Central Corneal Thickness In Children Research Articles

Central Corneal Thickness and Intraocular Pressure in Children with Type I Diabetes Mellitus.

The aim of this study is to determine the mean central corneal thickness (CCT) and mean intraocular pressure (IOP) in children with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and to determine the relationship between CCT and IOP on the one hand and age, gender, retinopathy hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), and duration of diabetes on the other. This is a case-control, hospital-based study conducted at Hospital ___________ between January and November 2022. Thirty-eight children with T1DM were recruited as cases, and 38 healthy children were recruited as controls. The cases and controls then underwent ophthalmic examination, IOP measurement, and CCT measurement using optical coherence tomography (OCT) of the right eye. The IOP measurements were adjusted for CCT for further analysis. The means CCT and IOP values were significantly higher in the T1DM group than in the control group (p-value<0.02 respectively). The mean CCT was 542.18 ± 20.40 µm in the T1DM group, and 529.52 ± 26.17 µm in the control group. The mean IOP was 14.68 ± 1.98 mmHg in the T1DM group, and 13.52 ± 1.66 mmHg in the control group. The mean HbA1c was 10.68 ± 2.49% in the T1DM group. Age and duration of diabetes mellitus (DM) were found to have a significant association with CCT in children with T1DM. The duration of DM was also found to be significantly associated with the IOP. Gender and HbA1c levels were found to have no significant relationship with either CCT or IOP. Children with T1DM have significantly higher CCT and IOP than the average child. The duration of DM is a significant factor that impacts both CCT and IOP. In addition, age is another factor that affects CCT in children with T1DM.

Evaluation of Corneal Endothelium and Central Corneal Thickness in Children and Adolescents with Type 1 Diabetes

Evaluation of Corneal Endothelium and Central Corneal Thickness in Children and Adolescents with Type 1 Diabetes

Corneal endothelial cell morphology and optical coherence tomography findings in children with type 1 diabetes mellitus.

To evaluate central macular thickness, retinal nerve fibre layer thickness, corneal endothelial cell density and central corneal thickness in children with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (DM). Thirty children with Type 1 DM and 30 age-matched children as controls were examined. Central macular thickness (CMT) and four quadrants of retinal nerve fibre layer thickness (RNFLT) were measured by optical coherence tomography (OCT), while endothelial cell density (ECD), coefficient of variation in cell size (CV), hexagonality (HEX) and central corneal thickness (CCT) were measured by noncontact specular microscopy. The mean ECD was 2810.77 ± 273.47 cells/mm2 and the mean hexagonality ratio was 49.77 ± 13.2 both were significantly lower (p < 0.001, p = 0.037 respectively) in the diabetic group compared to the control group. The mean CV was 37.6 ± 7.27, it was significantly higher (p = 0.024) in the diabetic group than the control group. The mean corneal thickness was greater in the DM group than the controls, but the difference was not significant (p = 0.176). There were no significant differences in CMT or RNFLT between the two groups. There was a negative correlation between the HbA1c levels and the thickness of the superior quadrants of RNFL (r = -0.406, p = 0.026). The duration of diabetes had no significant correlations with the corneal and retinal parameters. The diabetic children had changes in corneal endothelial morphology and there was a negative correlation between HbA1c levels and superior quadrant of RNFLT.

Особенности толщины центральной зоны роговицы у здоровых детей и больных врожденной глаукомой

Background. Ophthalmic hypertension is one of the most important diagnostic criteria for congenital glaucoma. The «gold standard» for measuring intraocular pressure (IOP) is the applanation tonometry (Maklakov and Goldmann methods). However, the thickness of the central corneal zone has a significant effect on the value of IOP measured by these methods. The aim of this study was to compare the central corneal thickness (CCT) in children with congenital glaucoma and in healthy children. Material and methods. We examined 15 children aged from 7 months to 14 years (22 eyes) with congenital glaucoma. In the healthy children group, 26 subjects from 7 to 17 years old (51 eyes) were examined. CCT was measured in all subjects using the optical coherence tomograph Carl Zeiss Cirrus HD-OCT 5000 with an external lens for cornea scanning. The examination was carried out in pachymetry mode; the average thickness of the central ring having a diameter of 2 mm was evaluated. Results. Central corneal thickness in children with glaucoma ranged from 471 to 771 microns, the average value was 561.5±72.26 microns. In the group of healthy children, CCT was in the range of 480-597 microns with an average value of 529.88±29.33 microns. Thus, we noted a higher average value of the central corneal thickness and its higher variability in children with glaucoma in comparison with the group of healthy children. Conclusion. All children with glaucoma and suspected glaucoma should routinely perform pachymetry prior to applanation tonometry. One should consider the central corneal thickness when assessing intraocular pressure. Key words: congenital glaucoma, pachymetry, optical coherence tomography, central corneal thickness, applanation tonometry, intraocular pressure.

Comparison of central corneal thickness using non-contact tono-pachymeter (Tonopachy) with ultrasound pachymetry in normal children and in children with refractive error

Purpose:To compare the central corneal thickness (CCT) measured by non-contact tono-pachymeter [Tonopachy (TP)] with the gold standard ultrasound pachymetry (UP) in normal children and in children with refractive error.Methods:This cross-sectional study involved 95 normal children (190 eyes) and 123 children with refractive error (246 eyes), a total of 218 children (436 eyes) aged 7-15 years. After refraction and complete ophthalmic evaluation, axial length was measured with IOLMaster 700, CCT was measured with TP followed by UP. The correlation between the CCT measurements obtained with the two methods was analysed by Intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and the limits of agreement were assessed with Bland-Altman analysis plot.Results:Mean CCT measured with TP was 537.46 ± 36.41 μm and by UP was 537.17 ± 39.80 μm in normal children (P = 0.79) and in refractive error group, the mean CCT was 533.50 ± 34.91 μm by TP and 531.60 ± 36.30 μm by UP (P = 0.04). The 95% limits of agreement between TP and UP ranged from -19.2 to + 21.6 μm (mean = 1.20) for total children, -20.8 to + 21.4 μm (mean = 0.29) for normal group and -18.0 to + 21.8 μm (mean = 1.90) for refractive error group. ICC for CCT measurement between TP and UP was 0.980 for total children and refractive error group and 0.981 for normal group.Conclusion:The CCT measurement obtained by TP showed an excellent agreement with UP. Hence non-contact TP can be used to assess CCT in children above seven years of age.

Association ofWNT7BandRSPO1with Axial Length in School Children

PurposeTo evaluate the association between single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the ZC3H11B, RSPO1, C3orf26, GJD2, ZNRF3, and WNT7B genes and myopia endophenotypes in children.MethodsSeven SNPs identified in previous genome-wide association studies of axial length (AL) were genotyped in 2883 Southern Han Chinese children. Multiple linear regression analyses were conducted to evaluate the genotype association with AL, spherical equivalent (SE), corneal curvature (CC), and central corneal thickness (CCT).ResultsTwo SNPs—namely, rs12144790 in RSPO1 (allele T, P = 0.0066, β = 0.062) and rs10453441 in WNT7B (allele A, P = 8.03 × 10–6, β = 0.103)—were significantly associated with AL. The association of rs4373767 in ZC3H11B (allele C, P = 0.030, β = –0.053) could not withstand the correction for multiple testing. WNT7B rs10453441 showed a strong association with CC (P = 1.17 × 10–14, β = 0.053) and with CCT (P = 0.0026, β = 2.65). None of the tested SNPs was significantly associated with SE. The C allele of SNP rs12321 in ZNRF3 was associated with CC (P = 0.0060, β = –0.018).ConclusionsThis study revealed that the RSPO1 SNP rs12144790 was associated with AL, whereas WNT7B rs10453441 was associated with AL, CC, and CCT in children. A novel association between ZNRF3 rs12321 and CC was discovered. Our data suggest that the RSPO1 and WNT7B genes might exert their effects on multiple aspects of eye growth during childhood. Potential differences in the genetic profiles of AL between children and adults should be explored in larger cohorts.

Agreement of Central Corneal Thickness Measurements between Scheimpflug Photography and Optical Low-Coherence Reflectometry in Children

ABSTRACT Purpose Central corneal thickness (CCT) is a key indicator of the corneal health status and is therefore of clinical importance. The aim of the present study was to determine the agreement between Scheimpflug photography (SP) and optical low-coherence reflectometry (OLCR) systems in measuring the CCT in children. Methods In this cross-sectional study, the samples were selected from Shahroud schoolchildren using cluster sampling. The samples then underwent optometric examinations, including the measurement of visual acuity and refraction. CCT measurements were done by the SP and OLCR systems between 8 am and 4 pm. To evaluate the agreement between these devices, 95% limits of agreement (LoA) and interclass correlation coefficient (ICC) were reported. Results After applying the exclusion criteria, 4890 right eyes (53.2% male) were analyzed. The mean age of the students was 9.22 ± 1.72 years (range: 6–12 years). The mean CCT by the SP and OLCR systems was 555.30 ± 34.15 and 550.23 ± 35.11 µm, respectively. The 95% LoA between the two devices was −19.81 to 9.66 µm, and the ICC was 0.983. The CCT difference between the SP and OLCR systems was 5.61 µm in boys and 3.36 µm in girls. The CCT difference between the two devices was 6.41 µm in 6-year-old and 3.54 µm in 12-year-old children. The 95% LoA was −17.96 to 9.58 µm and −18.89 to 8.47 µm and the ICC was 0.987 and 0.984 in myopic and hyperopic subjects, respectively. Conclusion The results of this study showed a high agreement between OLCR and SP measurements of CCT in children.

Age dynamic in the central corneal thickness in children

Цел: Да се установи и анализира съществува ли динамика в биометричния показател централна роговична дебелина при българските деца от различни възрастови групи. Обект: Проучването обхваща 248 пациента/496 очи/, разпределени в четири възрастови групи. Метод: Ултразвукова пахиметрия с PacScanЗ00AP. Изводи: Установи се статистически значимо нарастване на средното ниво на ЦРД с възрастта на децата до 15 години. Средното ниво на ЦРД във втора и трета група е еднакво. С нарастване на възрастта нараства ЦРД и тя е най-голяма в четвърта група.

Central corneal thickness in children with type 1 diabetes mellitus and the effect of metabolic control on corneal thickness

Objective: To research whether central corneal thickness (CCT) of children with Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1D) is different from healthy children at same age group and whether metabolic control has an effect on corneal thickness. Materials and methods: The children with T1D who applied to our outpatient department with the aim of controlling for possible diabetes complications and who had no diabetic retinopathy were prospectively evaluated. The healthy children from the same age group who applied to our outpatient setting for eye control and who had no systemic or eye disease were included in the control group. The CCT of all children was measured with ultrasonic pachymeter with topical anesthesia. Findings: While the corneal thickness for healthy children was 554.25±42.85 (500 – 678 µ), the average corneal thickness for diabetic children was 567.38±33.28 (487 – 628 µ). A significant difference was detected for average corneal thickness (Z=-2.040 p=0.041). No relation was detected between the central cornea thickness and the duration of diabetes (t=1.418 p=0.168), average HbA1C level (t=1.261p=0.218), hyperglycemia (t=0.228 p=0.821) and hypoglycemia attack number (t=-0.332 p=0.743). Result: CCT is increased in the patients compared to the control group even before diabetes mellitus (DM) has developed a retinopathy. A relation of this increase with period of diabetes, HbA1C level and hypoglycemia attack number could not be detected.

Central corneal thickness in children with adenotonsillary hypertrophy

Central corneal thickness in children with adenotonsillary hypertrophy

Ocular biometry and central corneal thickness in children: a hospital-based study

To investigate the distribution of axial length, anterior chamber depth, lens thickness, vitreous chamber depth, and central corneal thickness in children at different age groups. We studied 364 eyes in 182 children with ages between 1 and 12 years. Axial length, anterior chamber depth, lens thickness, and vitreous chamber depth were measured by ultrasound biometry. Central corneal thickness was measured by ultrasound pachymetry in all children. The mean age was 6.54 ・} 3.42 years. The axial length was 20.95 mm in 1-2 years old and 22.95 mm in 11-12 years old. The central corneal thickness was 556 μm in 1-2 years old and 555 μm in 11-12 years old. The mean anterior chamber depth and vitreous chamber depth increased with age (3.06 mm to 3.44 mm in anterior chamber depth, 13.75 mm to 15.99 mm in vitreous chamber depth), and the lens thickness decreased as age increased (3.67-3.51 mm). The axial length increased with age and reached adult levels by the age of 9-10 years. The lens thickness gradually decreased until 12 years. The central corneal thickness measurements did not yield a linear algorithm.

Distribution of Central Corneal Thickness and Intraocular Pressure in a Large Population of Turkish School Children

Purpose: To determine the distribution of central corneal thickness (CCT) and intraocular pressure (IOP) in a population of Turkish school children and to evaluate the relationships between these values and both age and gender.Methods: A total of 30,320 eyes from 15,160 healthy school children aged 5–18 years were examined. CCT and IOP were measured using an ultrasonic pachymeter and a non-contact tonometer, respectively. Measurements were compared with age, gender, and parental consanguinity of subjects.Results: The mean age of the school children was 10.43 ± 2.54 years. For right eyes, mean CCT was 557.91 ± 34.26 µm and mean IOP was 14.15 ± 2.87 mmHg. Mean CCT was significantly thicker in males compared to females (P < 0.0001). Mean IOP was significantly higher in females compared to males (P < 0.0001). CCT in children aged 14 years and older was significantly thinner than that in the younger age groups (P < 0.0001). There was a significant difference among the age groups for IOP (P < 0.05). No significant differences were observed in CCT or IOP related to parental consanguinity (P = 0.538, P = 0.319, respectively).Conclusion: Mean CCT in Turkish school children is of comparable thickness to that in Western school children. CCT reached adult values around 14 years of age in our children. Furthermore, males had thicker CCT than females. IOP was lower in males than females, and increased with age.

Central corneal thickness in children

Central corneal thickness in children

Acquired Central Corneal Thickness Increase Following Removal of Childhood Cataracts

To evaluate central corneal thickness (CCT) in children with congenital/developmental cataracts before and after cataract removal, to correlate CCT with corneal diameters before cataract surgery in this same group, and to evaluate CCT over time in a separate group of children who were already aphakic or pseudophakic at study entry. Longitudinal study. Children with cataract (Group 1, with pre-cataract-removal CCT) and aphakia/pseudophakia (Group 2, presenting after cataract removal) were included. CCT measurements were performed using ultrasound pachymetry. Normal fellow eyes of unilaterally affected cases served as controls. In bilateral cases, right eyes were used for analyses. Group 1 comprised 66 children. Before cataract surgery, unilateral cases (n = 31) showed similar CCT and strong association between the affected and fellow eyes (552.0 ± 32.9 μm vs 550.9 ± 40.4 μm, respectively; r(2) = 0.71, P = .0001). After cataract surgery, affected eyes (n = 13) showed mean CCT increase of 29.7 ± 43.1 μm (P = .03) while fellow eyes remained unchanged. Similarly, before cataract surgery, bilateral cases (n = 35) showed similar CCT between the right and left eyes. After cataract surgery, mean CCT increase was 27.4 ± 39.4 μm for first operated eyes of bilateral cases (n = 17, P = .01). Group 2 comprised 50 aphakic/pseudophakic children lacking pre-cataract-removal CCT. CCT was higher in eyes with glaucoma vs those without, at both first and last measurements (ΔCCT 58.9 ± 27.0 μm at first examination, P = .034, and 56.4 ± 27.1 μm at last examination, P = .043, respectively). There was no statistically significant CCT change over the study interval (median 28 months) for either Group 2 eyes with or those without glaucoma. CCT in children with cataracts increases after cataract surgery while the fellow eye remains stable. This increase seems to occur early after surgery, likely remaining stable thereafter, though glaucoma can accentuate the increase.

Central corneal thickness in children with growth hormone deficiency

To evaluate central corneal thickness (CCT), intraocular pressure (IOP) and eye refraction in patients with congenital growth hormone (GH) deficiency. Retrospective case series. Forty-five patients with growth defect treated with recombinant GH and 45 healthy children underwent ophthalmological examination, including CCT measurements, applanation tonometry and cycloplaegic refraction. The average CCT in the GH deficiency group was 570.6μm [standard deviation (SD) 37.4]. In the control group, it was 546.0 (SD 24.9). The average IOP in the GH deficiency group was 18.2mmHg (SD 3.4). In the control group, it was 14.6 (SD 2.0). The mean refractive error (spherical equivalent) in the GH deficiency group was 0.59D (SD 1.9). In the control group, it was 0.11 (SD 2.1). GH and insulin-like growth factor 1 are involved in ocular growth by influencing the synthesis of the extracellular matrix of the sclera. Children with congenital GH deficiency or insensitivity have a mean hyperopic defect related to a shorter axial length. A number of studies have demonstrated that CCT in newborns is significantly greater than in adults; a decrease in CCT is closely correlated with an increase in corneal diameter. This finding suggests that the growth of the eye, with possible remodelling and stretching of collagen fibres, may play an important role in the reduction of corneal thickness in the first years of life. Therefore, we conclude that a greater CCT can represent a sign of a delayed growth of the eye in patients with GH deficiency. Finally, our study confirms the influence of corneal thickness on IOP measures, and the prevalence of hyperopia among children with growth defect.

Central Corneal Thickness in Children and Adolescents with Pediatric Glaucoma and Eye Disorders at Risk of Developing Glaucoma

To investigate central corneal thickness (CCT) in children with glaucoma and at risk for glaucoma. The study included 139 children with glaucoma: 66 at risk for glaucoma (ie, aphakia, aniridia, or uveitis) and 66 normal children. CCT was measured by ultrasound pachymetry and intraocular pressure (IOP) by applanation. Analysis of variance was used to compare CCT between groups. Correlation analysis assessed associations between CCT and ocular factors including spherical equivalent, cup-to-disc ratio, glaucoma medications, and number of intraocular surgeries. CCT was significantly higher for 141 eyes with glaucoma (mean: 0.598 mm, P < .001) and 76 eyes at risk for glaucoma (mean: 0.604 mm, P = .001) than for 66 normal eyes (mean: 0.558 mm). No significant difference was observed between at-risk (P = .989) and glaucoma eyes. Eyes with aphakia (0.653 mm) and aniridia (0.639 mm) had the thickest CCT values. Thinnest CCT was found in anterior segment dysgenesis and uveitis (mean: 0.541 mm). A significant positive correlation between CCT and spherical equivalent was found for glaucoma (r = 0.413; P < .001) and at-risk (r = 0.412; P < .0003) eyes, and between CCT and intraocular surgery for at-risk eyes (P = .0066). A significant negative correlation was found between CCT and cup-to-disc ratio for glaucoma eyes (r = -0.223; P = .01). This is the largest series of CCT in pediatric glaucoma and related disorders. The data suggest caution in application of standard formulas for IOP-to-CCT correction when evaluating children with glaucoma because their mean CCT values extend far beyond values reported for normal eyes.

Central Corneal Thickness in Children With Intellectual Disability: A Controlled Study

To evaluate the central corneal thickness (CCT) in children with intellectual disability (ID) and to determine the association between ID-related variables and CCT. A total of 77 subjects with ID and 38 healthy controls were included in the study. The subjects with ID were subdivided into mild (IQ 50-69; n = 34), moderate (IQ 35-49; n = 30), and severe (IQ <34; n = 13) groups and syndromic (n = 40) versus nonsyndromic (n = 37) distinctions. All children underwent CCT assessment by ultrasound pachymetry, in addition to complete ophthalmologic examination. Analysis of variance, chi test, and linear regression analysis were used for statistical analysis. CCT was significantly higher in the ID group (549.7 +/- 21.4 microm) than that the control group (521.6 +/- 16.9 microm; P < 0.0001). Linear regression analysis revealed that presence of syndromic etiology significantly predicted higher CCT among the individuals with ID (P < 0.0001). Children with ID have an increased CCT compared with healthy controls. Syndromic etiology is the only variable that predicts higher CCT among the individuals with ID. Although the finding of an increased CCT in children with ID is statistically significant, it is not clinically significant.

Central Corneal Thickness in Children With Diabetes

To evaluate the central corneal thickness in children with diabetes and to determine the association between diabetes mellitus-related variables and central corneal thickness. Fifty-nine patients (mean age: 13.2 years) with diabetes mellitus and 38 controls (mean age: 10.3 years) were compared in terms of central corneal thickness assessed by ultrasound pachymetry. The effects of age, gender, the duration of diabetes mellitus, the mean and current hemoglobin A1C (HbA1C) level, and fasting blood sugar level on central corneal thickness were investigated. Analysis of covariance and multivariate regression analysis were used for statistical analysis. The analysis of covariance with age as the covariant indicated that the diabetes mellitus group had significantly increased central corneal thickness (mean: 576.9+/-41.8 microm) compared with the control group (mean: 521+/-16.6 microm) (P<.0001). A multivariate regression model evaluating the effects of age, gender, duration of diabetes mellitus, fasting blood glucose, and the mean and current HbA1C levels on central corneal thickness was statistically significant (F(4,54)=3.33, P=.016). The results indicated that the current HbA1c value was the only significant predictor for central corneal thickness (B=0.29, t=2.13, P=.038) (B=9.7 microm per 1% HbA1C and B=13.3 microm per 1% HbA1C for right and left eyes, respectively). Diabetic patients have a significantly increased (approximately 55 microm) central corneal thickness compared with healthy controls. Current HbA1C value, which is the marker of metabolic control of the disease, is the only disease-related variable that predicts a higher central corneal thickness.

Increased Central Corneal Thickness in Children With Cerebral Palsy

To evaluate central corneal thickness (CCT) values in children with cerebral palsy (CP). Sixty-seven children with CP and 58 healthy control children (125 children total) were enrolled into the study. The CCT value was measured by ultrasound pachymetry. The consecutive measurements were taken from the center of the cornea of each eye. In the CP group, the mean CCT value was 568.46 +/- 31.94 microm in the right eye and 568.01 +/- 32.50 microm in the left eye. In the control group, the mean CCT value was 549.53 +/- 26.16 microm in the right eye and 549.62 +/- 27.58 microm in the left eye. The CCT value was significantly higher in the CP group than in the control group for both eyes (P < 0.001). There was no statistically significant difference between the right and left eyes of children with CP and intellectual disability (ID) and those with CP and no ID (P = 0.344 and 0.076, respectively). Children with CP had an increased CCT compared with healthy control subjects. There was however no significant difference in CCT values between the children with and without ID in our CP group.

Central corneal thickness in children with congenital cataract and children with surgical aphakia: a case-control study

Aim:To measure the central corneal thickness (CCT) of children with congenital cataract and surgical aphakia.Methods:Children with congenital cataract or surgical aphakia were prospectively recruited and divided into four groups: unilateral...