Central Government Intervention Research Articles

Analysis of Digital Security Governance under the Objectives of Digital Ecology: A Three-Party Evolutionary Game Approach

With the rapid development of the digital economy, there has been an explosion in the amount of data generated. Data have become a vital resource for nations, just as tangible assets and human capital are crucial factors of production. Consequently, protecting digital security has become paramount. However, the increasing frequency of various data security incidents in recent years has exposed issues such as inadequate platform governance, lack of government regulation, and incomplete digital security governance (DSG) mechanisms. This study aims to create a healthy and open digital ecosystem and proposes a new digital security governance framework. It subdivides traditional government departments into local governments and the central government. Together with third-party platforms, they are analyzed as participants in an evolutionary game. The study examines the evolutionary stability of strategy choices made by each party and explores the relationship between key factors such as negative externalities, data security incident probabilities, and their impacts on strategy selection using numerical simulations. The research findings indicate the following. (1) Key parameters such as implicit benefits, government subsidies, and negative externalities play a significantly positive role in the development of the digital ecosystem. (2) The central government consistently tends towards emergency response, considering the overall societal perspective, as long as it is capable of bearing the costs. (3) Local governments may exhibit free-riding behavior during the governance process. To address this, it is important to increase the willingness of third-party platforms to govern and oversee the participation of local governments, which is an effective way to prevent data crises. The study also identifies different governance models in various environments: (1) a digital security governance model in a stable market environment, involving increased central government intervention and supervision of local governments’ participation; and (2) a digital security governance model in the event of a data crisis, where the central government establishes subsidies that exceed the governance costs of local governments to enhance the willingness of third-party platforms to govern. Finally, recommendations and strategies are presented to enhance the level of digital security governance.

Too Little, Too Late: the Catalan Debacle in Light of the Slovenian Attainment of Independence

The failed Catalan sovereignty process, launched in 2012 and then crushed by the intervention of the Spanish central government in 2017, relied to a certain extent on a discursive framework based on the evocation of previous secessionist experiences in Europe. Among these, the case of Slovenia (successfully completed in 1992) stood out. A close examination of these cases outlines the limitations of these analogies, notably through their differences in terms of political and social articulation and, in particular, the diverging success of external engagement. Beyond political and social articulation and the degree of economic development (heterogeneous aspects in many successful statehood processes), the comparison of these cases demonstrates that a sound internationalization strategy is essential for statehood attainment. The success of such a strategy does not solely depend on the secessionist actors’ ability to reach out to the relevant international players, but also on the latter’s readiness to provide necessary support. While the Slovenes managed to promptly engage with the rapid geopolitical changes in the immediate aftermath of the Cold War, the Catalan bid for secession found receptiveness only among marginal actors within major powers, all together unwilling to push for border changes of a state located in a sensitive area of the Euro-Atlantic security complex.

일본 정부 간 관계론에 대한 비판적 고찰:기존 연구의 검토와 잃어버린 논점

The purpose of this study is to proceed a critical review of the main approaches to center-local relations and intergovernmental relations in Japanese local governments that have been discussed so far, and to suggest overlooked arguments that have not been discussed in these approaches.
 The main contents are as follows. First, we examine the meaning of theories of intergovernmental relations in Japan. Second, we provide a perspective for analyzing the main approaches. The main analytical factors are intergovernmental intermediary route, intergovernmental administrative resources, and explanatory variables of intergovernmental relations. Third, based on this analytical perspective, we analyze the main approaches on intergovernmental relations in Japan and those characteristics. The main characteristics of current approaches tend to emphasize the administrative route, law-finance resources, the institution as an explanatory variable, and the degree of control of the central government. Fourth. we analyze the form of central government intervention, autonomy from the socioeconomic environment and autonomy from the central government, movability and exit option, and the size of the local government in terms of the exclusively focused on intergovernmental relations in Japan.

Foreign Exchange Pressure and Foreign Exchange Intervention in Nigeria: A Review of Literature

This paper conducts a comprehensive examination of the concepts of foreign exchange pressure and foreign exchange intervention within the Nigerian foreign exchange market. It delves into the theoretical foundations and empirical evidence underpinning these crucial elements of economic policy in Nigeria. To begin, the paper elucidates the various factors driving foreign exchange pressure in the Nigerian context, encompassing trade imbalances, external shocks, and economic fluctuations, which exert significant pressure on the exchange rate and foreign exchange reserves, necessitating effective strategies for policymakers and market participants. Furthermore, the paper sheds light on the theoretical frameworks and models that form the basis of foreign exchange intervention, emphasizing the substantial impact of central bank and government interventions on maintaining foreign exchange market stability, averting abrupt currency devaluations, and upholding macroeconomic equilibrium. Additionally, the paper reviews empirical literature, offering valuable insights into the practical implications of foreign exchange pressure and intervention in Nigeria, showcasing the Nigerian central bank's use of measures like capital controls, foreign exchange auctions, and exchange rate pegs. The effective management of foreign exchange pressure in Nigeria plays a pivotal role in ensuring economic stability, bolstering international trade, and fostering sustainable economic growth within the nation.

Lesson‐drawing under authoritarianism: generosity and cost control in China's hospital payment reforms

AbstractLocal policy experimentation was a driving force behind China's economic progress, but its results in the field of social policy are more ambiguous. This article takes a lesson‐drawing perspective on the transfer of international hospital payment reforms to Chinese cities, focusing on the Urban Employees' Basic Medical Insurance. We distinguish two waves of reform. The first wave was driven by local government initiatives dominated by simplified versions of international models which lacked strong prospective payment components (inspirations) and protected local bureaucratic and hospital interests. The second wave was driven by central government intervention dominated by syntheses and adaptations with strong prospective payment components and was more oriented toward patients' interests. Data were collected via expert interviews, administrative documents, academic studies, and newspaper articles. We find that elements of social policy are transferred depending on central–local interaction, with pressure from the center needed to overcome local bureaucratic self‐interest.

The Inner Functioning of Local Governance Networks in Centralized Countries: A ‘Brave New World’?

Local governance networks are increasingly seen as the big idea to cope with issues that are complex enough in scope and scale to require a diversity of expertise and resources. While conventional narrative has posited that local networks are optimal for addressing a range of policy problems, and enhancing democratic participation, scarce attention has been devoted to understanding their inner working. A relevant gap in the literature pertains to the impact of central government intervention in igniting such arrangements on the diversity of actors, the intensity of interactions among actors, or their coordination practices. Such assessment is particularly relevant in centralized contexts. This article seeks to map and characterize the inner working of local networks in such a context—Portugal. The empirical analysis highlights the crucial role of central government in igniting local networks and in ensuring higher levels of formal intensity of collaboration to reduce transaction costs. Keeping such arrangements under the radar of central government, however, may curtail the diversity of actors, policy areas, and curb stakeholders’ commitment in local governance arrangements.

Government policy responses to Covid-19 in sport: a comparative study of China, Russia, Saudi Arabia, UK and the USA

The unprecedented abrupt stop of sport as a form of leisure and business activity causes by the Covid-19 pandemic urged re-examination of how we think and practice sport. Given the leading role of national governments in handling the health crisis, it is of critical importance to understand what policy actions have been implemented to sustain sport and its contribution to society. This is the first study to critically compare the government responses to Covid-19 in sport in China, Russia, Saudi Arabia, UK and the USA. It addresses the question how national governments use policy instruments to affect the governance, access to and consumption of sport during the pandemic. Regardless of ideological persuasions, the five governments framed exercise and sport as critical for personal and social wellbeing and as an antidot to the pandemic. This recognition of the role of sport was not matched with the same level of policy capacity to support the sector. Governments in all five countries have favoured elite over community sport. The directions and limits of central government interventions in sport depend on both the system of government and the ways that governments choose to engage with sport systems. It is not merely a matter of the overall degree of government centralization. The ways that governments can and do respond in a sport emergency are consequently dependent on the systems in place prior to the emergency.

ANALISIS KEMANDIRIAN FISKAL, KETERGANTUNGAN FISKAL DAN EFEKTIVITAS FISKAL PROVINSI D.I YOGYAKARTA TAHUN 2018-2022

This study aims to analyze Fiscal Independence, Fiscal Dependence and Fiscal Effectiveness of the D.I Yogyakarta Province in the 2018-2022 period. The research is quantitative descriptive by observing the posture of the provincial budget. In the aspect of fiscal independence, an average value of 36.7 is obtained, including the category towards independence. In the aspect of fiscal dependence, the value tends to be > 50 with an average percentage of 62.9 percent, including in the very high category. In the aspect of fiscal effectiveness, the figure obtained was 104.39 percent, including the category of very effective fiscal implementation in the region. Based on the review in this study, which found fluctuating changes from year to year, it justifies the influence of the First-Generation Theory that the central government's intervention to the Provincial Government of the Special Region of Yogyakarta still has a significant influence on regional fiscal independence, dependence and effectiveness.

ANALISIS KEMANDIRIAN FISKAL, KETERGANTUNGAN FISKAL, DAN EFEKTIVITAS FISKAL PROVINSI KALIMANTAN UTARA PERIODE 2017-2022

This research study aims to analyze the aspects of Fiscal Independence, Fiscal Dependence, and Fiscal Effectiveness of the North Kalimantan Province for the 2017-2022 period. This research is quantitative descriptive research. The average is obtained in the fiscal independence section with a value of ≤0.28, categorized as starting toward regional budgetary independence. Then the fiscal dependence portion of the percentage value obtained is 74,60% which is classified as a very high level of regional fiscal dependence. Furthermore, the fiscal effectiveness portion of the figure obtained is 101,23%, which means it is very effective in implementing the regional Fiscal. Overall, the review of fiscal independence, dependability, and effectiveness proves that there are fluctuating changes every year. Then justifies the influence of the First-Generation Theory in the review studied that the central government's intervention in the regional government of North Kalimantan Province still has an effect in various aspects intended in this study in the form of independence, dependence, and its fiscal effectiveness with the period of the year under study.

Creative industries spatial policy in the United Kingdom, 1995–present

The aim of this article is to explore the construction of spatial policy for the creative industries in the UK over the last three decades. The nature of much creative work benefits from, and therefore leads to co-location of firms, practitioners, supporting organisations and infrastructure. Since the advantages of a buoyant creative economy were recognised by policymakers in the 1990s, developing spatial policy to enhance these benefits has been a focus for governments at various scales across the world. These policies have been prompted by changing motivations, with different aims and using different interventions. This article traces UK’s central government interventions in the creative industries since the mid-1990s. UK creative industries policy has been incredibly influential and exported around the world, and this influence has led to a great deal of examination and critique, meaning there is plenty of literature for us to review. We begin by tracing the development of creative industries spatial policy in the UK through three time periods: mid-1990s–2009, 2010–2020, and 2020–present day. In so doing, we identify the interplay of policy and academic work, highlight key ideological drivers for policy development and offer critique of prevailing policy discourses.

Optimal long-term Tier 1 employee pension management with an application to Chinese urban areas

We formulate a stochastic optimization problem from the perspective of an investment committee responsible for Tier 1 social security pension policies and whose decisions are bound to have relevant economic and social consequences. The adopted modelling approach combines canonical multistage stochastic programming (MSP) with dynamic stochastic control (DSC): the first applies to the short-medium term, the second to the long-term. Through the combined framework, we are able to span a long planning horizon without jeopardizing the accuracy of scenario tree based medium-term planning. We apply this methodology to the Chinese pension system, which relies on two large reference areas for rural and urban populations. In this article, we concentrate on the ever-growing urban public pension system, which is facing significant challenges due to a declining workforce and a rapidly ageing population. This welfare area, originally conceived as a pay-as-you-go (PAYG) system, has undergone several recent reforms to enhance its long-term sustainability and reduce the interventions of the central government required to improve its funding condition. Among those relevant in our setting, is the reduction of policy constraints that until 2015 severely limited the possibility to invest in assets other than traditional, locally traded, long-term fixed income securities. We propose an optimization model in which the decisions of the investment management aim at significantly reducing central government interventions as a last resort liquidity provider and progressively improving the system funding condition. A rich set of computational and economic evidence is presented to validate the methodology and clarify its potential benefits to pension system efficiency.

Village Fund Allocation Information System for Community Empowerment in Klambir Lima Kebun Village

This study aims to provide information to the public about village funds that are applied to an online information system, in order to realize accountability and transparency of the budget of funds in the village. The procedure used is a descriptive qualitative research procedure and uses research information methods by observation, interviews, and documentation. The place of research to be conducted is in the village of Klambir Lima Gardens which is one of the villages located in the expanse of silver sub-district, Deli Serdang district, Medan city, North Sumatra. In line with the growth of people's expertise in development and the reduction of central government intervention in the region, so that development should be shown to change people's lives for the better. the type of project to be managed and the distribution of village fund allocations received by the village government to be used for operational costs for the administration of the village government, with the existence of an information system that can provide information about activities in the village and the form of village funds in the village of klambir lima gardens

The Tripartite Evolution Game of Environmental Governance under the Intervention of Central Government

Environmental pollution management is about the sustainable development effects of enterprises and the quality of life of people. However, the frequent occurrence of various types of enterprises polluting the environment in recent years has revealed many problems, such as the lack of monitoring by relevant central agencies, the ineffective supervision by local governments, and the failure of public complaints. This paper considers the rent-seeking phenomenon of enterprises in pollution prevention and control, constructs a tripartite evolutionary game model between enterprises, local governments and central government, analyzes the evolutionary stability of each participant’s strategy choice, explores the relationship between the influence of each factor on the strategy choice of the three parties, and further analyzes the stability of the equilibrium point in the tripartite game system. The results show that there is no evolutionary equilibrium strategy in the current Chinese environmental governance system; the reward and punishment policies of the local government and central government have a guiding effect on the strategy choices of enterprises in a short period of time, but the guiding effect will gradually weaken after a period of time, and cannot completely curb the irregular strategies of enterprises; the dynamic reward scheme can effectively alleviate the fluctuation of the game system and make the strategy choices of enterprises converge to the ideal state.

A Gap Analysis of Yogyakarta Smart City Project (within the Dimension of Smart Governance and Smart Economy)

The COVID 19 Pandemic exposed digitalization as a fundamental aspect to revive the local economy. Fortunately, Indonesia has already shifted towards a 100 Smart City for their Municipalities since 2017 . Yogyakarta as one of the best SC, has suffered the impact of pandemic. In the need to explore the phenomenon of how an SC should be implemented within the circumstances , it will be relevant to describe a gap analysis on (1) Yogyakarta SC Project through the dimensions of SG and SE and (2) Strategic Solutions. This paper employed a gap analysis through a qualitative study and it uncovered gaps of the SC project such as central government intervention, sectoral quality of digitalization, and intergovernmental sync. The strategy to eclipse the Cohen SC Wheel are the followings: reinforcing the regulatory capacity, improving the app business process and features, and intensify the formal cooperation, be it inter-governmentally or between public-private.

Tax sufficiency of territorial communities of Lviv region

Introduction. Local self-government bodies are the closest to human form of public authority, which is responsible for ensuring that citizens exercise most of their constitutional rights and freedoms. It is clear that the effective implementation of such tasks requires an appropriate level of financial resources. Therefore, in the context of administrative reform and financial decentralization, the issue of tax adequacy of local self-government is becoming increasingly important. Tax sufficiency means the establishment of taxes and fees, taking into account the need to achieve a balance of budget expenditures with its revenues. At the same time, in the domestic scientific literature, the development of the tax system in the context of local government reform and strengthening the role of territorial communities in the accumulation of taxes and fees to local budgets is insufficiently studied. Given the vector of reforming the tax system and changing the basic guidelines of fiscal policy, the emphasis on the role of local governments in collecting taxes to the local budget and improving mechanisms for their collection is particularly important. The purpose of the paper is to improve the theoretical and methodological principles and develop practical recommendations for the transformation of the tax system of Ukraine in terms of reforming local self-government. Results. Given the systemic decentralization changes and sectoral reforms that are being implemented in Ukraine today, there is a need to study the development of the tax system in the current conditions. In particular, the reform of local self-government, as one of the most successful, was characterized by a significant impact on the tax system and requires a new approach to its development. Therefore, to understand the direction of development, an important task is to study the institutional support for the development of the tax system in the context of local government reform. The main source of budget revenues at various levels is the distribution of state taxes and fees and the consolidation of their specific types in the state and local budgets for a long time. This not only ensures the independence of budgets, but also enhances their role in public policy, enables local governments without the intervention of central government to form their own financial resources and make long-term forecasts of socio-economic development of local communities. Tax sufficiency is a state in which a sufficient amount of revenue for the budget from taxation is achieved, i.e. taxes must provide sufficient funds for the functioning of the economic system. Conclusions. Assessing the revenues of territorial communities, it should be noted that local budget revenues form tax revenues, non-tax revenues and other revenues, while the gross share is tax revenues. Thus, having studied comprehensively the coefficients of assessment of tax sufficiency of budgets of territorial communities, it should be noted that four out of five indicators show positive dynamics, only the coefficient of tax accumulation decreases. Therefore, we can assume that the budgets of territorial communities of Lviv region are tax sufficient.

Analysis of Regional Financial Management Performance and Level of Regional Independence in the Era of Regional Autonomy: Case Study of Semarang City in 2009-2013

This study aimed to analyze the effect the financial ability of Semarang City in order to support the implementation of regional autonomy, base on Semarang Budget Realization Reported the period of 2009 -2013. A descriptive comparative analysis used to measure the performance of regional financial management and the independence level of Semarang, consist of Regional Financial Independence Ratio, Degree of Decentralization Ratio, Local Native Income (PAD), effectiveness Ratio, and the Harmony Expenditure Ratio. Based on the analysis that has been obtained, the following results: from the analysis of the ratio of the degree of decentralization can be explained that the average ratio of the degree of decentralization is 25,87% of which is in the internal level of level 25%-50%, means already have a good ability to finance region development. Average Regional Financial Capabilities (KKD) ratio is 37.79% which is in the interval 25 % -50 % means that central government intervention has begun to decrease, because the region is considered a little more able to implement region autonomy. From the analysis of PAD effectiveness is more than 100%, it can be concluded that the overall performance of local financial management and the degree of independence of Semarang area continued to improve. It can be seen from some of the financial performance ratio is the ratio of the area of financial independence, the ratio of degrees decentralization, effectiveness ratio and the ratio continues to increase harmony and good effect on the autonomy of the region

Ecology of Political Communication of Acehnese People towards 2024 Local Election

The local election is a political and democratic tool owned by the community after Indonesia's reformation. Aceh and its regencies and cities will carry out the local election in 2022. The central government's policy to postpone the implementation of the local election in 2024 has created a polemic in the community. Based on this phenomenon, this study aims to determine the problems that arise in political communication among the community against the central government's unilateral policy in delaying the implementation of the local election. The approach used was qualitative by using observation and interview techniques. The results of this study are: The Acehnese are disappointed with the central government's intervention in the form of a policy of postponing the local election, based on the justification that Aceh has the local regulation, that is called 2006 Aceh Government Law, where Aceh has independence in managing its household. Furthermore, the communication built by the Central Government is coercive communication, ignoring comprehensive communication from the community. With the ecological influence of the local election postponement policy and communication built by the central government, the people ignore the government's advice to keep the environment more conservative and ignore the fight against Covid-19.

Strategic planning of inland river ports under different market structures: Coordinated vs. independent operating regime

This paper addresses the strategic planning issue of ports in an inland river corridor with location-dependent waterway depths, which determine the maximum navigable ship sizes deployed in ports. A vertical-structure model is proposed to capture the interrelationships among port operators, carriers, and shippers. The shippers, who are assumed to be continuously distributed along the inland river corridor, choose transshipment ports to minimize their own full transport cost from origin to destination. The carriers aim to maximize their own profit by determining waterway freight rates and ship fleet (in terms of ship size and number of ships). The port operators determine port capacity and port service charge to achieve their own objective, depending on the port market structures adopted, i.e., coordinated vs. independent regime. Under the coordinated regime, the central government aims to maximize total social welfare of the entire inland river system. Under the independent regime, each local government along the inland river corridor maximizes the local social welfare of individual port inside its jurisdiction. The properties of the models with different regimes are analytically explored. Our study develops a comprehensive model that can be used to analyze the investment and regulatory decisions for an inland river shipping corridor composed of multiple heterogeneous ports. The modelling results suggest that local governments have a tendency to overinvest port capacity beyond system optimum. Therefore, in the choice of regulatory regimes, one needs to balance the costs of regulation vs. the avoidance of excessive investments under central government intervention. Findings specific to the Yangtze River inland shipping corridor are also provided.

To intervene or not: strategic choices of the central government in China’s sub-national hydropolitics

ABSTRACT China’s decentralized system explains the reasons for its sub-national inter-jurisdictional collaboration and conflicts in watershed issues. However, few studies have discussed the central government’s role as a strategic actor in sub-national hydropolitics. Existing research ignores the reason for central government intervention in inter-jurisdictional collaboration. This study discusses why central government intervention in sub-national inter-jurisdictional collaboration is a strategic choice performed after repeated trade-offs. The significant impediments to collaboration among jurisdictions and the low propensity for self-enforcement are core conditions for intervention. Central government intervention does not occur when inter-jurisdictional collaboration is easy to achieve, even if direct intervention conditions exist.

Credit Risk Modeling in the Presence of Central Bank and Government Intervention

Since the outbreak of Covid-19 and the central bank and government interventions that followed, new challenges in credit modeling have emerged. Relations between credit risk and macroeconomic drivers that have been fairly stable over decades have broken down. An example is the unemployment rate which has been widely used in predicting default rates in retail loan segments. Since mid-2020 this no longer works because of government interventions like monthly payments to citizens which allows them to service their debt despite suffering income loss due to unemployment or business closures. This results in substantially lower default rates than predicted by credit models. In this article, using data published by the US Federal Reserve Bank in Q1 2021, a framework is suggested that quantifies the effect of central bank and government interventions and shows how to include intervention scenarios into credit models improving the accuracy of their short-term predictions and allowing analysts to evaluate long-term scenarios. Furthermore, potential side-effects of intervention like increased inflation are quantified.