Central Coastal Plain Research Articles

New records of birds from Central Vietnam.

There has been a series of bird surveys conducted in Vietnam over the last 20 years. However, most of these studies and surveys have focused on sites in Tonkin, the Red River Delta, Cochinchina (Mekong Delta), the Central Highlands and mountainous areas of Central Annam (Central region of Vietnam). The central coastal plain as well as the mountainous region of North Annam have rarely been comprehensively investigated. As a result of our field surveys in 2023 and 2024, a total of 15 species of birds are recorded for the first time from North, Central and South Annam, comprising one Frigate-Bird species (Fregatidae), one ibis (Threskiornithidae), one reed-warbler (Acrocephalidae), one Treecreeper (Certhiidae), two buntings (Emberizidae), one chat (Muscicapidae), one yuhina (Zosteropidae), two nuthatches (Sittidae), two members of the laughingthrush family (Leiothrichidae) and three bulbuls (Pycnonotidae). In addition to photographs confirming the new records, we provide information on the distribution and conservation status of these newly-recorded bird species from Central Vietnam.

Spatiotemporal patterns of forest pollinator diversity across the southeastern United States

AbstractAimEfforts to understand how pollinating insect diversity is distributed across large geographic areas are rare despite the importance of such work for conserving regional diversity. We sought to relate the diversity of bees (Hymenoptera: Apoidea), hover flies (Diptera: Syrphidae), and butterflies (Lepidoptera) to ecoregion, landscape context, canopy openness, and forest composition across southeastern U.S. forests.LocationNineteen experimental forests across nine states in the southeastern U.S.MethodsWe established 5–7 plots on each experimental forest. In each, we sampled pollinators monthly (March–September) using coloured pan traps, and collected data on local forest characteristics. We used the National Land Cover Database (NLCD) to quantify surrounding landcover at different spatial scales.ResultsBee richness was negatively correlated with both the amount of conifer (pine) forest and the extent of wetlands in the surrounding landscape but was positively correlated with canopy openness. Hover flies and butterflies were less sensitive to landscape context and stand conditions. Pollinator communities differed considerably among ecoregions, with those of the Central Appalachian and Coastal Plain ecoregions being particularly distinct. Bee richness and abundance peaked 2 months earlier in Central Appalachia than in the Coastal Plain and Southeastern Mixed Forest ecoregions.Main ConclusionsOur findings reveal ecoregional differences in pollinator communities across the southeastern U.S. and highlight the importance of landscape context and local forest conditions to this diverse fauna. The closed broadleaf forests of Appalachia and the open conifer‐dominated forests of the Coastal Plain support particularly distinct pollinator communities with contrasting seasonality. Our results suggest pine forests may reduce pollinator diversity in regions historically dominated by broadleaf forests. However, efforts to create more open canopies can help improve conditions for pollinators in planted pine forests. Research exploring associations between forest pollinators and different broadleaf tree taxa is needed to better anticipate the impacts of various management activities.

Characterizing the Diversity of Oomycetes Associated with Diseased Cotton Seedlings in Alabama.

Many oomycete species are associated with the seedlings of crops, including upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.), which leads to annual threats. The diversity of oomycete species in Alabama needs to be better understood since the last survey of oomycetes associated with cotton in Alabama was 20 years ago-before significant updates to taxonomy and improvements in identification of oomycetes using molecular tools. Our current study aimed to identify oomycetes associated with Alabama cotton seedlings, correlate diversity with soil edaphic factors, and assess virulence toward cotton seed. Thirty symptomatic cotton seedlings were collected independently from 25 fields in 2021 and 2022 2 to 4 weeks after planting. Oomycetes were isolated by plating root sections onto a semiselective medium. The internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region was sequenced to identify the resulting isolates. A seed virulence assay was conducted in vitro to verify pathogenicity, and 347 oomycete isolates were obtained representing 36 species. Northern Alabama soils had the richest oomycete communities and a greater silt and clay concentration than sandier soils in the central and southern coastal plains. Globisporangium irregulare and Phytophthora nicotianae were consistently recovered from cotton roots in both years. Globisporangium irregulare was pathogenic and recovered from all Alabama regions, whereas P. nicotianae was pathogenic but recovered primarily in areas with lower sand content in northern Alabama. Many oomycete species have not been previously reported in Alabama or the southeastern United States. Altogether, this knowledge will help facilitate effective management strategies for cotton seedling diseases caused by oomycetes in Alabama and the United States.

Assessment of seawater intrusion vulnerability of coastal aquifers in context of climate change and sea level rise in the central coastal plains, Vietnam

Assessment of seawater intrusion vulnerability of coastal aquifers in context of climate change and sea level rise in the central coastal plains, Vietnam

Vegetation History and Estuarine Ecology of the Texas Gulf Coastal Plain in Relation to Climate and Sea-Level Changes According to Three Pollen Cores

The vegetation history of the Texas Gulf Coastal Plain in the Holocene is considered according to pollen evidence from three coring sites where both terrestrial and marine ecology are reconstructed. These pollen sites record oscillations in the limit of the Southeastern US Forest zone in relation to climate changes, with a major, southward migration of the forest limit and expansion of the range limit of Betula nigra being recorded in the 6th millennium BP and a northward migration in the 4th millennium BP. The appearance of Rhizophora pollen also indicates increased tropical influence in the Middle Holocene. Moreover, changes in the salinity profiles of estuaries are reconstructed in relation to broader coastal environmental changes, such as sea-level oscillations and the formation of barrier islands, with a major sea-level transgression phase being recorded in the 4th millennium BP and still-stand conditions after the 3rd millennium BP. These vegetation changes are finally compared to occupational evidence of prehistoric humans in the Central Texas Gulf Coastal Plain region in relation to ecological factors. Here, human occupation of the coastal zone is correlated with afforestation, the proliferation of pecan and the emergence of low-salinity estuaries.

The diachronic archaeological record of ancient Yehud: From the Late Chalcolithic to Modern Times

Substantial archaeological exposure of the ancient city of Yehud was achieved through as many as forty-four trial and salvage excavations conducted since 1993. The accumulated data has now reached a critical mass where a broad synthesis is made possible, concerning a site for which investigation has been slow due to the challenges of excavating within a densely populated and rapidly developing modern city. Excavations in the city, located in Israel’s central coastal plain, revealed a patchy history of human settlement, ranging in date between the Late Chalcolithic and Ottoman periods, with lengthy periods of sparse residential use, when the site was variably utilized for funerary, industrial, agricultural, or other types of yet unidentified activities. This comprehensive synthesis unravels the archaeology and history of this little-known site, located at the heart of a region that has undergone major social transformations and historical upheavals during the period in question. The information on Yehud is contextualized with up-to-date knowledge of the archaeology of the central coastal plain, especially concerning Yehud’s hinterland within the Ayalon valley.

Vernacular solutions for small houses in Ha Tinh City towards sustainable and adaptation to climate change

Geographically located on the central coastal plain of Vietnam, with low, flat topography, Ha Tinh City has an urban architecture which interwoven closely with very characteristic rural areas. In 2017-2021, we conducted a research project on building a system of green architecture criteria and proposed architectural design solutions for sustainable small-scale housing in Ha Tinh City in the context of climate change. The research project has conducted surveys, interviews and measurements of climate data at 195 representative houses in 4 typical urban areas of the city. Based on very detailed survey results, combined with the traditional vernacular experience gained from local experts and residents, we have gradually analyzed and assessed the effects of climate change on houses and human activities, from which to build a set of criteria to guide people to build or renovate their homes in the direction of green vernacular architecture which is more sustainable and better adapt to climate change in Ha Tinh.

Assessing Streambed Stability Using D50-Based Stream Power Across Contiguous U.S.

Streambed aggradation and degradation are ways in which a stream will respond to changes in the incoming flow and sediment loads. Several environmental and societal problems are attributed to these channel bed adjustments. Prior studies have extensively used stream power to discern dominant channel processes and establish threshold limits required to trigger channel modifications. However, these studies were constrained by limited datasets and the scope of the applications. The current study used a large dataset of streambed median grain size (D50) across the contiguous U.S. in conjunction with a screening tool to assess the streambed stability for channel erosion and deposition potential. Analysis at the Physiographic Province level indicated major geomorphic changes are highly likely to occur in the Blue Ridge and Pacific Border provinces. Deposition-dominated streams are prominent in the Central Lowland, Great Plains, and Coastal Plain, whereas the Colorado Plateaus and Wyoming Basin have the highest percentage of stable channels. Smoothed spatial maps of stream power indicated the prevalence of high stream power in the Northeast and Pacific Northwest regions of the U.S. Comparison of channel erosion and deposition predictions using the stream power map with actual field calculated aggradation and degradation results yielded a 55% prediction accuracy. Further analysis based on the stream order revealed the association of higher stream power with lower stream orders.

An Elite Middle Bronze IIA Warrior Tomb from Yehud, Central Coastal Plain, Israel

A salvage excavation held at the city of Yehud (Israel) revealed an unusual burial of the Middle Bronze (MB) IIA period. The grave was isolated from other MB burials in the Yehud area and was exceptionally large and rich in terms of the types and diversity of burial offerings, which included pottery vessels, metal objects, and animal bones. An outstanding find among the burial goods was an anthropomorphic jug whose neck was shaped in the form of a seated figure supporting its head with the right hand, evoking the image of Rodin’s “Le Penseur.” This paper presents the grave and offerings uncovered in the excavation and an interpretation of these finds, along with a discussion of the grave within the wider context of Middle Bronze Age burials in Yehud and beyond, suggesting it was associated with an elite warrior, who served most likely as a local leader.

Identification of soil particle size distribution in different sedimentary environments at river basin scale by fractal dimension

The geomorphology of river basin is complex, and its soil sedimentary characteristics are poorly defined. To study the spatial variability of soil structure in different sedimentary environments at the basin scale, 356 sets of soil samples were collected from five typical sedimentary environments in the Yellow River Basin and the Haihe River Basin, including the upper and lower reaches of the rivers, mountain-front plains, central alluvial plains and eastern coastal plains. The particle size distribution (PSD) of the soil samples was obtained using a laser particle size analyzer, and the fractal dimension (D) of the soil structure was derived by applying fractal theory. The PSD, D and the correlation between them were analyzed by the Pearson correlation method for typical sedimentary environments in two basins. The results show that: (1) The main soil types in the typical geological environments in the basin are sand, loamy sand, sandy loam, silty loam, and silty soil. The soil particle size in the upper and lower reaches of the rivers was higher than that in the plain areas. (2) In the plane, The D value descended in different regions in the following order: the mountain-front plain > the eastern coastal plain > the upper Yellow River > the central alluvial plain > the lower Yellow River. In the vertical direction for both rivers, the D value showed a decreasing trend with increasing burial depth. (3) The model results showed a cubic polynomial correlation between D values and PSD, which was closely related to the non-uniformity of particle size during sorting and deposition. The soil PSD and fractal characteristics are effective tools for the quantitative evaluation of soil structure in various sedimentary environments in the basin.

Post-flood recovery in the central coastal plain of Vietnam: determinants and policy implications

Post-flood recovery in the central coastal plain of Vietnam: determinants and policy implications

Late Acheulian Jaljulia - Early human occupations in the paleo-landscape of the central coastal plain of Israel.

The Lower Paleolithic Late Acheulian in the Levant marks a fascinating chapter in human cultural and biological evolution. Nevertheless, many aspects of the Late Acheulian are still undeciphered, hindered by the complex nature of each site on the one hand, a scarcity of wide, multidisciplinary studies on the other, and by difficulties in obtaining absolute chronology for this timeframe. Therefore, subjects such as human subsistence strategies and modes of adaptation, regional diversity, and the possible existence and nature of interactions between hominin groups are largely understudied. The discovery and study of Jaljulia, a large-scale Late Acheulian site at the central Coastal Plain, Israel, add valuable insights to the research of this chapter in human history. Considered to represent recurrent occupations at a favored, water and flint-rich setting, the site has provided extensive lithic assemblages obtained from several localities. Absolute chronology places the human activity on-site at roughly 500-300 ky (and possibly even later), which is suggested to be divided into several main occupation phases. Geomorphological and sedimentological analyses show a change in environmental conditions, from aeolian sand deposition and overlying Hamra soil during the Middle Pleistocene to high energy fluvial regime which transported large gravels in a north-south paleo-channel. Wetland environments, correlating to the human activity on site, developed later due to higher sea levels and a coastline shifts to the eastward, which caused a blockage of the Yarkon stream corridor to the sea by marine sand. In this paper we present results of the study of the site, including geomorphological formation and post-depositional processes, absolute chronology, lithic and faunal analyses. The site's extensive lithic assemblages are currently under study and future investigations are expected to shed more light on the technological nature of Late Acheulian Jaljulia.

Lithic provisioning strategies at the Middle Paleolithic open-air site of Nesher Ramla, Israel: A case study from the upper sequence

The mid-Middle Paleolithic (late Marine Isotope Stage 6 and Marine Isotope Stage 5) is the least documented phase of the Levantine Middle Paleolithic (MP), especially concerning flint provisioning strategies. Our study of raw material exploitation at Nesher Ramla karst sinkhole (central Coastal Plain, Israel) provides an intriguing glimpse into the decision making of mid-Middle Paleolithic hominins. In this study we focused on the identification of the provisioning strategies derived from two horizons (which we dubbed the “Pelvis Horizon” and the “Stones Horizon”) from the upper part of the Nesher Ramla sequence. We applied several analytical measures: a survey of raw material sources, material composition and typo-technological analyses of the archaeological assemblages, mainly using the chaîne opératoire approach and a taphonomic-taxonomic analysis of the faunal assemblages.Our study demonstrates that different lithic provisioning strategies were practiced in each horizon. The findings for the Pelvis Horizon are particularly interesting. They offer strong evidence for hunter-gatherers’ personal toolkits associated with the provisioning of individuals strategy. The Stones Horizon, conversely, produced a mixed signal, containing evidence for both intensive in situ knapping and mobile toolkits. The faunal remains echo these differences: Compared to the Stones Horizon, the zooarchaeological assemblage of the Pelvis Horizon presents lower frequencies of bone fracturing, anthropogenic modifications, and burning. Accordingly, during the Pelvis Horizon, the site most likely functioned as an ephemeral hunting station whereas, during the Stones Horizon, it hosted a broader range of activities and longer occupations. These observations shed light on the variability of south Levantine MP mobility patterns, modes of occupation, and site function.

P609 Impact of accessibility of medical care and socioeconomic class on outcomes of IBD – a nationwide population study

Abstract Background Despite ongoing improvements in Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) therapeutics, timely access to quality medical care likely impacts patient outcomes. Physical distance from specialty care and socioeconomic status (SES) may impact quality of care. In a nationwide population study we aimed to assess the impact of patient location and SES on IBD outcomes. Methods This Epi-IIRN project utilized a meta-database incorporating patient data of all four health maintenance organisations (HMO) in Israel, representing 98% of the population. All patients identified on the incidence cohort were followed from diagnosis until end of 2018. Regions in Israel were defined as central (coastal plain and Jerusalem corridor), northern region and southern region. SES class were defined by postcode as per Israel bureau of statistics data from SES 1 (lowest) to SES 4 (highest). Primary outcome was steroid dependency, with secondary outcomes of biologic therapy use during first year of diagnosis, surgery, gastroenterology visits, hospitalizations and mortality. Analysis was performed separately for Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC). Results A total of 30,167 IBD patients (16,936 (56%) CD and 13,231 (44%) UC) were included: 74% of patients were in central region, 12% southern region and 14% northern region. 21% were in SES class 1 and 12% in SES 4. In CD, lower SES was associated with higher steroid dependency (37% vs 30%, p=0.002), higher surgery rates (21% vs 12%, p<0.001), more hospitalizations (2.4 vs 1.1, p<0.001), more emergency department (ER) visits (2.9 vs 1.9, p<0.001) and higher mortality (3.3% vs 2.5%, p=0.03). Regarding region, steroid dependency, hospitalization rate, ER visits and surgery rate were all lower in central regions compared to both northern and southern region (p<0.001 for both central vs northern, and central vs southern regions). Similarly, gastrointestinal specialized clinic visits were more frequent in central regions (p=0.01). In UC, lower SES was associated with lower frequency of gastrointestinal clinic visits (5.0 vs 8.5, p<0.001). This was associated with more hospitalizations (1.6 vs 0.7, p<0.001), ER visits (2.1 vs 1.6, p=0.002), surgeries (7.6% vs 5.0%, p=0.014) and higher mortality (5.1% vs 4.2%, p=0.026). By region, gastrointestinal clinic visits were more frequent, and ER visits, hospitalizations (all p<0.001) and surgeries (p=0.001) were all lower in central compared to both northern and southern regions. Conclusion In this nationwide analysis we show deleterious impact of both lower SES and peripheral residence on outcomes of CD and UC. Policy makers should consider these data to facilitate improved access to medical care and maximize IBD outcomes in a standardized way.

The charcoal assemblage from Nesher Ramla, Israel: A contribution to the paleo-environmental dataset from Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 5 in the Levant

This paper presents the results of the wood charcoal analyses from the Middle Paleolithic open-air site at Nesher Ramla, on the central coastal plain of Israel. The study focuses on the interpretation of the charcoals left by fires used by Middle Paleolithic hominins during early Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 5. Moreover, this study sheds light on the arboreal taxa present in the vegetation and environmental conditions in the southern Levant during the Middle Paleolithic. A small quantity of identifiable charcoals was retrieved from the 8-m-thick archaeological sequence of the site (Units II to VI). The largest charcoal assemblage was recovered from part of the sequence dated to MIS 5e. The results show the presence of deciduous Quercus sp. and Prunus. The presence of these taxa, together with other proxies from the multidisciplinary studies at Nesher Ramla, indicate an arboreal setting with relatively humid and mild climatic conditions in MIS 5e. Our results further suggest that wood was used as fuel at Nesher Ramla. Given the scarcity of Middle Paleolithic sites in the Levant that have yielded charcoal, this new data from Nesher Ramla constitutes an important contribution to the study of past environments and the exploitation of plant resources by human groups.

Back to Naṣbeh: New Compositional Analysis of Philistine Bichrome Pottery from Tell en‐Naṣbeh

Philistine Bichrome pottery is one of the most important, well‐known, and easily identifiable features of the Philistine material culture of the early Iron Age (ca. 1,200–1,000 BCE) in the southern Levant. The Philistines were probably a group of immigrants from the Aegean region and Cyprus arriving at several sites in the southern coastal plains of Palestine. More than 25 years ago, results from Neutron Activation of several Philistine Bichrome vessels from the site of Tell en‐Naṣbeh were published by Gunneweg and others. The results were surprising because some of the typical Philistine vessels were found to be locally produced at this hill‐land Judean site. Several vessels found to have been from an un‐localized source. This study follows up on this issue, incorporating both petrographic and new chemical analysis, and enlarging the sample size. Consequently, we can provenance most Philistine vessels from this site more clearly to the central hills, the southern coastal plains (Philistia), and the central coastal plains of Israel. The significance of the distribution of the provenance of the Philistine pottery is further discussed.

Historical Landscape Use of Migratory Caribou: New Insights From Old Antlers

Accumulations of shed caribou antlers (Rangifer tarandus) are valuable resources for expanding the temporal scope with which we evaluate seasonal landscape use of herds. Female caribou shed their antlers within days of giving birth, thus marking calving ground locations. Antler geochemistry (87Sr/86Sr) reflects the isotopic signature of regions used during antler growth, thereby providing data on a second component of seasonal landscape use. Here, we evaluate shed caribou antlers from the Coastal Plain of the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge, Alaska. The Central and Eastern regions of the Coastal Plain are calving grounds for the Porcupine Caribou Herd, while the Western Coastal Plain supports calving by the Central Arctic Herd. We found that antler 87Sr/86Sr from the Central and Eastern Coastal Plain were isotopically indistinguishable, while antler 87Sr/86Sr from the Western Coastal Plain was significantly smaller. For each region, we compared isotopic data for “recent” antlers, which overlap the bulk of standardized state and federal caribou monitoring (early 1980s and younger), with “historical” antlers shed in years predating these records (from the 1300s to the 1970s). For Porcupine Herd females calving in the Arctic Refuge, comparisons of antler 87Sr/86Sr through time indicate that summer ranges have been consistent since at least the 1960s. However, changes between historical and recent antler 87Sr/86Sr for the Central Arctic Herd indicate a shift in summer landscape use after the late 1970s. The timing of this shift is coincident with multiple factors including increased infrastructural development in their range related to hydrocarbon extraction. Accumulations of shed caribou antlers and their isotope geochemistry extend modern datasets by decades to centuries and provide valuable baseline data for evaluating potential anthropogenic and other influences on caribou migration and landscape use.

Tomographic signatures and origin of the 2016 Meinung earthquake (Mw 6.7), Kaohsiung, SW Taiwan

Abstract In order to investigate the plausible generation mechanism of the 2016 Mw 6.7 Meinung earthquake, a large number of high-quality travel times of P- and S-wave source-receiver pairs are inverted to assimilate high resolution three-dimensional (3-D) seismic velocity (Vp, Vs) and Poisson’s ratio (σ) structures in this study. Our seismic imaging revealed that the 2016 Meinung earthquake occurred along a distinctive edge portion exhibiting high-to-low variations in these parameters in both horizontal and vertical directions across the hypocenter. A continuous low-velocity zone with high-σ is found to be intriguingly associated with the Laonung and Chisan faults where the western upper crust beneath the central coastal plain, western foothills, and southeastern lower crust under the central range are clearly imaged. We propose that weakening of the southeastern crust is attributed to the intrusion of fluids either from the young fold cum thrust fault belt in the shallow crust, or from the dehydration of the subducted Eurasian continental (EC) plate in the lower crust to the upper mantle. The earthquake genesis beneath SW Taiwan is associated with two predominant processes: (i) fluid intrusion into the upper Oligocene to the Pleistocene shallow marine and clastic, shelf units of the Eurasian continental crust; (ii) fluid intrusion into the relatively thin uppermost part of the transitional Pleistocene-Holocene foreland formed along the deformational front due to the subduction of the EC plate. Our estimated models demonstrate that the reduction of anomalous signatures of crustal attributes (Vp, Vs, σ) due to intrusion of fluids might have lowered the seismogenic strength of the source zone and contributed to the genesis of the 2016 Meinung mainshock.

Evaluation of Liquefaction Potential of Coastal Alluvium Using SPT Data - A Comparative Case Study

Earthquake induced soil liquefaction causes large scale damage to the infrastructures, lifeline systems and harbor facilities. Evaluation of the liquefaction potential of a soil subjected to seismic loading is one of the most important steps towards mitigation of liquefaction-induced damages. Nowadays, evaluation of liquefaction potential in case of susceptible soils is considered as a routine practice. The proposed coastal National Highway (NH) connecting Digha of West Bengal to Gopalpur of Odisha under Bharatmala Pariyojana is a major NH project undertaken by the National Highway Authority of India (NHAI). The district Kendrapara lies in 20° 20’ N to 20° 37’ N Latitude and 86° 14’ E to 87° 01’ E Longitude and situated in central coastal plain on the Bay of Bengal and comes under the seismic zone III as per the seismic zoning map of Bureau of Indian Standards (IS 1893 (Part 1): 2016). As the coastal alluvium is susceptible to liquefaction, some of the SPT bore log data collected from the two coastal locations of Kendrapara district of Odisha under the above project is used for evaluation of liquefaction potential of soil following available statistical method, artificial neural network (ANN) based method and multi-gene genetic programming (MGGP) based method. It is observed that some layers of the above soil are liquefiable considering a future seismic event of moment magnitude (Mw), 7. All the above three methods are predicting well the liquefaction and non-liquefaction cases.

First description of the fossil otolith-based sciaenid, <em>Equetulus silverdalensis</em> n. comb., in the Gulf Coastal Plain, USA, with comments on the enigmatic distribution of the species

The fossil otolith-based sciaenid genus Equetulus is known almost exclusively from South America, the Caribbean, and Central America, with the various species ranging in age from the late Oligocene to late Miocene. The only exception to this geographical distribution is the isolated occurrence of Equetulus silverdalensis n. comb. in the Belgrade Formation (latest Oligocene–early Miocene) in the Atlantic Coastal Plain of the USA (North Carolina) and a mention of its occurrence in the Chickasawhay Limestone (late Oligocene) in the Gulf Coastal Plain of the USA (Mississippi). However, sampling of the Paynes Hammock Sand (late Oligocene, Chattian) near Millry, Alabama, USA, resulted in the discovery of an otolith representing the first occurrence of E. silverdalensis in Alabama and the first systematic description of the species from the Gulf Coastal Plain of the USA. These occurrences suggest a potential distribution of this fossil species from Atlantic Coastal Plain of North Carolina to the central Gulf Coastal Plain of Alabama and possibly Mississippi.