Central Line-associated Bloodstream Infection Surveillance Research Articles

Trends in surveillance indicators for central-catheter-associated bloodstream infections in a tertiary hospital in Switzerland

Central line-associated bloodstream infections (CLABSIs) are associated with relevant morbidity and mortality. Longitudinal dynamics in CLABSI incidence and the spectrum of causative microorganisms are limited. To describe trends in CLABSI incidence, use of central lines, and causative pathogens. We analysed prospectively collected data on CLABSI at a Swiss tertiary care hospital between January 2016 and December 2023. We investigated longitudinal changes of incidence densities, catheter utilization and causative pathogens. A total of 707 CLABSIs were observed, corresponding to an incidence density of 1.69 (95% confidence interval 1.56-1.81) CLABSIs per 1000 catheter-days. There was no significant trend of CLABSI incidence density per 1000 catheter-days (z= 0.86, P=0.391), but an increase of catheter utilization ratio (z= 8.88, P<0.001). Coagulase-negative staphylococci (N= 207, 23.4%) and Enterococcus spp. (N= 134, 15.2%; E.faecium N= 94, 10.6%; E.faecalis N= 37, 4.1%; other Enterococcus spp. N= 3, 0.34%) were the most frequent causative pathogens. Over the years, the proportion of Enterococcus spp. (z= 3.4, P<0.001), driven by an increase of E.faecium (z= 3.2, P=0.001), and yeast (z= 2.3, P=0.020) increased, whereas coagulase-negative staphylococci decreased (z= -6.1, P<0.001). Prospective CLABSI surveillance indicated stable incidence densities per 1000 catheter-days, but there were significant shifts of causative microorganisms over time.

Antimicrobial bathing of the critically ill for the prevention of healthcare-associated infection at a hospital in California

Background: Patients in the intensive care unit (ICU) have invasive lines increasing their risk for healthcare-associated infections (HAIs). Our objective was to determine if antimicrobial bathing with 2% chlorhexidine gluconate (CHG) compared to the colloidal silver-based antimicrobial product would reduce the incidents of central line–associated bloodstream infections (CLABSI) and catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTI). Methods: We performed a before-and-after study in four adult ICUs at a two-hospital facility in California. Prospective surveillance of CLABSI and CAUTI prevention bundles monitoring was established. The intervention consisted of daily bathing with CHG for all patients in the ICUs. A baseline period of one year was followed by an intervention period of one year. The incidence rates of CLABSIs and CAUTIs were compared between the baseline and intervention periods utilizing a t-test analysis. Results: A total of 10103 patients were included. At Facility A, a mean CLABSI rate of 2.43/1000 central line catheter days (CL) with 2149 patients days (Mean differences 95% CI -0.5–3.1; P&gt;0.0975), during the baseline period followed by 1.11/1000 CL days with 2193 patient days in the intervention period. At Facility B, the mean CLABSI rate of 1.82/1000 CL days with 2976 patient days (Mean differences 95% CI -0.6–2.31; P&gt;0.161) during the baseline period was followed by 1.01/1000 CL days with 2785 patient days in the intervention period. At Facility A, the mean CAUTI rate of 1.37/1000 indwelling catheter days (IUC) with 2149 ICU patient days (Mean difference 95% CI is 0.28–1.97; P 0.2160) was noted in the baseline period, followed by 0.45/1000 IUC days with 2785 in the intervention period. Conclusion: Daily bathing with CHG significantly reduced the incidence of CAUTI at Facility A. It is unclear why Facility A saw a statistically significant reduction in CAUTI, but Facility B did not. The difference in outcomes may be related to hospital size, service lines, supply constraints, and discrepancies in staffing. CHG bathing was not directly associated with a reduced risk of CLABSI at Facility A and B during our limited study, but it was encouraging enough that our organization will continue this intervention to obtain additional data to determine if bathing with CHG will reduce CLABSI and CAUTI.

Central Line Associated Bloodstream Infections Outside the Intensive Care Unit: A 2-Year Analysis

Objective: There is limited data on the rates of central line-associated bloodstream infections (CLABSI) in non-intensive care units (ICU). Our aim was to determine the rates and features of CLABSI in non-ICU units. Method: CLABSI surveillance is performed according to CDC criteria in Internal Medicine Nephrology, Pediatric/Adult Hematology, Oncology and hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) units. Hospital infections control committee surveillance data was used. Results: Totally, 70028 patient days(pd) and 22358 catheter days, 101 infections were detected in 94 patients. The CLABSI rate was 1.44/1000 pd, the incidence density was 4.2/1000 catheter days, and the device utilization rate was 0.32. The highest infection rate was observed in the adult HSCT unit (15.18/1000 pd). 56.4% of the patients were male (n=53) and the mean age of the patients was 32±2.5 years. The mean length of hospitalization was 27.7±2.5 days. Half of the patients (n=47) had permanent central lines. Hematologic cancer was found in 54.7% and hemodialysis in 19.2%. 21.8% of infections were polymicrobial. Of the 125 microorganisms isolated, 61.6% were Gram negative, 20.8% were fungi and 17.6% were Gram positive. The most frequent pathogen was E.coli (13.6%) followed by and K.pneumoniae (13.6%), Staphylococcus aureus (8%) and C.parapsilosis (7.2%). Crude mortality was 36.2%. Colistin and amikacin were the most effective antibiotics in E.coli and K.pneumoniae, oxacillin resistance was 60% in S. aureus. In Candida species, fluconazole resistance was 15.8%. Conclusion: CLABSI can also be seen outside intensive care units and surveillance in these units is necessary for infection control.

Surveillance of catheter-associated bloodstream infections: development and validation of a fully automated algorithm

BackgroundMost surveillance systems for catheter-related bloodstream infections (CRBSI) and central line-associated bloodstream infections (CLABSI) are based on manual chart review. Our objective was to validate a fully automated algorithm for CRBSI and CLABSI surveillance in intensive care units (ICU).MethodsWe developed a fully automated algorithm to detect CRBSI, CLABSI and ICU-onset bloodstream infections (ICU-BSI) in patients admitted to the ICU of a tertiary care hospital in Switzerland. The parameters included in the algorithm were based on a recently performed systematic review. Structured data on demographics, administrative data, central vascular catheter and microbiological results (blood cultures and other clinical cultures) obtained from the hospital’s data warehouse were processed by the algorithm. Validation for CRBSI was performed by comparing results with prospective manual BSI surveillance data over a 6-year period. CLABSI were retrospectively assessed over a 2-year period.ResultsFrom January 2016 to December 2021, 854 positive blood cultures were identified in 346 ICU patients. The median age was 61.7 years [IQR 50–70]; 205 (24%) positive samples were collected from female patients. The algorithm detected 5 CRBSI, 109 CLABSI and 280 ICU-BSI. The overall CRBSI and CLABSI incidence rates determined by automated surveillance for the period 2016 to 2021 were 0.18/1000 catheter-days (95% CI 0.06–0.41) and 3.86/1000 catheter days (95% CI: 3.17–4.65). The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive and negative predictive values of the algorithm for CRBSI, were 83% (95% CI 43.7–96.9), 100% (95% CI 99.5–100), 100% (95% CI 56.5–100), and 99.9% (95% CI 99.2–100), respectively. One CRBSI was misclassified as an ICU-BSI by the algorithm because the same bacterium was identified in the blood culture and in a lower respiratory tract specimen. Manual review of CLABSI from January 2020 to December 2021 (n = 51) did not identify any errors in the algorithm.ConclusionsA fully automated algorithm for CRBSI and CLABSI detection in critically-ill patients using only structured data provided valid results. The next step will be to assess the feasibility and external validity of implementing it in several hospitals with different electronic health record systems.

Central Line Associated Bloodstream Infections in Critical Ill Patients during and before the COVID-19 Pandemic.

(1) Background: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the rates of central line-associated bloodstream infections (CLABSI), its etiology, and risk factors in critically ill patients, because Slovakia was one of the countries experiencing a high burden of COVID-19 infections, and hospitals faced greater challenges in preventing and managing CLABSI; (2) Methods: A retrospective analysis of CLABSI data from all patients admitted to adult respiratory intensive care units before and during COVID-19 pandemic was conducted. We followed the guidelines of the Center for Disease Control surveillance methodology for CLABSI. Data were analyzed using STATISTICA 13.1; (3) Results: We analyzed the data of 803 ICU patients hospitalized for 8385 bed days, with 7803 central line days. Forty-five CLABSI events were identified. The CLABSI rate significantly increased during the COVID-19 pandemic compared to before the COVID-19 pandemic (2.81 versus 7.47 events per 1000 central line days, (p < 0.001). The most frequently identified pathogens causing CLABSI were Gram-negative organisms (60.20%). The risk factors found to increase the probability of developing CLABSI were length of stay (OR = 1.080; 95% Cl: 1.057-1.103; p < 0.001) and COVID-19 (OR = 5.485; 95% Cl: 32.706-11.116; p < 0.001). (4) Conclusions: The COVID-19 pandemic was associated with increases in CLABSI in ICUs. These data underscore the need to increase efforts in providing surveillance of CLABSI and implementing infection prevention measures.

Implementing and validating a home-infusion central-line-associated bloodstream infection surveillance definition.

Central-line-associated bloodstream infection (CLABSI) surveillance in home infusion therapy is necessary to track efforts to reduce infections, but a standardized, validated, and feasible definition is lacking. We tested the validity of a home-infusion CLABSI surveillance definition and the feasibility and acceptability of its implementation. Mixed-methods study including validation of CLABSI cases and semistructured interviews with staff applying these approaches. This study was conducted in 5 large home-infusion agencies in a CLABSI prevention collaborative across 14 states and the District of Columbia. Staff performing home-infusion CLABSI surveillance. From May 2021 to May 2022, agencies implemented a home-infusion CLABSI surveillance definition, using 3 approaches to secondary bloodstream infections (BSIs): National Healthcare Safety Program (NHSN) criteria, modified NHSN criteria (only applying the 4 most common NHSN-defined secondary BSIs), and all home-infusion-onset bacteremia (HiOB). Data on all positive blood cultures were sent to an infection preventionist for validation. Surveillance staff underwent semistructured interviews focused on their perceptions of the definition 1 and 3-4 months after implementation. Interrater reliability scores overall ranged from κ = 0.65 for the modified NHSN criteria to κ = 0.68 for the NHSN criteria to κ = 0.72 for the HiOB criteria. For the NHSN criteria, the agency-determined rate was 0.21 per 1,000 central-line (CL) days, and the validator-determined rate was 0.20 per 1,000 CL days. Overall, implementing a standardized definition was thought to be a positive change that would be generalizable and feasible though time-consuming and labor intensive. The home-infusion CLABSI surveillance definition was valid and feasible to implement.

The need to expand the infection prevention workforce in home infusion therapy

Infection prevention and surveillance training approaches for home infusion therapy have not been well defined. We interviewed home infusion staff who perform surveillance activities about barriers to and facilitators for central line-associated bloodstream infection (CLABSI) surveillance and identified barriers to training in CLABSI surveillance. Our findings show a lack of formal surveillance training for staff. This gap can be addressed by adapting existing training resources to the home infusion setting.

Controlling the chaos: Information management in home-infusion central-line-associated bloodstream infection (CLABSI) surveillance.

Access to patient information may affect how home-infusion surveillance staff identify central-line-associated bloodstream infections (CLABSIs). We characterized information hazards in home-infusion CLABSI surveillance and identified possible strategies to mitigate information hazards. Qualitative study using semistructured interviews. The study included 21 clinical staff members involved in CLABSI surveillance at 5 large home-infusion agencies covering 13 states and the District of Columbia. Methods: Interviews were conducted by 1 researcher. Transcripts were coded by 2 researchers; consensus was reached by discussion. Data revealed the following barriers: information overload, information underload, information scatter, information conflict, and erroneous information. Respondents identified 5 strategies to mitigate information chaos: (1) engage information technology in developing reports; (2) develop streamlined processes for acquiring and sharing data among staff; (3) enable staff access to hospital electronic health records; (4) use a single, validated, home-infusion CLABSI surveillance definition; and (5) develop relationships between home-infusion surveillance staff and inpatient healthcare workers. Information chaos occurs in home-infusion CLABSI surveillance and may affect the development of accurate CLABSI rates in home-infusion therapy. Implementing strategies to minimize information chaos will enhance intra- and interteam collaborations in addition to improving patient-related outcomes.

2053. The Need to Expand the Infection Prevention Workforce in Home Infusion Therapy

Abstract Background Infection preventionists who perform surveillance for central line-associated bloodstream infections (CLABSIs) in hospitals receive training in application of rigorous surveillance definitions. However, in the home infusion setting where CLABSIs also occur, the approach for training and methods to perform surveillance has not been well defined. Objective In this qualitative study, we sought to characterize how home infusion surveillance staff are trained in CLABSI surveillance and to identify barriers to CLABSI surveillance in the home infusion setting. Methods We interviewed 21 surveillance staff members of five non-profit home infusion agencies covering portions of thirteen states and Washington, DC across the Mid-Atlantic, Northeast, and Midwest. Interview questions were developed using the Systems Engineering in Patient Safety (SEIPS) 2.0 framework. Data were analyzed both inductively and deductively by two team members. These interviews are part of a larger study, some of whose findings have been previously discussed in prior publications. Data specific to training home infusion surveillance staff in CLABSI surveillance are presented (Table 1). Results Many of the CLABSI surveillance staff had received no formal training in CLABSI surveillance. Instead, many either learned on the job (often from predecessors who also had not been formally trained), drew from previous clinical experience, perused online resources, or attended conferences. A lack of (1) resources for learning, (2) formal training offered by their agencies, and (3) awareness of professional development resources were identified as barriers to CLABSI surveillance training in the home infusion setting. Conclusion Our findings indicate a current lack of formal training in CLABSI surveillance for staff performing CLABSI surveillance in home infusion therapy. The home infusion surveillance workforce can be strengthened by providing home infusion-specific standardized training, perhaps through adaptations of resources used for training surveillance staff in other settings. Disclosures Sara E. Cosgrove, MD, Basilea: Member of Infection Adjudication Committee.

2037. Epidemiology and Preventability of Hospital Onset Bacteremia and Fungemia in two Hospitals in India

Abstract Background The National Healthcare Safety Network (NHSN) central line-associated bloodstream infection (CLABSI) is a widely accepted quality measure. However, studies from the United States indicate that NHSN reportable CLABSIs account for less than 20% of all hospital-onset bacteremia and fungemia (HOB, i.e., any positive blood culture obtained at least 3 calendar days after hospital admission) events and about 66% of all HOB events are potentially preventable. The incidence and overall preventability of HOB is unknown in low and middle-income countries (LMICs). This study evaluated the epidemiology and preventability of HOB in two hospitals in India. Methods Six months data on all consecutive blood cultures processed in two hospitals (Hospital A- 8.16.2020 to 2.15.2021; Hospital B- 1.1.2021 to 6.30.2021) were collected prospectively to calculate HOB and CLABSI incidence. Correlation between HOB and CLABSI rates was assessed using Spearman’s rank correlation. Medical records of 300 consecutive HOB events were retrospectively reviewed to determine the source and preventability of HOB utilizing a structured guide developed for the study. Results Among 3,558 hospitalized patients from whom blood cultures were obtained, 10.4% developed HOB with 409 unique HOB events (HOB incidence: 2.87 per 1000 patient-days). Only 15% (59 of 409) of HOB events were reported as CLABSI as per hospital CLABSI surveillance programs. The CLABSI rate was 4.4 per 1000 central line-days. There was a moderation correlation (r=0.51; p=0.07) between HOB and CLABSI rates. Among the 300 HOB events for which medical records were reviewed, the most common organism isolated was Klebsiella pneumoniae and 75% of K. pneumoniae were carbapenem resistant (Figure 1). The most common source of HOB was CLABSI (26.3%) (Figure 2). Fifty-two percent of all HOB events and 45% of HOB events not attributable to contaminants were potentially preventable (Figure 3). CLABSIs accounted for 69% of non-contaminant HOB preventable events. Conclusion We found that 69% of the non-contaminant related HOB preventable events were due to CLABSI. Prevention efforts in these hospitals could focus on CLABSI to reduce HOB rates while additional studies are performed to better understand the epidemiology of HOB in LMICs. Microorganisms identified from 300 Hospital Onset Bacteremia and Fungemia Events in Two Hospitals in India. Source of Hospital Onset Bacteremia and Fungemia Events in Two Hospitals in India (n=300). Preventability Rating Source of Hospital Onset Bacteremia and Fungemia events in Two Hospitals in India (n=300). Disclosures All Authors: No reported disclosures.

Surveillance of central line associated bloodstream infection (CLABSI) - comparison of current (CDC/NHSN) and modified criteria: A prospective study.

There is a huge load of central line-associated bloodstream infection (CLABSI) being reported in developing countries, with increased mortality and healthcare costs. Effective surveillance is a must to reduce the incidence of CLABSI. The current criteria (Centre for Disease Control and Prevention/National Healthcare Safety Network [CDC/NHSN]) for CLABSI surveillance have their own shortcomings. For diagnosing CLABSI, current CDC/NHSN CLABSI surveillance criteria are laborious and time consuming with low predictive power. Hence, modified criteria have been postulated, which are simple and implementable at resource-constrained setups. The primary objective was to compare modified criteria with CDC criteria. The secondary objective was to determine the prevalence of CRBSI. A total of 98 patients with central line in situ or having the central venous line removed ≤24 hrs prior to the date of the event were enrolled. Paired blood cultures were obtained and results were analyzed using differential time to positivity. The incidence of CLBSI was 8.16% and the device utilization rate was 11.6%. The negative predictive value of both the surveillance criteria was found to be excellent and comparable (96.2% for modified criteria and 97.1% for CDC criteria), therefore both can be used for screening purposes. AUC for current CDC/NHSN criteria was better than modified criteria (0.76 versus 0.66, P < 0.0001), suggesting it to be a better criterion for surveillance of CLABSI. Modified criteria were not superior to CDC/NHSN criteria for surveillance. Thus, there is a scope of improving the modified criteria for the purpose of surveillance. CLBSI load was higher; CLABSI bundle for prevention is thus highly recommended.

Surveillance and attribution of ambulatory central line-associated bloodstream infections in a pediatric healthcare system

Central line-associated bloodstream infections (CLABSI) in ambulatory pediatric populations are difficult to track at an institutional level, especially for complex patients seen by multiple divisions and home health infusion agencies. A multidisciplinary team comprised of key stakeholders from divisions with the most patients discharged with a central line utilized Lean Six Sigma methodology of Define-Measure-Analyze-Design-Verify (DMADV) to create a standardized data collection process for all ambulatory CLABSIs and infection event reviews. A surveillance workflow was created to track, identify, and confirm ambulatory CLABSIs in all patients with an indwelling central line. Defined surveillance criteria included scope of patients eligible for ambulatory CLABSI surveillance, numerator definitions, and denominator calculations. Additionally, a novel attribution method was created for ambulatory CLABSIs in complex patient populations shared among multiple divisions and home care infusion services. This report is a novel institutional approach to accurately surveil, attribute, and calculate ambulatory CLABSI data in a pediatric healthcare system.

Peripheral intravascular catheter-associated bloodstream infection in the medical–surgical ICU

Background: Prompt removal of unnecessary central venous catheters (CVC) may reduce central-line–associated bloodstream infection (CLABSI). Primary non–central-line–associated hospital-acquired bloodstream infection (BSI), including peripheral intravascular (PIV) catheter-associated bloodstream infection (PIVABSI) remains a problem. Hospitals use CLABSI surveillance data to measure patient safety, yet this measure alone fails to describe the burden of total intravascular device-related infection. We described non-CLABSI primary BSI due to PIV in our medical–surgical ICU population. Methods: Hospital-wide surveillance for primary hospital-acquired BSI, including CLABSI, was conducted in accordance with NHSN protocol. We measured PIV catheter days and central-line days using a database including nursing device documentation and patient census data to count the number of patients with 1 or more devices in place in each location, counted at the same time each day. By substituting the role of the CVC with short or midline PIV in NHSN CLABSI surveillance protocols, we performed surveillance for PIVABSI. We defined PIVABSI as a patient without CVC and either a short or midline catheter in place for &gt;2 calendar days on the date of BSI. Patients with BSI and both CVC and PIV were counted as CLABSI. We compared CVC and PIV utilization and the incidence density of CLABSI and PIVABSI in 8 medical and surgical ICUs at our large teaching hospital. We used OpenEpi version 3.01 software to test the hypothesis that the incidence density of CLABSI would be significantly different from that of PIVABSI. Results: From January to September 2021, there were 16 CLABSIs and 12 primary non–central-line–associated hospital-acquired BSIs, all 12 were PIVABSIs. Of these 12, 8 had &gt;1 PIV in place and none were midlines. There were 13,418 central-line days, 10,897 short and midline peripheral IV days, and 22,415 patient days, resulting in device utilization ratios of 0.60 and 0.49, respectively. The incidence density of CLABSI was 1.2 per 1,000 central-line days, although the incidence density of PIVABSI was 1.1 per 1,000 peripheral IV days (P = .84). There was no difference in pathogens between the 2 groups. Conclusions: PIVABSI represented more than one-third of the total primary hospital-acquired BSIs in our medical and surgical ICUs. Total BSI surveillance is feasible. Efforts to reduce CLABSI should be part of a broader strategy to decrease total hospital-acquired BSI from all vascular access devices.Funding: NoneDisclosures: None

Hospital-acquired bloodstream infections in patients with and without hepatic failure

Background: The NHSN parameter estimate for predicted number of central-line–associated bloodstream infection (CLABSI) is the same for gastroenterology wards as other specialty wards, such as behavioral health and gerontology. We conducted this study to contribute to the body of knowledge surrounding the risk for hospital-acquired bloodstream infection (HABSI) in patients with and without hepatic failure. The Cleveland Clinic is a 1,200-bed, multispecialty hospital with a solid-organ transplant service. Patients with hepatic failure who do not require critical care are housed on 36-bed unit A. On unit A, 43% of patients are under hepatology or gastroenterology service, although 51% of patients are under general internal medicine. Overall, unit A has a high incidence of HABSI. Methods: Surveillance for HABSI and CLABSI is performed at the Cleveland Clinic per NHSN protocol. All patients with a midnight stay on unit A from January 2019 through September 2021 were dichotomized as having hepatic failure (yes or no) if they ever received the International Classification of Diseases Tenth Revision code for “hepatic failure, not elsewhere classified.” We joined the diagnostic code to patient days and central-line-days databases and summarized the data using Microsoft Excel software. We stratified the number of patients, patient days, device days, infection classification, and hospital length of stay by whether the patient had hepatic failure, and we compared the incidence of HABSI and CLABSI between the 2 groups using OpenEpi version 3.01 software. Results: We identified 72 HABSIs among 4,285 patients who stayed on unit A for 30,910 patient days during the study period. The incidences of HABSI in patients with and without hepatic failure were 39.0 and 13.9 per 10,000 patient days, respectively (P &lt; .001). The incidence of CLABSI was 5.4 and 1.9 per 1,000 line days, respectively (P = .01). Patients with hepatic failure stayed longer (11.5 vs 5.9 days), yet the central-line utilization ratios were not substantially different (0.25 vs 0.24). Enterococcus was the most common pathogen involved in CLABSI in both groups (Table 2). Conclusions: Patients with hepatic failure experienced CLABSI more frequently than patients without hepatic failure, stayed longer in the hospital, and were less likely have HABSI attributed to another primary focus of infection according to NHSN definitions. Although hepatic failure may be among the most severe conditions among patients in a gastroenterology ward, we have demonstrated that these units house a population uniquely susceptible to HABSI and CLABSI.Funding: NoneDisclosures: None

Gram-negative central line-associated bloodstream infection incidence peak during the summer: a national seasonality cohort study

Central line-associated bloodstream infections (CLABSI) cause increased morbidity, mortality, and hospital costs that are partially preventable. The phenomenon of seasonality among CLABSI rates has not been fully elucidated, but has implications for accurate surveillance and infection prevention trials. Longitudinal dynamic cohort of hospitals participating in hospital-wide and intensive care unit bloodstream infection surveillance for at least one full year over 2000 to 2014. Mixed-effects negative binomial regression analysis calculated the peak-to-low ratio between months as an adjusted CLABSI incidence rate ratio (IRR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). Multivariate regression models examined the associations between CLABSI pathogens and ambient temperature and relative humidity. The study population included 104 hospital sites comprising 11,239 CLABSI. Regression analysis identified a hospital-wide increase in total CLABSI during July–August, with a higher gram-negative peak-to-low incidence rate ratio (IRR 2.52 [95% CI 1.92–3.30], p < 0.001) compared to gram-positive bacteria (IRR 1.29 [95% CI 1.11–1.48], p < 0.001). Subgroup analysis replicated this trend for CLABSI diagnosed in the intensive care unit. Only gram-negative CLABSI rates were associated with increased temperature (IRR + 30.3% per 5 °C increase [95% CI 17.3–43.6], p < 0.001) and humidity (IRR + 22.9% per 10% increase [95% CI 7.7–38.3), p < 0.001). The incidence and proportion of gram-negative CLABSI approximately doubled during the summer periods. Ambient temperature and humidity were associated with increases of hospital-acquired gram-negative infections. CLABSI surveillance, preventive intervention trials and epidemiological studies should consider seasonal variation and climatological factors when preparing study designs or interpreting their results.

A task analysis of central line-associated bloodstream infection (CLABSI) surveillance in home infusion therapy

Barriers for home infusion therapy central line associated bloodstream infection (CLABSI) surveillance have not been elucidated and are needed to identify how to support home infusion CLABSI surveillance. We aimed to (1) perform a goal-directed task analysis of home infusion CLABSI surveillance, and (2) describe barriers to, facilitators for, and suggested strategies for successful home infusion CLABSI surveillance. We conducted semi-structured interviews with team members involved in CLABSI surveillance at 5 large home infusion agencies to explore work systems used by members of the agency for home infusion CLABSI surveillance. We analyzed the transcribed interviews qualitatively for themes. Twenty-one interviews revealed 8 steps for performing CLABSI surveillance in home infusion therapy. Major barriers identified included the need for training of the surveillance staff, lack of a standardized definition, inadequate information technology support, struggles communicating with hospitals, inadequate time, and insufficient clinician engagement and leadership support. Staff performing home infusion CLABSI surveillance need health system resources, particularly leadership and front-line engagement, access to data, information technology support, training, dedicated time, and reports to perform tasks. Building home infusion CLABSI surveillance programs will require support from home infusion leadership.

Multi-center prospective study on central line-associated bloodstream infections in 79 ICUs of China

BackgroundChina has not yet established a national surveillance network such as NHSN from America, so there is still no large-scale investigations on central line-associated bloodstream infection (CLABSI) incidence. Several retrospective studies in China reported that the incidence of CLABSI varied due to inconsistent diagnostic criteria. We performed a nationwide survey to investigate the utilization rate of central venous catheters (CVCs) and the incidence of CLABSI in ICUs of different areas of China.MethodsThis is a prospective multi-center study. Patients admitted to ICUs with the use of CVCs between January 1, 2014 and December 31, 2018 were enrolled in this study. Hospitals were given the definition of catheter-related bloodstream infection as: a laboratory-confirmed bloodstream infection where CVC was in place on the date of event or the day before. The characteristics of patients, information of catheterization, implementation rates of precautions, and CLABSIs were collected. The statistical analysis was performed by SPSS 25.0 software and website of Open Source Epidemiologic Statistics for Public Health.ResultsA total of 38,212 patients and 466,585 catheter days were involved in surveillance. The average CLABSI incidence in a thousand catheter days was 1.50, the lowest incidence unit was in pediatric ICU (0/1000 catheter days), and the lowest incidence area was in Northeast China (0.77/1000 catheter days), while the highest incidence unit was in cardiac ICU (2.48/1000 catheter days) and the highest incidence area was in Eastern China (1.62/1000 catheter days). The average utilization rate of CVC was 42.85%, the lowest utilization rate was in pediatric ICU (5.85%) and in Central China (38.05%), while the highest utilization rate was in surgical ICU (64.92%) and in Western China (51.57%). Among the 702 CLABSI cases reported, a total of 735 strains of pathogens were cultured. Staphylococcus spp. was the most common organism isolated (27.07%), followed by Enterobacteriaceae (22.31%). The implementation rates of all precautions showed an upward trend during the study period (P ≤ 0.001).ConclusionThe average incidence of CLABSI in ICUs in China is 1.5/1000 catheter days, similar to the rates reported in developed countries but lower than previous reports in China. CLABSI incidence showed regional differences in China. It is necessary to implement targeted surveillance of CLABSI cases by using standardized CLABSI surveillance definitions and methodologies.

Sustainable Neonatal CLABSI Surveillance: Consensus Toward New Criteria in the Netherlands

Group Name: Working Group on Neonatal Infectious Diseases of the Section of Neonatology of the Dutch Paediatric SocietyBackground: Central-line–associated bloodstream infections (CLABSIs) are a main focus of infection prevention and control initiatives in neonatal care. Standardized surveillance of neonatal CLABSI enables intra- and interfacility comparisons, which can contribute to quality improvement. To date, there is no national registration system for CLABSI in neonatal care in the Netherlands. Across neonatal intensive care units (NICUs), several different sets of CLABSI criteria and surveillance methods are used for local monitoring of CLABSI incidence rates. To achieve standardized CLABSI surveillance, we conducted a consensus procedure with regard to nationwide neonatal CLABSI surveillance criteria. Method: A modified Delphi consensus procedure for the development of nationwide neonatal CLABSI surveillance criteria was performed between January 2016 and January 2017 in the Netherlands. An expert panel was formed by members of the Working Group on Neonatal Infectious Diseases of the Section of Neonatology of the Dutch Paediatric Society. The consensus procedure consisted of 3 expert panel rounds. Figure 1 shows a detailed description of the consensus procedure. Result: The expert panel achieved consensus on Dutch neonatal CLABSI surveillance criteria, which are summarized in Figure 2. Neonatal CLABSI is defined as a bloodstream infection occurring &gt;72 hours after birth, associated with an indwelling central venous or arterial line and laboratory confirmed by 1 or more blood cultures. In addition, the blood culture finding should not be related to an infection at another site and one of the following criteria can be applied: (1) a bacterial or fungal pathogen is identified from 1 or more blood cultures; (2) the patient has clinical symptoms of sepsis and (2A) a common commensal is identified in 2 separate blood cultures or (2B) a common commensal is identified by 1 blood culture and C-reactive protein (CRP) level is &gt;10 mg/L in the first 36 hours following blood culture collection. Conclusion: The newly developed Dutch neonatal CLABSI surveillance criteria are concise, are specific to the neonatal population, and comply with a single blood-culture policy in actual neonatal clinical practice. International agreement upon neonatal CLABSI surveillance criteria is needed to identify best practices for infection prevention and control.Funding: NoDisclosures: None

Does continuity in nursing staff matter? A pilot study on correlation of central line-associated bloodstream infections and employee turnover

BackgroundUnderstaffing has been previously reported as a risk factor for central line-associated bloodstream infections (CLABSI). No previous study addressed the question whether fluctuations in staffing have an impact on CLABSI incidence. We analyzed prospectively collected CLABSI surveillance data and data on employee turnover of health care workers (HCW) to address this research question.MethodsIn January 2016, a semiautomatic surveillance system for CLABSI was implemented at the University Hospital Zurich, a 940 bed tertiary care hospital in Switzerland. Monthly incidence rates (CLABSI/1000 catheter days) were calculated and correlations with human resources management-derived data on employee turnover of HCWs (defined as number of leaving HCWs per month divided by the number of employed HCWs) investigated.ResultsOver a period of 24 months, we detected on the hospital level a positive correlation of CLABSI incidence rates and turnover of nursing personnel (Spearman rank correlation, r = 0.467, P = 0.022). In more detailed analyses on the professional training of nursing personnel, a correlation of CLABSI incidence rates and licensed practical nurses (Spearman rank correlation, r = 0.26, P = 0.038) or registered nurses (r = 0.471, P = 0.021) was found. Physician turnover did not correlate with CLABSI incidence (Spearman rank correlation, r = −0.058, P = 0.787).ConclusionsProspectively determined CLABSI incidence correlated positively with the degree of turnover of nurses overall and nurses with advanced training, but not with the turnover of physicians. Efforts to maintain continuity in nursing staff might be helpful for sustained reduction in CLABSI rates.

Implementation of daily chlorhexidine bathing in intensive care units for reduction of central line-associated bloodstream infections

Daily chlorhexidine bathing has been associated with a reduction in central line-associated bloodstream infections (CLABSI). In the setting of an already established CLABSI surveillance system and an implemented CLABSI prevention bundle, we analysed the effect of daily chlorhexidine bathing in ICU patients on CLABSI incidence and its causative pathogens. This was a before-and-after study in intensive care units (ICUs) at a tertiary-care centre in Switzerland. Prospective surveillance of CLABSIs and their aetiologies was established. The intervention consisted of daily chlorhexidine bathing of ICU patients with a central venous catheter. A baseline period of 19 months was followed by an intervention period of 9 months. A total of 5008 patients were included. In the baseline period a mean CLABSI rate of 2.45/1000 catheter days (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.93-3.07) was observed, followed by 1.00/1000 catheter days (95% CI 0.55-1.67; P<0.001) in the intervention period. Introduction of chlorhexidine bathing was independently associated with a reduced risk of CLABSI (adjusted odds ratio 0.47, 95% CI 0.26-0.84, P=0.011). We did not observe a significant change in aetiology except for an increase of Serratia marcescens in the intervention period. Introduction of daily chlorhexidine bathing resulted in a decline in CLABSI incidence on ICUs. Starting from a baseline CLABSI rate that can be considered standard in a high-income setting and several measures for CLABSI prevention implemented, chlorhexidine bathing proved helpful for a further reduction.