Central Ligament Research Articles

Avulsion and Soft Tissue Injuries of the Ulnar Collateral Ligament in Children and Adolescents

Background: Although pediatric medial epicondylar fractures and apophysitis are well studied, patterns of subapophyseal avulsion and ligamentous injuries of the medial elbow in this population merit investigation to inform optimal treatment strategies. Purpose: To describe the occurrence and demographic correlates of ulnar collateral ligament (UCL) avulsion and soft tissue injuries of the pediatric and adolescent elbow. Study Design: Cross-sectional study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: An institutional review board–approved review was conducted to identify consecutive patients with medial elbow injuries treated in a tertiary pediatric sports medicine practice between 2016 and 2021. Radiographs were obtained during injury evaluation, and patients with nondisplaced medial epicondylar apophysitis and complete epicondylar fracture were excluded, resulting in 150 patients with soft tissue injuries occurring distal to the medial epicondyle apophysis (subapophyseal) for study. Radiographs were evaluated for bony avulsion of the UCL from either the medial epicondyle proximally or the ulnar sublime tubercle distally. Injuries without radiographic evidence of bony avulsion, but with clinical examination findings consistent with ligamentous injury, were classified as radiographically negative UCL injuries, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was performed to further evaluate these injuries if moderate to severe medial swelling of the elbow or significant concern for medial structural injury was present on examination. These MRI scans were evaluated to classify the UCL injury and assess for periosteal or cartilaginous avulsions. Results: A total of 150 patients (mean age, 12.5 ± 3.4 years; 70 female), 55% (150/274) of the entire medial elbow injury population, had a subapophyseal injury. Of these patients, 62 had a bony avulsion detected on radiograph, and 88 had a radiographically negative injury. In addition to the 62 radiographic avulsions, the 61 MRI scans obtained on those radiographically negative injuries revealed 33 complete UCL disruptions, resulting in 63.3% (95/150) of patients sustaining a complete ligamentous disruption. With the MRI scans, 37 (61%) cases of cartilaginous or periosteal avulsion of the UCL were diagnosed. Overall, 66% of all 150 subapophyseal injuries had a bony, cartilaginous, or periosteal UCL avulsion. Patients with cartilaginous (mean age, 10.3 years) and bony (mean age, 10.6 years) avulsions were younger than those with central ligament injury (mean age, 14.2 years) or periosteal (mean age, 14.2 years) avulsions (P = .005). There was a significant association between the mechanism of injury and the location of UCL tear identified on MRI scans: traumatic falls were associated with distal tears, and throwing injuries were associated with proximal tears (P < .001). Conclusion: UCL central ligament and avulsion lesions may be frequently diagnosed after injury to the pediatric medial elbow, the majority of which are complete injuries, and may require MRI for diagnosis. The mechanism of injury may predict the location of ligamentous injury, and osteocartilaginous avulsions are more likely to present at younger ages than injuries to the soft tissue of the UCL or periosteum. The prevalence of these injuries merits further investigation into best protocols of nonoperative treatment or surgical repair techniques and outcomes.

Type Traits of Holstein-Friesian and Red-Holstein Cows Raised Together in a Private Farm in Aydın Province

This study was aimed at comparing the conformation traits of two different cattle breeds such as Holstein-Friesian (HF) and Red-Holstein (RH) cows raised together in a farm in Aydın, Türkiye. In this study, 102 HF and 19 RH cows in different lactations numbers (LN) forming a total of 121 cows were used. The type traits were determined using Linear Type Traits (LTT) based on 9 points scoring system and non-linear 100 points method. The LTT were composed of body traits such as Stature (St), Chest Width (CW), Body Depth (BD), Rump Angle (RA), Rump Width (RW) and Body Condition Score (BCS); foot and legs traits: Rear Legs Set Angle (RLA), Rear Legs Rear View (RLV), Real Legs Knee Structure (RLS) and Foot Angle (FA); udder traits: Fore Udder Attachment (FUA), Rear Udder Height (RUH), Rear Udder Width (RUW), Central Ligament (CL), Udder Depth (UD), Rear Teat Placement (RTP), Fore Teat Length (FTL) and Mammary Acuity (MA); and according to the non-linear 100 points method: Dairy Strength (DS, 15%), Frame (20%), Foot and Legs (FL, 25%) and Udder (40%). The results of variance analysis showed that no differences between breeds and LN were found in body composite traits while, for Foot and Legs traits, only the RLA was found significant (P

LIFESPAN OF DAIRY CATTLE DEPENDING ON THE LEVEL OF EVALUATION OF UDDER LINEAR TRAITS

The dependence of cows lifespan of Ukrainian Black-and-White dairy (UBWD) and Holstein (H) breeds on the level of evaluation of linear type traits that characterize udder morphological qualities in the general system of linear classification was studied. Descriptive traits of the evaluated conformation type were: front udder parts attachment, height of rear udder parts attachment, central ligament, udder depth, front teats placement and length. A certain correlative variability was established between level of evaluation of linear type traits and lifespan of animals. The highly reliable difference between evaluated cows for linear type trait of front udder parts attachment with 1 and 9 scores is significant and was 841 (UBWD; P&lt;0.001) and 810 (H; P&lt;0.001) days. An interbreed comparison of cows lifespan, depending on the evaluation, testified in favor cows of Holstein breed with variability within 43-159 days by an unreliable difference. Difference between the lowest and highest scores for type trait of height rear udder attachment in cows of experimental breeds was 740 (UBWD; Р&lt;0.001) and 810 (H; Р&lt;0.001) days. Animals with an assessment for trait development of central udder ligament lower than 1-3 scores live, according to evaluated breeds, from 2089 to 2401 (UBWD) and from 2154 to 2468 (H) days. Cows with 9 scores for both breeds had the highest lifespan – 2663 days (UBWD), inferior to cows with the lowest score by 754 (Р&lt;0.001) and 2803 days (H) with significant increase on 649 days (Р&lt;0.001). Difference between the average lifespan in cows of Ukrainian Black-and-White dairy breed with 9 and 1 scores for linear type trait of udder depth was 739 (Р&lt;0.001) and 832 days (Р&lt;0.001) in Holstein cows. Lifespan of cows both breeds in the herd was characterized by slight curvilinear variability, depending on the assessment of linear type trait of front teats placement. Consequently, cows of both breeds with an average score of 7 were used in the herd for the longest period. Evaluation of correlative variability of the front teats length with lifespan of cows in controlled breeds indicated that animals with an average score of 5, which was equal to their teats length at 5 cm, had longer functional life. Research results showed that each of evaluated descriptive traits in cows of both breeds has an impact on lifespan with different variability within individual body part, so better expression of linear type trait can be a breeding trait as an indirect predictor of longevity.

The trapeziometacarpal screw home torque mechanism as a clinical indicator of the posterior joint ligament complex integrity: A cadaveric investigation

BackgroundTo date, no clinical test provides specific objective information on the integrity of key ligamentous support of the trapeziometacarpal (TMC) joint. PurposeTo examine the potential of the TMC joint screw home torque mechanism (SHTM) in estimating the integrity of the posterior ligament complex in older adult population. Study DesignCross-sectional laboratory-based study. MethodsTwenty cadaver hands presenting with various degrees of TMC joint degradation ranging from none to severe osteoarthritis (OA) were radiographed in multiple positions to establish their degeneration status, joint mobility, and amount of dorsal subluxation at rest and with the application of the SHTM. Comparisons and correlations between degeneration status, joint mobility, subluxation reduction and ligament status obtained from dissection were calculated. ResultsNo significant statistical correlation was demonstrated with the subluxation reduction ratio of the SHTM and the combined ligament complex value however, a moderate negative correlation was found with dorsal central ligament injury at 21 Nm (τb = −0.46, p < 0.05) and 34 Nm (τb = −0.45, p < 0.05). A statistically significant reduction of radial subluxation of the TMC joint was observed between the subluxation at rest (M = 5.2, SD = 1.9) and subluxation with SHTM of 21 Nm (M = 4.4, SD = 2.4), t (19) = 3.2, p = 0.01, 95% CI [0.3, 1.4] and subluxation with SHTM of 34 Nm (M = 4.3, SD = 2.6), t (19) = 2.6, p = 0.02, 95% CI [0.2, 1.5]. ConclusionOur results did not support the SHTM as indicator of the TMC posterior ligament complex integrity however, it demonstrated 100% stabilization effect with non-arthritic TMC population.

Assessment of body conformation traits and their relationship with production performance of Sahiwal cows

Linear type scoring is key component in decision making process in the herd, as it focusses on the selection of animals with higher productive potential based on their body conformation/linear traits. The present study was carried out on 150 lactating Sahiwal cattle of first to fifth parity. Measurements on linear type traits were recorded 1 h before the evening milking at three different stages of lactation. The average score point of objective linear type traits was stature 5.77±0.08, chest width 4.59±0.10, body depth 5.24±0.10, rump width 5.56±0.09, rump angle 4.48±0.08, rear legs sets 4.81±0.12, foot angle 4.84±0.10, fore udder attachment 4.85±0.11, rear udder height 5.52±0.10, udder depth 5.31±0.08, rear udder width 4.27±0.09, central ligament 4.01±0.09, fore teat length 3.49±0.10, rear teat length 3.94±0.09, teat circumference 4.20±0.11, teat diameter 4.16±0.10 and udder balance 5.25±0.11. On the other hand, average score point of subjective linear type traits (1-9 scale) was angularity 4.69±0.09, rear leg rear view 5.05±0.06, body condition score 6.53±0.08, locomotion 4.88±0.06, fore teat placement 4.41±0.07 and rear teat placement 6.28±0.08. Most of the body conformation traits in Sahiwal cattle were falling under intermediate category and of desirable type. However, some traits like stature, chest width, body depth, rump width, angularity, central ligament, rear udder height, rear udder width and fore udder attachment expressed scope for further improvement.

Comparison of ligamentum flavum thickness between central and lateral lesions in a patient with central lumbar spinal canal stenosis.

Thickened ligamentum flavum has been considered as a major cause of central lumbar spinal canal stenosis (CLSCS). Previous studies have demonstrated that ligamentum flavum thickness (LFT) is correlated with aging, degenerative spinal stenosis, and disc degeneration. Thus, hypertrophy of the ligamentum flavum is a major cause of CLSCS, and measurement of LFT has been considered a morphologic parameter in the diagnosis of CLSCS. To our knowledge, comparison of LFT between central and lateral lesions has not been reported. In addition, no research has analyzed best clinical cutoff values of central ligament flavum thickness (CLFT) and lateral ligament flavum thickness (LLFT). This study aimed to compare CLFT with LLFT in patients with CLSCS and further compare the CLFT and LLFT findings between the 2 groups to analyze LFT variation. Both CLFT and LLFT samples were collected from 101 participants with CLSCS and from 103 participants in the control group who underwent lumbar magnetic resonance imaging without evidence of CLSCS. Axial T2-weighted lumbar magnetic resonance scans were acquired at the L4 to 5 facet joint level from each participant. Average CLFT value was 2.25 ± 0.51 mm in the control group and 4.02 ± 0.74 mm in the CLSCS group. Average LLFT value was 2.50 ± 0.51 mm in the control group and 3.38 ± 0.66 mm in the CLSCS group. CLSCS patients had significantly higher CLFT and LLFT (both P < .001). Regarding the validity of both CLFT and LLFT as predictors of CLSCS, a receiver operating characteristic estimation revealed that the most suitable cutoff value for CLFT was 3.10 mm, with sensitivity of 95.0%, specificity of 94.2%, and an area under the curve of 0.97. The best cut-off value of LLFT was 2.92 mm, with sensitivity of 78.2%, specificity of 77.7%, and area under the curve of 0.87. We have 4 important new findings: The mean CLFT is significantly lower than that of the mean LLFT in the normal control group; CLFT and LLFT are both significantly associated with CLSCS; Increase rate of CLFT is faster than that of LLFT in the CLSCS group; and CLFT is a more sensitive measurement parameter to predict CLSCS than LLFT.

Features of conformation type of black-andwhite cows of different origin estimated by linear classification method

The research was carried out in the aspect of studying features of conformation type cows of Ukrainian Black-and-White dairy and Holstein breeds estimated by linear classification method. Basis for research was the herd of company "Ukrlandfarming" private enterprise "Burynske", Pidlisniv branch in Sumy region. The aim was to conduct a comparative analysis of experimental breeds according to the assessment of linear classification and determine the impact of final score for type on milk productivity first-born cows. In general, first-born cows of both breeds were characterized by good linear estimation, especially on a 100-score scale. However, animals of Holstein breed in comparison with Ukrainian Black-and-White dairy were better in terms of body parts, which characterize the dairy type by 1.3 score, body - by 0.8 score, udder - by 1.2 score and the final assessment - by 0.8 score (P &lt;0.001). On the trait of chest width, Holstein animals were inferior to their Ukrainian Black-and-White dairy breeds with reliable difference of 1.3 score, but exceeded in angularity - by 1.2 score, strength of fore udder parts attachment - on 0.8 score, central ligament - by 1.1 score (P &lt;0.001). The final estimation level of first-born cows for conformation type directly proportionally determined their milk productivity in 305 days of the first lactation. Cows of Holstein and Ukrainian Black-andWhite dairy breed with score - "very good" exceeded their peers with score - "good with plus" for milking by 785 and 589 kg (P˂0.01) respectively, and with score of "good" - by 1705 and 1502 kg (P˂0.001). The use in the selection process of dairy cattle, in determining cows breeding value, linear classification method will be a very effective means of objective definition breed features of conformation type. The presence of correlative relationship between the final score and milk productivity level will contribute to the effectiveness of selection in the indirect sampling of animals on these traits. Key words: Holstein, Ukrainian Black-andWhite dairy, linear type assessment, conformation, milk yield.

Correlation between descriptive and group type traits in the system of cow’s linear classification of Ukrainian Brown dairy breed

Abstract The aim of this study was to evaluate the phenotypic relationships between descriptive and group linear-type traits and the final score of first-born cows of the Ukrainian Brown dairy breed. The data from the linear estimation were collected on the population of 707 cows in six herds in the Sumy region of Ukraine from 2000 to 2018. It was found that the level of correlations between descriptive and group traits of the conformation, which characterize the dairy strength, frame, feet/legs, and udder, differed in significant variability by direction, strength, and reliability. The level of positive phenotypic correlations of descriptive traits with all group traits of the conformation type and the final score was height (0.19–0.34 and 0.34), chest width (0.06–0.29 and 0.17), body depth (0.28–0.53 and 0.48), angularity (0.35–0.77 and 0.62), rump width (0.29–0.36 and 0.46), rear legs posture (0.33–0.37 and 0.48), front udder attachment (0.23–0.39 and 0.41), height of rear udder attachment (0.17–0.27 and 0.29), and central ligament (r = 0.16–0.39 and 0.36). The body condition score was related to group traits but in a negative value, with correlation coefficients ranging from −0.07 (legs) to −0.47 (dairy strength). The level of correlation between descriptive traits and the final score indicated that the selection based on the results of good development of these traits will contribute to the overall progress of cows in the direction of the desired dairy type.

THE EFFECT OF THE TYPE OF BODY BUILD OF COWS ON THEIR MILK OUTPUT AND MILK QUALITY

The presented article gives the results of evaluation of the body build type of firstling cows of Ukrainian black and white dairy breed, there are determined the influence of linear features of body build and udder on their milk output and quality and also the relations between these indicators in the form of regression equations. It was revealed that the average daily milk output of cows had a probable correlation influence with height, body depth, width of loin, rear udder attachment, central ligament, udder depth. Average milk fat content had a probable correlation with rear udder attachment and central ligament, while average protein content had a probable correlation with their height, chest width, body depth, butt width and front udder attachment, indicating a weak positive correlation between these parameters. A probable correlation between the average somatic cell content and the linear estimate of body type indicators was found only with the estimate of udder depth, central udder ligament and posterior dugs position. In the course of the research it was revealed that the average daily milk output of firstlings was likely influenced by the following attributes of linear estimation of the type of body build: height, breast width, angularity, butt width, posterior attachment of udder, udder depth, central ligament and posterior dugs location. By the results of the researches the regression model of prognostication of the average daily milk output of the firstling cows by the values of the linear estimation of the body build type of the cows is developed, that will allow making the decision on expediency of their further utilization in the second month of lactation. The proved models for predicting fat and protein content percentages in milk should be used for evaluation of firstling cows as auxiliary ones. There were created the models for prediction of number of mastitis cases in firstlings and content of somatic cells in milk on the basis of values of indicators of linear estimation of body type of cows. Keywords: dairy cows, body build, linear estimate, daily output, fat and protein content percentages, somatic cells, regression model.

Comprehensive genetic analysis of linear type traits for characterization of the Sahiwal cattle in an organized herd

Sahiwal is one of the most important dairy cattle breeds of the Indian subcontinent. A holistic and balanced approach to selection and breeding strategies must be adopted to bring about desirable genetic improvement in livestock, including indigenous cattle. The inclusion of linear type traits for dairy cattle selection in any breed improvement program has not been carried out in India so far. Therefore, this study was taken up to characterize Sahiwal cattle, on the basis of linear type traits. Data was collected on adult Sahiwal cows up to their 10thparity, maintained at Institute herd of Indian Council of Agricultural Research- National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana from 2006-2021. Data were analysed using Least Squares Maximum Likelihood (LSMLMW), considering a sire model for the present study. Parity, season and period of calving were taken as fixed effect and age at first calving as covariable. Sire or animal was considered as random variable. Least squares means of objective linear type traits viz., stature was 125.97±0.68 cm, body length 136.58±1.01 cm, chest girth 173.04±1.14 cm, body depth203.40± 1.39 cm, rump angle 14.50±0.39 cm, rump width 20.62±0.28cm, udder depth 20.87±0.41 cm, rear udder height 18.38±0.33 cm, and teat length 6.16±0.24 cm. On the other hand, least square mean scores of subjective linear type traits (1-9 scale) viz. fore teat placement was 6.32±0.46, rear teat placement was 7.27±0.35,rear leg side view was 6.26±0.26, rear leg rear view was 6.28±0.27score, foot angle 6.86±0.27, angularity 34.97±0.50-degree, central ligament 6.55± 0.39, fore udder attachment 5.91±0.32, fore teat placement 6.32±0.46, and rear teat placement was 7.27±0.35. Parity had a significant (p&lt;0.05) effect on fore udder attachment and central ligament and teat length in Sahiwal cattle. Season of calving had the significant (p&lt; 0.05) effect, observed in case of udder depth in Sahiwal cattle. Period of calving had a significant(p&lt;0.05) effect on rump angle, udder depth, teat length, angularity and central ligament in Sahiwal cattle. Based on results of present study, it was observed that Sahiwal cattle establishes a balance between the scoring pattern of linear type traits, as the balance scoring of animals was desirable for better sustainability and production performance of a dairy cattle, on a longer run. Moreover, linear type traits have a better scope in selection process and genetic improvement programs that can be utilized as balanced and comprehensive approach for indigenous dairy cattle.

Линейная оценка экстерьера коров украинской красной молочной породы

One of the signs of cattle breeding, which has received attention in recent years, is the exterior. The purpose of the research was to test the methodology of linear evaluation of dairy cattle. The average score of 84,1 points in Holstein-type cows strongly indicates the development of trunk signs, compared with a fairly good development of a similar group of articles in peers of the fatty-milk type. Holstein-type animals had the best udder development, with a score of 83 points. The highest and most reliable links between the signs of the exterior and the value of milk yield for lactation were revealed when assessing group characteristics characterizing the dairy type of cows, the development of the trunk and udder, with correlation coefficients that were in animals of Holstein and fatty-milk type, respectively, with the final overall type assessment (r=0,493 and r=0,462; p&lt;0,001). The level of heritability sufficient for successful breeding by type was observed in Holstein-type cows for most descriptive, including important breeding characteristics, which include height in the sacrum, chest width, trunk depth, angularity, butt width, hock angle, anterior attachment of the udder, central ligament, length of the front milking and fatness.

Research progress in finite element analysis of ankle sprains

Ankle dislocation is the most common sports injury and is often associated with sports injuries. Among them, the tendon ligament causes damage to the posterior ankle ligament and the posterior ankle ligament. Important stabilizing structures, especially the anterior fibula ligament and the heelofibular ligament, play an important role in maintaining balance, and their injuries can lead to instability on the lateral side of the ankle. This seriously affects the function of the ankle. At the same time, it has a stabilizing effect on the lower joint, and its damage will also affect the function of the lower joint. [1-2] Foreign scientists have collected cases of acute fractures of the ankle joint, but only the central ligament rupture. Almost all injuries to the central tendon can cause a partial tear of the ligament. However, severe hallux valgus abuse can still lead to isolated damage to the triangular ligament. [3-4] Study surface emography and other techniques for basic ankle fracture studies to address the biomechanical and kinematic problems of ankle sprains. The biomechanics of ankle injuries will now be discussed in conjunction with the mechanisms of ankle injuries. To discuss the biomechanics and kinematics of ankle sprains.

Using a finite element model of the thumb to study Trapeziometacarpal joint contact during lateral pinch

BackgroundFinite element (FE) analysis is widely used in different fields of orthopaedic surgery, however, its application to the trapeziometacarpal joint has been limited due to the small size, complex biconcave-convex joint geometry, and complex musculature. The goal of this study was to improve upon existing models by creating a muscle-driven FE thumb model and use the model to simulate the biomechanical effect of hand therapy exercises and ligament reconstructive surgeries. MethodsBone and cartilage geometry were based on a CT dataset of a subject performing a static lateral pinch task. A previously validated musculoskeletal model was utilized to extract electromyography (EMG)-driven muscle forces. Five ligaments with biomechanical significance were modeled as springs using literature values and attached according to their anatomical landmarks. FindingsThe biomechanical consequence of various interventions was proxied as a change in the maximum cartilage stress. The result shows tightening the dorsal ligament complex (dorsal radial ligament, dorsal central ligament, posterior oblique ligament) is the most effective, achieving a stress reduction of 4.8%. Five exercises used in hand therapies were modeled, among which thenar eminence strengthening showed the most prominent stress reduction of 4.0%. Four ligament reconstructive surgeries were modeled, with Eaton-Littler reconstruction showed the most significant stress reduction of 25.0%. InterpretationAmong the routinely utilized treatment options for early thumb osteoarthritis, we found that three methods: dorsal ligament imbrication, thenar eminence exercise, and the Eaton-Littler method may confer biomechanical advantages cartilage loading. These advantages align with the clinically observed favorable outcomes.

Genome wide association study of udder type traits and milk production traits in Gir cattle

This study investigated the association of genome wide association study of udder type traits and milk production traits in Gir cattle. Data for the current study were collected from 635 Gir cows reared by farmers in small-holder conditions, and blood samples were collected for the Genomic study. The data for the phenotypic correlation study on 305 day milk yield and udder type traits were analysed using the statistical software R (v3.4.0), and the genome wide association study was carried out using the PLINK (v1.90b4.4) software. The phenotypic correlation between udder type traits, such as central ligament, rear udder height, rear udder width, teat length, and teat thickness, and 305 day milk yield was low to moderate, but significant (p 0.05) and positive. Some traits, however, were negatively correlated, including fore udder attachment, fore teat placement, rear teat placement, and udder depth. A genome-wide association study using a customised SNP chip (INDUSCHIP1) with 45,024 SNPs distributed on 29 autosomes discovered 838 SNPs that were significantly related to nine udder type traits and 305 day milk yield. The majority of SNPs were under MAF class of 0.3-0.5 from 45,024 SNPs spread over 29 Bos Indicus autosomes. Thus, present study on udder type traits and 305 day milk yield and their GWAS in Gir cattle using INDUSCHIP1 a customised SNP chip has provided the base line data for incorporation of udder type traits in Genomic selection for overall genetic improvement of Gir cattle.

DEPENDENCE OF THE MILK YIELD OF DAIRY COWS ON LINEAR ESTIMATION BY TYPE

Sires breeding value determination was based on classification daughters at the age of first lactation, studies related to the breeding and genetic aspects of line scoring were limited to animals array scoring at the same age. Considering indisputable importance of linear estimation, existing correlative variability between individual descriptive and complex traits growth with dairy productivity and age-related variability in body parts of conformation development, a study was carried out of evaluation influence level of traits linear classification at the age of first lactation on cow milk productivity of subsequent second and third lactations.&#x0D; While maintaining a positive correlation in further use of cows, reliability of linear estimation by type was confirmed. Studies conducted on the livestock of Ukrainian Black-and- Red-and-White dairy breeds showed positive correlations between evaluation conformation traits and cow milk yield with variability in their direction, degree and reliability, depending on the recorded lactations. First of all, at the age of first lactation, positive correlation coefficients were determined between conformation traits and milk yield amount of cows, which were a significant confirmation of this breeding event use as one of components in the comprehensive determination of dairy cattle breeding value in the world. Next important element in the aspect of correlative variability conformation traits of linear estimation with productivity was the establishment of sufficiently high correlation coefficients between evaluation four complexes of linear traits by 100-score system with milk yield for first lactation within experimental dairy breeds.&#x0D; Positive relationship was, within group traits framework, by estimation of first lactation and milk yield of Ukrainian Black-and- Red-and-White dairy breeds for: dairy type (r=0.502 and 0.447), body (r=0.385 and 0.309), limbs (r=0.129 and 0.154), udder (r=0.404 and 0.383), respectively. Examining the question of whether existing relationship between assessment of group traits of conformation and milk yield amount of cows obtained at the age of first lactation, and between these traits and milk yield for subsequent lactations is preserved, it was found that within compared animals groups of both breeds, separate correlation coefficients received at the age of first lactation, repeated in the second with less force, but at sufficient reliability level. Correlation between indicators of linear estimation group traits of first-calf cows and milk yield for third lactation didn’t repeat level of similar relationships obtained at the age of first and second calving, although a certain pattern of their direction was followed with confirmation reliability of different level. Significant part of descriptive traits of the conformation was associated with milk yield amount for first lactation, as evidenced by reliable correlation coefficients.&#x0D; But they decrease with age, and by data of third lactation such relationship was almost absent. Descriptive traits of conformation, correlated with milk yield at the age of first lactation and repeating these relationships with yield at the second and third, belonged to the traits of dairy-type animals were reliable indicators of cow milking. They included: height, chest width, body depth, angularity, rear width, pelvic limb posture, fore udder attachment, rear udder attachment height and central ligament. Thus, reliable level of positive correlation established between estimation of group traits of linear classification at the age of first lactation and milk yield for the next second and third lactation testified about effectiveness of dairy cattle selection, evaluated by conformation type. Level of correlative variability a part of descriptive traits of the conformation with milk yield of first-calf cows will not be repeated in combination indicators of the same estimation with yield at the age of second and third lactations, which was explained by natural unevenness of age-related variability in body type parts development under genotypic and paratypic factors influence.

Non genetic factors affecting udder type traits in Sahiwal cattle

The present study was planned to find out the magnitude of environmental factors affecting udder type traits in Sahiwal cattle. Fourteen type of udder traits were measured for each of randomly selected 100 lactating cattle maintained at Livestock Research farm, NDRI, Karnal, India. The data were analysed by least squares methods using the general linear model procedures including parity, stage of lactation and season of calving at classification as fixed effects. Traits viz. Udder balance, Rear Udder Height, Teat Diameter, Teat Length, Central Ligament, Udder Circumference, Udder Width and Teat Circumference were significantly (p&lt;0.05) affected by parity. Stage of lactation was significant (P&lt;0.05) source of variation for Shortest distance from teat ends to floor, Rear Udder Height, Central ligament and Udder Circumference while season of calving significantly (p&lt;0.05) affected Rear Udder Height, Teat Length and Rear Udder Width. It is, therefore, suggested that in breeding value estimation for udder conformation, these environmental factors should be considered which would justify focusing genetic improvement in Sahiwal cattle.

Параметры изменчивости показателей телосложения и продуктивности голштинских коров в зависимости от уровня удоя

Abstract. The purpose of research - to explore the genetic variability parameters of features the physique and productivity of Holstein cows, depending on the level of their milk yield. Research methods. The SELEX database was used. Animals (1610 heads) were divided into 3 groups according to milk yield per 1 lactation: 1 – milk yield no more 7500 kg, 2 – 7501–9000 kg, group 3 9001 kg of milk and more. Correlograms are based on R scripts in R-Studio. Results. Cows of the 3rd group are taller (p ≤ 0,001), with a deeper body (p ≤ 0,001), a wide rear and a greater udder depth (p ≤ 0,001). In group 3, milk yield and protein are higher (p ≤ 0,01). Animals of group 2 are taller (p ≤ 0,001), with high hind lobes, longer teats (p ≤ 0,001), and deep udders (p ≤ 0,01). In group 2, r according to the ratio: height in the sacrum / depth of the udder (0,58). Animals of the 3rd group - height in the sacrum / milky type (0,77), strength / depth of the body (0,63), height, width of the buttocks / height of the posterior lobes (0,62…0,60). In group 1, r between signs: height of the rear lobes / position of the hindquarters and depth of the udder (0,72...0,79), length of the front lobes / height of the hind lobes, udder depth / central ligament (0,60). According to the milk protein h² in animals of groups 2 and 3 0,52...0,74. Animals of the 3rd group have a high h² in terms of height, body depth, heel and udder height, body strength and udder depth. In group 2, high h² in terms of the depth of the body, the position of the rear, the angle of the hind legs from the side, the location of the front nipples, the length of the nipples, and the strength of the physique. Scientific novelty. The use of digital technologies in the evaluation of animals makes it possible to more accurately establish the relationship between the characteristics of the productivity of dairy animals and the physique and contributes to an increase in milk yield, the qualitative composition of milk and the longevity of cows.

Features of conformation type of black-andwhite cows of different origin estimated by linear classification method

The research was carried out in the aspect of studying features of conformation type cows of Ukrainian Black-and-White dairy and Holstein breeds estimated by linear classification method. As for the basis we took the herd of the company "Ukrlandfarming, private enterprise "Burynske", Pidlisniv branch in Sumy region. The aim was to conduct a comparative analysis of experimental breeds according to the assessment of linear classification and determine the impact of final score for type on milk productivity first-born cows. In general, first-born cows of both breeds were characterized by good linear estimation, especially on a 100-score scale. However, animals of Holstein breed in comparison with Ukrainian Black-and-White dairy were better in terms of body parts, which characterize the dairy type by 1.3 score, body - by 0.8 score, udder - by 1.2 score and the final assessment - by 0.8 score (P &lt;0.001).On the trait of chest width, Holstein animals were inferior to their Ukrainian Black-and-White dairy breeds with reliable difference of 1.3 score, but exceeded in angularity - by 1.2 score, strength of fore udder parts attachment - on 0.8 score, central ligament - by 1.1 score (P &lt;0.001).The final estimation level of first-born cows for conformation type directly proportionally determined their milk productivity in 305 days of the first lactation. Cows of Holstein and Ukrainian Black-and-White dairy breed with score - "very good" exceeded their peers with score - "good with plus" for milking by 785 and 589 kg (P˂0.01) respectively, and with score of "good" - by 1705 and 1502 kg (P˂0.001). The use in the selection process of dairy cattle, in determining cows breeding value, linear classification method will be a very effective means of objective definition breed features of conformation type. The presence of correlative relationship between the final score and milk productivity level will contribute to the effectiveness of selection in the indirect sampling of animals on these traits. Key words: Holstein, Ukrainian Black-and-White dairy, linear type assessment, conformation, milk yield.

Conformation trait characterization of indigenous goats in selected districts of East Gojjam zone, Amhara region, Ethiopia

ABSTRACT Morphological differences between and within the indigenous goat populations have important economic and socio-cultural values to the communities. This study was phenotypically characterized conformation traits of indigenous goats in selected districts of East Gojjam Zone, Amhara Region, Ethiopia. A total of 706 (589 does, and 117 bucks) mature (>1PPI), healthy, lactating does, and intact bucks goats were used to collect qualitative and quantitative data. The qualitative and quantitative data were analyzed for female and male goats separately using the frequency and general linear model (GLM) procedures of SAS, 9.0, respectively. Most of the does had intermediate fore udder attachment, teat placement side and rearview, and strong central ligament. Most goats were explained by intermediate rear legs set side view, less sloped rump profile, intermediate angle, and strong loin strength. The district and goats dentition had significant influence on does’ bodyweight and most conformation trait measurments. Heart girth (r = 0.82) in does, and neck circumference (r = 0.68) in bucks showed the highest strong and positive correlation (P < 0.001) with bodyweight and were the utmost important variables to predict bodyweight. Indigenous goats in the study area have a dairy aptitude. However, further studies are needed to identify the indigenous goats for their production purpose.

Influence of WDR41 and ANKRD31 gene polymorphism on udder and teat type traits and mastitis in Karan Fries cows

In the present study, the effect of genetic polymorphism of WD-repeat containing protein 41 (WDR41) and Ankyrin repeat domain containing protein 31 (ANKRD31) gene on 17 traits related to udder and teat type and mastitis in 123 Karan Fries cows was studied. Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) was used to identify the SNP (410 bp and 475 bp) in PCR amplified product of intron 4 and exon 10 in WDR41 gene. Both of them were polymorphic with Guanine to Adenine transition, and three genotypes namely AA, AG and GG were observed. In ANKRD31 gene, RFLP was used to identify the SNP in 513 bp PCR amplified product of intron 24 and two SNPs were found. We report for the first time that intron 4 and exon 10 of WDR41 gene is significantly associated with udder depth (UD), udder balance (UB), central ligament (CL), teat circumference (TC), SFF and tear diameter (TD), rear udder width (RUW), and mastitis. SNP rs110012582 in intron 24 of ANKRD31 gene is associated significantly with UD, distance between left and right teat (DLR), SFF, and SNP rs473512406 with udder length (UL), udder width (UW), udder circumference (UC), fore teat length (FTL), rear teat length (RTL), distance between fore and rear teat (DFR), DLR and mastitis. This information can augment future studies to determine the role of WDR41 and ANKRD31 genes as a candidate gene marker with desired udder and teat conformation and mastitis. Thus, it is essential to work for better udder health and prevent the incidence of mastitis in the herd.