Central Auditory Processing Assessment Research Articles

Development and Evaluation of the Italian Version of the Dichotic Digit Test: Insights from 39 Normal-Hearing Children Aged 11 to 13 years.

BACKGROUND The dichotic digit test (DDT) is one of the tests for the behavioral assessment of central auditory processing. Dichotic listening tests are sensitive ways of assessing cortical structures, the corpus callossum, and binaural integration mechanisms, showing strong correlations with learning difficulties. The DDT is presently available in a number of languages, each appropriate for the subject's native language. However, there is presently no test in the Italian language. The goal of this study was to develop an Italian version of the one-pair dichotic digit test (DDT-IT) and analyze results in 39 normal-hearing Italian children 11 to 13 years old. We used 2 conditions of presentation: free recall and directed attention (left or right ear), and looked at possible effects of sex and ear side. MATERIAL AND METHODS This study involved 3 steps: creation of the stimuli, checking their quality with Italian speakers, and assessment of the DDT-IT in our subject pool. The study involved 39 children (26 girls and 13 boys), aged 11-13 years. All participants underwent basic audiological assessment, auditory brainstem response, and then DDT-IT. RESULTS Results under free recall and directed attention conditions were similar for right and left ears, and there were no sex or age effects. CONCLUSIONS The Italian version of DDT (DDT-IT) has been developed and its performance on 39 normal-hearing Italian children was assessed. We found there were no age or sex effects for either the free recall condition or the directed attention condition.

Assessment of Central Auditory Processing in Children Using a Novel Tablet-Based Platform: Application for Low- and Middle-Income Countries.

Evaluate whether a portable, tablet-based central auditory processing (CAP) test system using native language training videos and administered by minimally trained community health workers can produce CAP results comparable to previously published norms. Our secondary aim was to determine subject parameters that influence test results. Cross-sectional study. Community-based settings in Chontales, Nicaragua, New Hampshire, and Florida. English- and/or Spanish-speaking children and adolescents (n = 245; average age, 12.20 yr; range, 6-18 yr). Completion of the following tests with responses comparable to published norms: Pure-tone average (PTA), gap detection threshold (GDT), fixed-level frequency threshold, masking level difference (MLD), Hearing in Noise Test (HINT), Dichotic Digits Test (DDT), and Frequency Pattern Recognition (FPR) test. GDT, HINT, and DDT had comparable results to previously published normative values. MLD and FPR results differed compared with previously published normative values. Most CAP tests (MLD, GDT, HINT) results were independent of age and PTA (p = 0.1-0.9). However, DDT was associated with age and PTA (p < 0.0001). Pediatric CAP testing can be successfully completed in remote low- and middle- income country environments using a tablet-based platform without the presence of an audiologist. Performance on DDT improved with age but deteriorated with hearing loss. Further investigation is warranted to assess the variability of FPR.

Central auditory processing and self-perception questionnaire after acoustically controlled auditory training in individuals with mild traumatic brain injury.

To correlate behavioral assessment results of central auditory processing and the self-perception questionnaire after acoustically controlled auditory training. The study assessed 10 individuals with a mean age of 44.5 years who had suffered mild traumatic brain injury. They underwent behavioral assessment of central auditory processing and answered the Formal Auditory Training self-perception questionnaire after the therapeutic intervention - whose questions address auditory perception, understanding orders, request to repeat statements, occurrence of misunderstandings, attention span, auditory performance in noisy environments, telephone communication, and self-esteem. Patients were asked to indicate the frequency with which the listed behaviors occurred. Figure-ground, sequential memory for sounds, and temporal processing correlated with improvement in following instructions, fewer requests to repeat statements, increased attention span, improved communication, and understanding on the phone and when watching TV. Auditory closure, figure-ground, and temporal processing had improved in the assessment after the acoustically controlled auditory training, and there were fewer auditory behavior complaints.

Behavioral Assessment of Central Auditory Processing in Turner Syndrome.

Introduction Turner syndrome (TS) affects ∼ 1 in 2,500 live births. The presence of hearing alterations is one of the comorbidities found in this syndrome. Objective The present study aimed to evaluate the central auditory abilities in TS and to associate the alterations found with the cytogenetic pattern of the syndrome. Methods We included children and adults aged 9 to 39 years old, diagnosed with TS, with numerical or structural alterations of sex chromosomes in their karyotype. A battery of behavioral tests of central auditory processing (CAP) was performed, including a test within the modalities: monoaural low-redundancy, dichotic listening, binaural interaction, and temporal processing (resolution and ordering). We studied auditory skills in the total sample and in the sample stratified by age, divided into groups: G1 (9 to 13 years old), G2 (14 to 19 years old), and G3 (20 to 31 years old). For the association of the cytogenetic pattern, the division was T1 (chromosome monosomy X), and T2 (other TS cytogenetic patterns). Statistical analysis presented data expressed as median and interquartile range for numerical data and as frequency and percentage for categorical data. Results We found alterations in four auditory skills in the three age groups, but there was a statistically significant difference between the age groups only in the Gaps in Noise Test (GIN) ( p -value = 0.009). Regarding karyotype, a greater number of alterations in the T1 cytogenetic pattern (chromosome monosomy X) was observed in four auditory skills, but without a statistically significant difference. Conclusion The alterations found point to an impairment in CAP in TS.

Changes in Auditory Evoked Potentials Increase the Chances of Adults Having Central Auditory Processing Disorder.

Introduction Auditory evoked potentials are widely used in clinical practice to complement the assessment of central auditory processing. However, it is necessary to understand whether these potentials are highly accurate, to assist in the diagnosis of auditory processing disorder. Objective To measure the accuracy of middle and long latency auditory evoked potentials in the diagnosis of auditory processing disorder in adults. Methods This is a case-control study, formed by a control group of 30 individuals with normal auditory processing assessment, and a case group composed of 43 individuals with altered auditory processing assessment. Their sensitivities, specificities, accuracies, positive and negative predictive values for the diagnosis of alterations were measured and compared between the potentials. Results The accuracies of the middle and long latency potentials were 51% and 67%, respectively. The P1-N1-P2 and N2-P300 complexes had an accuracy of 57.5% and 58.9%, respectively. The cognitive potential P300 showed an accuracy of 55%. There was no significant result for the middle-latency potential (OR = 1.8; 95% CI: 0.6-5.4, p > 0.42) and for P300 (OR = 2.63, 95% CI: 0.85-8.43, p > 0.11). However, the result was significant for the long-latency potential (OR = 6.3; 95% CI: 2-19.6, p < 0.01). There was a significant result for the P1-N1-P2 complexes (OR = 6.76, 95% CI:1.4-32.5, p = < 0.010) and N2-P300 (OR = 3.60; 95% CI: 10.16-11.20, p < 0.039). Conclusion Individuals with altered long-latency auditory evoked potential are more likely to have auditory processing disorder and, as such, this test can be used as a complementary tool to confirm the diagnosis.

Benefits of intervention in the Central Auditory Nervous System in individuals with Neurofibromatosis Type 1.

To verify the effectiveness of acoustically controlled auditory training in individuals with Neurofibromatosis Type 1. The sample consisted of individuals with Neurofibromatosis Type 1, randomly distributed into two groups, making up the intervention group: individuals undergoing formal auditory training; and the comparison group: individuals who were not submitted to the intervention. Behavioral assessment of central auditory processing and electrophysiological evaluation, composed by Brainstem Auditory Evoked Potential and Long Latency-P300 Auditory Evoked Potential, were evaluated in three moments of evaluations: initial evaluation, reevaluation and after four months of reevaluation and comparing the performance between the groups. Better performances in central auditory processing were observed after the formal auditory training in the intervention group with significant differences between the evaluations and performance maintenance four months after the end of the training. Significant differences were observed between the groups in the evaluations after the intervention. The electrophysiological evaluation shows unsystematic variation in the short latency potentials and changes in the long latency potentials with the appearance of the P3 wave after the intervention. The behavioral and electrophysiological evaluation in group that was not submitted to the intervention demonstrated that there is no improvement without the intervention, with deterioration of performance. Significant differences were observed in the behavioral and electrophysiological evaluations, in favor of the group submitted to formal auditory training. Formal auditory training is effective in rehabilitation in individuals with Neurofibromatosis Type 1. Neurofibromatosis 1; Hearing Disorders; Auditory Perceptual Disorders; Acoustic Stimulation; Evoked Potentials, Auditory.

Development and Standardization of Low-Verbal Material for Assessment of Central Auditory Processing in Arabic Language

Development and Standardization of Low-Verbal Material for Assessment of Central Auditory Processing in Arabic Language

Standardization of Latency and Amplitude Values of Short, Middle and Long Latency Auditory Evoked Potentials in Adults.

Introduction Auditory processing refers to the efficiency and effectiveness with which the central auditory nervous system uses auditory information. Middle- and long-latency auditory evoked potentials are objective electrophysiological tests that can complement the diagnosis of alterations involving central auditory processing. Objective To standardize latency and amplitude values for short-, middle-, and long-latency auditory evoked potentials in adults with normal hearing thresholds. Methods This is a cross-sectional study. Thirty-three adults with normal hearing thresholds, without hearing complaints, and with normal central auditory processing were evaluated. All underwent basic audiological evaluation, central auditory processing assessment, and short-, middle-, and long-latency auditory evoked potentials. Results Absolute latency and interpeak values for middle- and long-latency auditory evoked potentials were lower than internationally suggested. However, for the brainstem auditory evoked potential, the means were within the range considered as normal, as suggested in the equipment. Conclusion The present study provided measurements of normal latencies and amplitudes for short-, middle-, and long-latency auditory evoked potentials in adults.

Effects of aging on dichotic listening ability

BackgroundElderly patients frequently suffer from problems in speech discrimination especially in noisy situation, and they also have several problems from using amplifications devices especially binaural amplification. This necessitates the need for central auditory evaluation in association of peripheral auditory evaluation. The aim of the present study was to explore the effects of aging on dichotic listening performance. This was a case-control study conducted at the Audiology Unit, ENT Department. Participant were 46 individuals within the age range of 60 to 89 years with no history of neurological disorder or cognitive impairment, and all the participants were of high social class. Forty-five adult individuals (control group) with the age range 32–57 years, with no history of neurological disorders. Both cases and control groups were subjected to otological examination, immittancemetry, puretone audiometry, speech audiometry, and central auditory processing assessment by the use of central questionnaire for elderly and dichotic digits (version II) test.ResultsThe elderly group scored significantly depressed scores of dichotic digits’ test, especially in the left ear than in the adult group.ConclusionDichotic listening ability was significantly affected in elderly patients.

Auditory Processing Disorder Test Battery in European Portuguese-Development and Normative Data for Pediatric Population.

There is an increasing need for state-of-the-art Central Auditory Processing assessment for Portuguese native speakers, applicable as early as possible. As a contribution to answering this need, this paper presents a new battery for Central Auditory Processing assessment for European Portuguese applicable to children aged 5 and above, named BAPA-PE, providing information regarding test selection and development. The battery consists of six behavioral tests: Staggered Spondaic Words (SSW) for European Portuguese, Filtered Speech, Speech in Noise, Detection Interval in Noise, Duration, and Frequency Pattern. The normative data for children aged 5 to 12 are also reported. A sample was obtained of 217 subjects without ear pathology and with typical development. Each age group was composed of at least 30 children. All children were evaluated using pure tone audiometry, speech audiometry, impedance, and otoacoustic emissions. Normative scores are reported for each of the six auditory processing tests. The assessment is applicable to young children (aged 5 and 6). The statistical analyses showed significant effects in scores of Age for all tests and of Ear for several tests. The main result from the work presented, the Auditory Processing Assessment Battery—European Portuguese (BAPA-PE), is available for clinical use with normative data. This battery is a new tool for behaviorism assessment of European Portuguese speakers with suspected central auditory pathology and for monitoring the results of auditory training.

Electrophysiological and behavioral evaluation of auditory processing before and after speech therapy intervention in children after traumatic brain injury: Case reports

Objectives: to verify the effects of a speech therapy intervention program in children after moderate and severe traumatic brain injury using electrophysiological and behavioral assessment of central auditory processing. Method: Five children aged 9 to 11 years old who suffered closed brain trauma of moderate or severe degree for at least 6 months, right-handed, literate before the injury, diagnosed with Central Auditory Processing and Reading and Writing Disorders. Ten speech therapy intervention sessions were held, covering the area of language and auditory training activities. Children were submitted to electrophysiological evaluation with Long Latency Auditory Evoked Potential and behavioral assessment of central auditory processing, pre and post intervention. Results: Statistically significant, after speech therapy intervention, in the LLAEP with tone burst, there was an improvement in the latencies of the N2 component in both ears and P3 in the right ear. CAPD improves the memory test for verbal sounds in sequence and the speech test with white noise in the right ear. Conclusion: After the speech therapy intervention program in individuals with TBI it was observed: reduction of the latency of the N1 component in the left ear, in the LLAEP with tone burst; reduction of the latencies of the components N1, P2 and N2 in the right and left ears, and for the latency of the P3 only in the right ear, in the LLAEP with complex stimuli and performance improvement in the behavioral tests of central auditory memory processing for verbal sounds in sequence and speech with white noise.

Simplified assessment of central auditory processing in individuals presented with trisomy 21

ABSTRACT Purpose: to analyze the performance of individuals with trisomy 21 (T21) in the simplified assessment of central auditory processing, identify the impaired skills, and compare it with the results of the hearing self-perception questionnaire administered to the parents. Methods: a descriptive, observational, quantitative study conducted at the Speech-Language-Hearing Teaching Clinic of a public university. The sample comprised 16 individuals with T21, aged 8 to 33 years. Simplified assessment tests of central auditory processing were conducted, namely, sounds localization and sequential memory for verbal and nonverbal sounds, diotically. Then, the Scale of Auditory Behaviors (SAB) was administered to the subjects’ parents/guardians. The descriptive statistical analysis with the chi-square test considered p&lt;0.05. Results: in the simplified assessment, 81.3% had abnormal results in the memory tests for verbal sounds; 75%, in the memory tests for nonverbal sounds; and 37.5%, in the sound localization test. In the Scale of Auditory Behaviors, 62.5% of the answers indicated changes in the central auditory processing, demonstrating that the scale can be useful to identify such changes. However, there was no significant association between the questionnaire and the behavioral test results. Conclusion: the results point to impaired sequential memory skills for verbal and nonverbal sounds in most individuals assessed. The simplified assessment results indicate the need for assessments of central auditory processing. Hence, the simplified assessment is highly important to detect possible changes in the central auditory processing that might interfere with the communication and overall learning of individuals presented with trisomy 21.

Acoustically controlled auditory training in children with speech disfluency: a case report

ABSTRACT The purpose of this study was to verify the effect of the acoustically controlled auditory training on the speech fluency of children diagnosed with developmental stuttering. Two patients were submitted to speech fluency evaluation, basic audiological assessment, and central auditory processing assessment, before and after the intervention with the digital platform. Two male individuals (P1 and P2) participated in the research. They were respectively 8 and 9 years old, both were right-handed, native Brazilian Portuguese speakers, diagnosed with developmental stuttering, P1 presenting a moderate, and P2, a mild-to-moderate degree. There was an improvement in some auditory skills. However, there was no improvement in the speech fluency pattern in neither of the cases studied.

Central auditory processing in teenagers with non-cholesteatomatous chronic otitis media

IntroductionEvidences of possible effects of early age otitis media with effusion in the central auditory processing, emphasize the need to consider such effects also in subjects with chronic otitis media. AimTo investigate and analyze the impact of non-cholesteatomatous chronic otitis media on central auditory processing in teenagers. MethodsThis is a study in which 68 teenagers were recruited, 34 with a diagnosis of non-cholesteatomatous chronic otitis media (study group) and 34 without otological disease history (control group). The evaluation of the subjects consisted of: anamnesis, pure-tone threshold audiometry, speech audiometry and a behavioral test battery for assessment of central auditory processing. ResultsA statistically significant difference was found between the means observed in the study and control groups in all tests performed. An association was found between the control group and subgroups of the study group with unilateral alterations in all tests. An association was shown between the results for the control group and study group for family income, with a greater impact on subjects with a lower income. ConclusionsNon-cholesteatomatous chronic otitis media affects the central auditory processing in teenagers suffering from the disorder, and monaural low-redundancy hearing is the most affected auditory mechanism. Unilateral conductive changes cause more damage than bilateral ones, and lower family income seems to lead to more changes to the central auditory processing of subjects with non-cholesteatomatous chronic otitis media.

Central auditory function in multiple sclerosis patients

Objectives: To evaluate central auditory functions in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients. Subjects and Methods: Twenty Egyptian MS patients involved in the study and 20 healthy controls who were matched to MS group in age, gender, and literacy. They ranged in age from 30 to 50 years with a mean age 37.6 ± 5 in the study group versus 37.3 ± 4.2 in the control group. In this study, four screening tests were conducted for the assessment of central auditory processing: Gaps In Noise test (GIN), Arabic dichotic digits test (DDT), Pitch Pattern Sequence test (PPS), and last Arabic Speech In Noise test (SPIN). Results: The study showed elevated GIN test approximate threshold and depressed total score in MS patients compared to the control group, with no significant difference between both right and left ears. There was statistical significant depressed scores in study groups at PPS, speech intelligibility in noise, and DDTs. Conclusion The findings of the current study add more evidence to the involvement of central auditory processing abilities in patients with MS. The assessment of central auditory function is highly recommended for all MS patients as a routine examination and can be used for monitoring the effectiveness of medication and related therapies for these patients.

Deficiência visual x habilidades auditivas: desempenho das habilidades do processamento auditivo central em deficientes visuais

Introdução: Na ausência da visão, o cérebro humano necessita compensar tal deficiência sensorial se ajustando para que outros sentidos venham a equilibrar percepções externas. Objetivo: Comparar o desempenho das habilidades do processamento auditivo central entre um grupo de deficientes visuais e um grupo com visão normal. Métodos: Os participantes foram divididos em dois grupos, sendo o grupo estudo (GE), composto por 13 deficientes visuais, que posteriormente foi subdividido de acordo com o grau e tipo da deficiência; e grupo controle (GC), formado pelo mesmo número de participantes, com visão normal. Ambos os grupos foram submetidos a um questionário sobre seu histórico auditivo, meatoscopia, avaliação auditiva básica, composta por audiometria tonal e vocal e imitanciometria, sendo que os participantes com integridade e acuidade auditiva adequada passaram à realização dos testes para avaliação do processamento auditivo central (SSW, MLD, TDCV, PPS e RGDT). Resultados: Observou-se que, no geral, o GE obteve melhor resultado apenas na orelha esquerda em condição competitiva, no teste SSW. No MLD, houve diferença estatisticamente significante com média geral superior no GE. No TDCV, em atenção livre, a ocorrência de acertos geral foi maior no GC, enquanto que, em escuta direcionada, o GE obteve média geral superior na atenção direita e o GC na atenção esquerda. Nos testes PPS e RGDT, observou-se que o GE mostrou desempenho geral superior. Conclusão: Através dos testes de processamento auditivo central, foi possível comprovar que o GE obteve desempenho mais eficiente nas habilidades auditivas avaliadas.

Hearing Characteristics of Stroke Patients: Prevalence and Characteristics of Hearing Impairment and Auditory Processing Disorders in Stroke Patients.

Stroke survivors may suffer from a range of hearing impairments that may restrict their participation in postacute rehabilitation programs. Hearing impairment may have a significant impact on listening, linguistic skills, and overall communication of the affected stroke patient. However, no studies sought to systematically characterize auditory function of stroke patients in detail, to establish the different types of hearing impairments in this cohort of patients. Such information would be clinically useful in understanding and addressing the hearing needs of stroke survivors. The present study aimed to characterize and classify the hearing impairments, using a detailed audiological assessment test battery, in order to determine the level of clinical need and inform appropriate rehabilitation for this patient population. A case-control study. Forty-two recruited stroke patients who were discharged from a stroke unit and 40 control participants matched for age. All participants underwent pure-tone audiometry and immittance measurements including acoustic reflex threshold, transient-evoked otoacoustic emissions, auditory-evoked brainstem response, and a central auditory processing assessment battery, performed in a single session. Hearing impairments were classified as peripheral hearing loss (cochlear and neural type), central auditory processing disorder (CAPD), and as a combination of CAPD and peripheral hearing loss. Overall mean hearing thresholds were not significantly different between the control and stroke groups. The most common type of hearing impairment in stroke patients was the combination type, "peripheral and CAPD," in the 61- to 80-yr-old subgroup (in 55%), and auditory processing deficits in 18- to 60-yr-olds (in 40%), which were both significantly higher than in controls. This is the first study to examine hearing function in detail in stroke patients. Given the importance of hearing for the efficiency of communication, it is essential to identify hearing impairments and differentiate peripheral and central deficits to define an appropriate intervention plan.

Auditory Processing Abilities in Children with Mild Hearing Loss

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of mild peripheral hearing loss on central auditory processing tests. A central auditory test battery in Korean (Central Auditory Processing Assessment, CAPA-K) that consisted of Speech-in-Noise Test (SINT), Low-passed Filtered Test (LPFT), Dichotic Digit Test (DDT), Frequency Pattern Test (FPT), and Binaural Fusion Test (BFT) was administrated to 10 school-aged children with mild peripheral hearing loss and the age matched controls with normal hearing. Scores of hearing-impaired children were significantly lower than control subjects’ scores when the test stimuli were presented at the comfortable presentation level. All of these tasks were affected by mild hearing loss, with the monaural-low-redundancy tasks being the most seriously affected. The results indicate that while the central auditory test battery can be administered to mild peripheral hearing losses, all results must be interpreted with caution.

Central auditory functions in elderly individuals

AbstractElderly individuals often have more difficulty in understanding speech than younger adults, particularly in noisy environments. Three models that attempt to explain this are as follows: (a) deterioration in peripheral hearing; (b) structural changes to the central auditory system; and (c) changes in normal cognitive processes. The aim of this study was to assess the central auditory functions in an elderly population and compare them with those of an adult population. Participants and methods The study group included 60 elderly individuals; they were older than 60 years of age and were divided into two subgroups: the first subgroup A included 24 elderly individuals with normal peripheral hearing and the second subgroup B included 36 elderly individuals with presbycusis with a mild degree of hearing loss. The control group included 30 individuals ranging in age from 18 to 30 years. Both the study and the control group were subjected to an otological examination, immittancemetry, pure tone audiometry, speech audiometry, and central auditory processing assessment using the following selected few behavioral central auditory tests: synthetic sentence identification test with ipsilateral competing message (SSI-ICM), dichotic digits test (DDT), auditory fusion test-revised (AFT-R), and pitch pattern sequences test (PPT). Results There were elevated hearing thresholds at mostly all frequencies with statistically significant differences on comparing both study subgroups A and B with the control group. On using SSI-ICM, in the competition ratio (−15 dB), there were statistically significantly low scores in subgroups A and B compared with the control group. Results of DDT showed statistically significantly low scores on comparing the results between the left ear and the right ear in both subgroups A and B. There was a statistically significant elevated gap threshold for tonal stimuli in the AFT-R test on comparing both subgroups A and B with the control group. The results of PPT showed that subgroup B obtained a statistically significantly lower score compared with the control group. There was a statistically significant negative correlation between age and the results of SSI-ICM in the competition ratio 0 dB when presented to the left ear, DDT, and PPT. There was a statistically significant positive correlation between age and the results of AFT-R when presented at 4000 Hz. Conclusion Age-related changes to auditory processing will occur in most adults 60 years of age and older that may or may not be concomitant with peripheral hearing loss. Aging decreases the capacity of digit recognition and also increases interaural asymmetries. Many older listeners show reduced temporal resolution even when potential influences of hearing loss are absent. Temporal ordering abilities decrease with age. Recommendation It is important to include central auditory tests in the audiologic assessment protocol of the elderly. The utilization of these tests in assessment of the elderly enables us to improve the quality of therapeutic-rehabilitative interventions.

Case Study of Central Auditory Processing in Patients with Stroke

This study aimed to investigate central auditory processing dysfunction in patients with stroke. Three patients who had suffered strokes with confirmed auditory pathway involvement, participated. All subjects had normal hearing bilaterally, and were right-handed. All subjects completed K-MMSE (Korean version of Mini-Mental State Exam) and K-WAB (Korean version-the Western Aphasia Battery), and performed Korean Central Auditory Processing Assessment (CAPA-K) battery, including Frequency Pattern test, Dichotic Digit test, Filtered Word test, Compressed Speech test, Speech in Noise test, and Binaural Fusion test. The scores for the each test were evaluated by comparing the normative data in young adult population for the standardization of CAPA-K battery. The results of the study revealed that all three subjects had difficulties in central auditory processing. S1 (male, 17 years, Rt. middle cerebral artery infarction including Rt. insula and basal ganglia) showed poor performance in contralateral ear to the lesion in all speech recognition tests. Contralateral ear suppression was also seen in dichotic testing. Furthermore, frequency pattern recognition was poorer in the linguistic labeling condition than in the humming condition in both ears. S2 (female, 46 years, both pontine infarction including lateral lemniscus and superior olivary complex) demonstrated difficulties through the entire tests whereas S3 (male, 51 years, Lt. pontine infarction including lateral lemniscus) showed normal performance in speech recognition test and monaural-low redundancy speech tests in both ears. Regardless of side of lesion, temporal processing difficulties in both ears were found in patients associated with pontine infarction. In these cases, auditory dysfunction resulting from stroke varied with the location and extent of auditory pathway infarction. Therefore, more cases are needed to identify the central auditory dysfunction in patients with stroke.