most important are those of food, production of young and repositories of value whereby they are utilizable as money. As money, livestock are graded in value and precise ratios of value are established between the types so that various combinations of animals can be equated with each other, just as various denominations of money can be. Few single societies possess the full range of types of livestock, which over the whole of pastoral Africa includes horses, camels, cattle, goats and sheep as well as some less important ones, like chickens. However it seems clear that taken all together the values of these animals are in the rank just listed, i.e., horses are the most valuable and goats and sheep least valuable. Otherwise, female animals are more valuable than males (except in some societies, like Turu, where the sex of goats and sheep is ignored), and mature animals are more valuable than immature ones. A heifer is less valuable than a cow, or at least than a young cow, because the chief value of a female animal is her reproductive capacity and a cow has proven her ability to re-

Notes on African Caesalpinioideae

Bussea massaiensis (Taub.) Harms Bussea massaiensis, in so far as its distribution is at present known, occurs in two comparatively restricted areas, one in central Tanganyika where the type of the species was collected, the other in the northern part of Northern Rhodesia; in between, however, the species is at present quite unknown. No attempt has hitherto been made to separate taxonomically Bussea in these two areas, and indeed the plants are very similar in appearance and in my opinion conspecific. A clear and constant separation can however be made, using the numbers of pinnae and leaflets, and it is therefore proposed here to recognize two subspecies of Bussea massaiensis:-

The epidemic spread of Rhodesian sleeping sickness 1908–1960

1. 1) The first recognized cases of T. rhodesiense sleeping sickness occurred in Northern Rhodesia, Nyasaland, and Southern Rhodesia between 1908 and 1912. At this time sporadic cases only occurred in the Rhodesias, but there was an epidemic in Nyasaland. 2. 2) The epidemic spread northwards reaching Central Tanganyika in the 1920's, and Uganda and Kenya in the 1940's. With each extension, the disease has become more acute and the strains more rapidly lethal to experimental animals. 3. 3) In Southern Rhodesia the disease remains sporadic and relatively chronic, with the occurrence of “healthy carriers.” 4. 4) In Northern Rhodesia epidemics have occurred, but the disease remains relatively chronic as compared with the epidemic areas of East Africa. 5. 5) In Ngamiland and the Chobe districts of Bechuanaland sporadic cases have occurred since 1934 (possibly since 1909), but since 1957 minor epidemic conditions have appeared. 6. 6) In areas which have been affected by epidemic Rhodesian sleeping sickness, after the disease has been controlled, sporadic cases continue to occur, and these cases in time gradually become less acute. 7. 7) T. brucei was present in Tanganyika before 1914. Epidemic T. rhodesiense was absent, but invaded the Territory during the first World War: it is not surprising, therefore, that there is a wide distinction between these two “species” in terms of infectivity to man. 8. 8) T. brucei in domestic stock and T. rhodesiense in man both occur sporadically in Southern Rhodesia. Since the time of European settlement there has been no recorded epidemic of sleeping sickness: it is unlikely, therefore, that such a marked distinction in human infectivity exists as in Tanganyika; i.e., the theories of Kinghorn and Yorke (1912a) and of Bruce (1915) on the identity of T. brucei and T. rhodesiense still await experimental proof. 9. 9) Several cases of sporadic trypanosomiasis caused by T. rhodesiense (as here defined) have occurred in man in areas outside the normal “rhodesiense area.” 10. 10) In the better authenticated instances the strains from these sporadic cases from outside the “rhodesiense area” might have been derived either from T. brucei or T. gambiense, since both exist in the areas concerned. The original strain, from which the epidemic form of T. rhodesiense has been derived, arose in the Zambezi basin, this is so far removed from any known focus of T. gambiense as to make it unlikely that the strain was derived from anything other than T. brucei.

Notes from the East African Herbarium: IX: A New Species of Gossypium from Central Tanganyika

The specimen was collected at Nondwa in the Dodoma district of central Tanganyika. The nearest previous record of a wild species of Gossypium is Sampson's collection of G. somalense (Guerke) J. B. Hutchinson, Silow & S. G. Stephens from the Tana River in northern Kenya. Morphologically also, it appeared that the new species probably belonged in the same group as G. somalense, and plants were therefore grown of the new species, and of G. somalense and G. areysianum (Defl.) J. B. Hutchinson, Silow & S. G. Stephens for comparison. Living material of G. anomalum Wawra & Peyritsch from the Sudan was also available in field plots.

A Preliminary Note on a Prehistoric Donga (Maclennan's Donga) in Central Tanganyika

A Preliminary Note on a Prehistoric Donga (Maclennan's Donga) in Central Tanganyika

Run-off and Soil Erosion Tests, Mpwapwa, Central Tanganyika

(1955). Run-off and Soil Erosion Tests, Mpwapwa, Central Tanganyika. The East African Agricultural Journal: Vol. 20, No. 4, pp. 228-231.

Studies on the environmental physiology of cattle in Tanganyika I. Preliminary observations on the seasonal diurnal variations in the rectal temperature of local Zebu cattle

1. Ten local Zebu cows representative of Africanowned cattle in Central Tanganyika, maintained under good African husbandry conditions, were temperatured twice daily over a period of 134 days from 23 July to 3 December, whilst the general meteorological environment was recorded.2. The period of observations was divided into four parts, during two of which differential planes of nutrition were maintained between two groups of animals, the first and last parts being control periods when the plane of nutrition was common to all animals.3. The diurnal variation in rectal temperature wasapproximately 99·0–102·5° F., arange of 3·5° F., whilst the atmospheric shade temperature varied about 12° F., from 64 to 76° F. at commencement of observations, and from 71 to 83° F. at the warmest period of the observations.4. The variation within morning rectal temperatures was greater than that within afternoon rectal temperatures.5. The low rectal temperatures in the mornings reflected inadequate nutritional level to maintain body temperature, as they were significantly increased by a moderate supplementary ration.6. Supplementary feeding did not affect the afternoon temperatures.7. Daily mean rectal temperature of the cows in the morning was verysignificantly negatively correlated with atmospheric temperature.8. Rectal temperatures of ten cows' temperatures at 2 hr. intervals from 07.00 to 21.00 hr., over a period of 7 days, was positively correlated with direct sun temperatures taken 4 hr. before rectal temperatures.9. Rectal temperatures were positively correlated with the dew-point in the morning, but were unrelated with the lower dew-point in the afternoon.10. It is suggested that afternoon temperaturing of experimental animals of local Zebu type under African husbandry conditions might be more informative for clinical purposes than the customary morning temperaturing, owing to the lower variation.11. It is tentatively suggested that the thermoregulatory system of local Zebu cattle may be regarded as operating a micro-adjustment mechanism to compensate for immediate variations in micro-climate, superimposed on a macroadjustment mechanism to extend the limits of operation of the micro-adjustment in accordance with seasonal trends of the macro-climate.12. Further data are being collected to clarify these tentative conclusions.

The Seasonal Abundance of Blood-Sucking Flies in a Grassed Woodland Area in Central Tanganyika

Mpwapwa, lat. 6? S., long. 370 E., altitude 3350 ft., has an average annual rainfall of 26 in., all of which falls between December and April. The observations considered in this paper were made in the Kikombo valley, which is enclosed by steep hills rising to 6000 ft. above sea-level. A number of permanent stream* descend from these high hills, but in the dry season all disappear soon after reaching the flats. The Veterinary Department has a farm in the valley. In an attempt to discover in which parts of the bush surrounding the farm the tsetse fly Glossina pallidipes Austen was lurking, a number of 'flyrounds' were laid out. A 'fly-round' is a path passing through the terrain under investigation, along which at regular intervals, usually once a week, a party of three trained Africans (equipped in this case with a bait ox) proceeds, catching such flies as appear to them. These Kikombo fly-rounds were for the purpose of investigating G. pallidipes and the observations on other flies, recorded in this paper, were made only incidentally. Had the investigation of Tabanidae, etc., been a primary objective the flyrounds would have been sited differently-in particular a high-altitude round would have been included.

Rotational Grazing in Central Tanganyika

Rotational Grazing in Central Tanganyika

I.—The Avifauna of the Mountains along the Rift Valley in North Central Tanganyika Territory (Mbulu District).—Part II.*

IbisVolume 80, Issue 1 p. 1-32 I.—The Avifauna of the Mountains along the Rift Valley in North Central Tanganyika Territory (Mbulu District).—Part II.* R. E. Moreau C.M.Z.S., M.B.O.U., R. E. Moreau C.M.Z.S., M.B.O.U. East African Agricultural Research Station, Amani, Tanganyika Territory; with the assistance in Taxonomy ofSearch for more papers by this authorW. L. Sclater M.A., F.Z.S., M.B.O.U., W. L. Sclater M.A., F.Z.S., M.B.O.U. East African Agricultural Research Station, Amani, Tanganyika Territory; with the assistance in Taxonomy ofSearch for more papers by this author R. E. Moreau C.M.Z.S., M.B.O.U., R. E. Moreau C.M.Z.S., M.B.O.U. East African Agricultural Research Station, Amani, Tanganyika Territory; with the assistance in Taxonomy ofSearch for more papers by this authorW. L. Sclater M.A., F.Z.S., M.B.O.U., W. L. Sclater M.A., F.Z.S., M.B.O.U. East African Agricultural Research Station, Amani, Tanganyika Territory; with the assistance in Taxonomy ofSearch for more papers by this author First published: January 1938 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1474-919X.1938.tb00182.xCitations: 3 † *For Part I. see Ibis, 1937, pp. 760–786. AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume80, Issue1January 1938Pages 1-32 RelatedInformation

XXXVII.—The Avifauna of the Mountains along the Rift Valley in North Central Tanganyika Territory (Mbulu District).—Part I.

IbisVolume 79, Issue 4 p. 760-786 XXXVII.—The Avifauna of the Mountains along the Rift Valley in North Central Tanganyika Territory (Mbulu District).—Part I. R. E. Moreau C.M.Z.S., M.B.O.U, R. E. Moreau C.M.Z.S., M.B.O.U East African Agricultural Research Station, Amani, Tanganyika TerritorySearch for more papers by this authorW. L. Sclater M.A., F.Z.S., M.B.O.U., W. L. Sclater M.A., F.Z.S., M.B.O.U. East African Agricultural Research Station, Amani, Tanganyika TerritorySearch for more papers by this author R. E. Moreau C.M.Z.S., M.B.O.U, R. E. Moreau C.M.Z.S., M.B.O.U East African Agricultural Research Station, Amani, Tanganyika TerritorySearch for more papers by this authorW. L. Sclater M.A., F.Z.S., M.B.O.U., W. L. Sclater M.A., F.Z.S., M.B.O.U. East African Agricultural Research Station, Amani, Tanganyika TerritorySearch for more papers by this author First published: October 1937 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1474-919X.1937.tb02201.xCitations: 1AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume79, Issue4October 1937Pages 760-786 RelatedInformation

Some Observations on the Seasonal Spread of Glossina pallidipes in Italian Somaliland with Notes on G. brevipalpis and G. austeni

The presence of Glossina pallidipes in the great tsetse belts of Central Tanganyika has long been recognised, but owing to its relative scarcity in comparison with G. morsitans and G. swynnertoni it has not merited hitherto the attention and study which has been devoted to these latter species.

ON AN ADVANCE OF TSETSE‐FLY IN CENTRAL TANGANYIKA

Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of LondonVolume 81, Issue 2 p. 205-222 ON AN ADVANCE OF TSETSE-FLY IN CENTRAL TANGANYIKA C. H. N. Jackson Ph.D., M.Sc., C. H. N. Jackson Ph.D., M.Sc. Department of Tsetse Research, Tanganyika TerritorySearch for more papers by this author C. H. N. Jackson Ph.D., M.Sc., C. H. N. Jackson Ph.D., M.Sc. Department of Tsetse Research, Tanganyika TerritorySearch for more papers by this author First published: December 1933 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2311.1933.tb00406.xCitations: 17AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume81, Issue2December 1933Pages 205-222 RelatedInformation

69. Rock Paintings in Central Tanganyika

69. Rock Paintings in Central Tanganyika