Central Asian Nations Research Articles

Determinants of China’s technological trade flows with Central Asian countries (CACs): a panel gravity approach

The purpose of this study is to examine the determinants of Chinese technological trade flows with Central Asian countries (CAC) with a revealed comparative advantage and the gravity model using two estimation techniques. The present study employs the Ordinary Least Square (OLS) and the Poisson pseudo-maximum likelihood (PPML) on the data set from 2003 to 2018 panel dataset. Results from the Gravity model demonstrates that low-tech, medium-tech, and high-tech trade flows boost economic development in China and Central Asian nations, adversely affecting all technology trade flows in geographical distance. The research indicated that exchange rates showed a negative indication in bilateral trade, medium-tech trade, and high-tech trade. In contrast, the low technology trade showed a positive flow between China and Central Asia. Furthermore, the results reveal that openness to trade and membership of the WTO show a positive indication. The trade openness policy on both sides thus has a major beneficial effect on trade volumes. It proposed increased liberalization of trade policy and greater involvement in global commerce. In addition, Central Asia and export industries should take additional initiatives to enhance and diversify high-tech exports. A competitive international market provides perfect equality in reciprocal trade interactions.

Evaluating water-related health risks in East and Central Asian Islamic Nations using predictive models (2020–2030)

This paper presents a thorough evaluation of health outcomes linked to water-related challenges in Islamic nations across East Asia and Central Asia from 2020 to 2030. It has been examined carefully that the trajectory of deaths and disability-adjusted life years associated with unsafe water sources, lack of sanitation, and absence of handwashing facilities is showing a potential rise in negative health impacts due to water pollution. The direct health influences of water-related problems are thoughtful. The increase in deaths and DALYs due to poor water quality and sanitation leads to a higher occurrence of waterborne diseases such as cholera, diarrhea, and dysentery. These conditions not only cause instant health disasters but also subsidize to long-term health issues which include chronic gastrointestinal disorders and malnutrition that is particularly among susceptible populations like children and the elderly. Employing various predictive models including autoregressive integrated moving average, exponential smoothing, support vector machines, and neural networks. The study evaluates their predictive capabilities by using mean absolute percentage error. Support vector machines is found to be the most accurate in forecasting deaths and disability-adjusted life years which is outperforming autoregressive integrated moving average, exponential smoothing, and neural networks. This research aims to inform stakeholders by providing insights into effective strategies for improving water resource management and public health interventions in the targeted regions.

Sustainability Indicators of Foreign Assistance in the Field of Media and Information Literacy: A Case Study on Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan

Media and information literacy (MIL) projects are crucial for a country’s development. They provide citizens with access to vital information and resources. This enables them to learn about their rights and responsibilities, as well as gain access to critical resources to improve their quality of life. For the last decade several international organizations such as UNESCO, Internews, DW-Akademie annually have been providing grants for the training courses, and projects at various levels to increase the MIL level of the population in the Central Asian context. The present study will discuss ensuring the sustainability and efficiency of projects in the field of MIL in this region. The paper investigates the sustainability indicators of foreign aid initiatives in the realm of MIL within Central Asia. It aims to assess the long-term viability of foreign aid programs in fostering MIL across Central Asian nations through a comprehensive analysis of historical trends, policy frameworks, and stakeholder perspectives. As part of the research, face-to-face interviews were conducted with prominent trainers and experts from Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan. Emphasizing the role of public-private partnerships, technological integration, and cultural considerations, the paper explores avenues for promoting enduring change and enhancing the effectiveness of foreign assistance in this critical field. The findings contribute valuable insights to policymakers, practitioners, and scholars interested in optimizing foreign aid strategies for sustainable development in the ever-evolving landscape of media and information literacy in Central Asia.

Preconditions and causes of inter-ethnic conflicts in Central Asia

Central Asia's ethnic diversity presents both opportunities and challenges for sus-tainable development. While cultural richness can foster social cohesion, ethnic inequalities and tensions can impede progress towards achieving the Sustainable Development Goals. This study aims to analyse the main factors contributing to inter-ethnic conflicts in the region, examining their impact on stability and propos-ing measures to promote inclusive development and multicultural coexistence. Utilizing comparative, case study, statistical, and analytical methods, the research explores the complex interplay of ethnic diversity, territorial disputes, economic factors, and political instability as preconditions and causes of inter-ethnic con-flicts. The Central Asian region is characterised by a significant diversity of ethnic groups, each of which has its own unique cultural, religious, and historical features. This creates a potential field for inter-ethnic tensions and conflicts. The results of research in this area underline the need for in-depth analyses of specific conflicts and the development of measures to resolve and prevent inter-ethnic conflicts in Central Asia. Effective management of these preconditions and causes can con-tribute to maintaining peace and stability in the region. The study examines recent inter-ethnic conflicts that have occurred in the territory of Central Asia. The practi-cal significance of this research lies in its potential to inform strategies for conflict prevention, peace-building, and the promotion of multicultural coexistence. By addressing ethnic inequalities and fostering inclusive development, Central Asian nations can create an enabling environment for sustainable growth.

REGIONAL SECURITY CHALLENGES IN THE CONTEXT OF CENTRAL ASIAN STATES’ COOPERATION WITH THE UNITED STATES: THE CASE OF UZBEKISTAN

The article examines the evolution of Uzbek-American relations, focusing on their collaborative efforts to enhance regional security and stability. The study explores the critical roleof Uzbekistan in the security dynamics of Central Asia, emphasizing its strategic pivot towards Western standards in military professionalism and education. Through a blend of content analysis , historical review, and case studies, the article illustrates the multifaceted challenges confronting Central Asian nations, including terrorism, regional conflicts, and international diplomacy. The research highlights the significant impact of Uzbek-American cooperation in addressing these challenges, showcasing thebilateral relationship as a model of strategic collaboration that contributes to the stability and security of the region. This partnership is portrayed as a testament to the shifting paradigms in global politics, where open, constructive international relations and strategic alliances are pivotal in maintaining global peace and stability. By analyzing the shifts in politics, the historical engagements, and the current geopolitical environment, the article provide s valuable insights into the importance of Uzbekistan's strategic orientation and its implications for regional and international security frameworks. This comprehensive study underscores the necessity of continued cooperation and strategic partnerships in navigating the complexities of contemporary international relations, especially in strategically sensitive regions like Central Asia.

Sustainable Central Asia: Impact of fintech, natural resources, renewable energy, and financial inclusion to combat environmental degradation and achieving sustainable development goals

The prime objective of the current study is to investigate the impact of financial inclusion, fintech, natural resources rent and renewable energy consumption on the CO2 emission of Cemental Asian countries. The study is carried out on the sample of Central Asian Countries over the period of 20 years from 2000 to 2019.The Central Asian states predominantly rely on coal as their primary fuel source for electricity generation. Coal served as the predominant fuel for power generation in Kazakhstan during the year 2020. Over 50% of Kyrgyzstan's electricity needs are met by coal. Uzbekistan and Tajikistan are coal-producing nations. The study has employed the NL-ARDL estimate to examine the hypothesis relationships, and the results of the study reveal that factors such as financial inclusion, Fintech, natural resource rent and renewable energy has significant impact on CO2 emission. The findings of the study also have a significant impact on the policy implications and long-term viability of Central Asian nations. These policies should be in accordance with SDG7 (Affordable and Clean Energy) and 13 (Climate Action). Central Asia's policymakers should balance economic benefits with environmental risks when extracting natural resources, emphasizing responsible resource management in line with SDG 15 (Life on Land), ensuring a balance between potential economic benefits and environmental risks.

An integrated approach to strengthening maritime security: a case study of Gwadar Port of Pakistan

Gwadar Port is a vital component of Pakistan’s development and an essential element in the Belt and Road Initiative and the China–Pakistan Economic Corridor. Its completion holds the promise of economic growth for Baluchistan and Pakistan and provides a crucial trade route for land-locked Central Asian nations. Gwadar Port faces many significant challenges related to security due to the region’s poverty, instability, and particularly its separatist activities. To address this, a study has been conducted to determine how to improve maritime security at Gwadar Port. The study uses a literature review, comparative analysis, and field research to examine the factors that affect port security. Terrorist acts, particularly those planned by organizations such as the Baluchistan People’s Liberation Army, pose the greatest security risks. Additionally, the unique management approach of Gwadar Port presents other security challenges. This study on the experience of port management in China and Pakistan offers strategies for enhancing security management in Gwadar Port. These strategies include improved coordination between entities, increased security measures, and strengthened cooperation with the Chinese stakeholders engaged in port projects. Prioritizing the development of local communities and education is crucial to ensure the well-being of both port workers and the surrounding population. The conclusion stresses the significance of international cooperation, the sharing of information, and improved foresight to strengthen the security framework of Gwadar Port. Integrating best practices and refining approaches will improve safety management, safeguard the facilities, and foster their sustainable growth.

India and the Shanghai Cooperation Organization: In search of a middle ground

AbstractThe Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) Summit (2023) in virtual format only exposed the growing disconnect between India and the members of this multilateral framework. Given the precarious state of India's relations with its immediate neighbors, China and Pakistan, and the growing camaraderie between Beijing and Moscow, this article examines the reasons behind New Delhi's continued need to engage with this multilateral framework. While India seeks to use the SCO as a “bridge” to improve its ties with Central Asian nations and act as a “check and balance” within the organization, Beijing's ascendancy as the “primary” external actor in the Af‐Pak and Central Asia region has meant that India's ability to gain advantages from its association with the SCO will be severely limited. As the protracted war in Ukraine continues unabated, India's attempts to find a “middle ground” between competing interests and principles will be put to the test.

THE STATE OF GREEN BONDS ISSUING IN CENTRAL ASIAN COUNTRIES: COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS

This article delves into the intricate challenge of gauging the impact of "green bonds" in Central Asian nations. The authors meticulously scrutinize the underlying causes that impede investments in environmental projects from yielding substantial improvements in the region's ecological landscape. Factors including infrastructure, regulatory frameworks, and governance are thoughtfully examined for their potential influence on the efficacy of green initiatives in Central Asia. The paper underscores the imperative for a comprehensive approach to address environmental concerns, emphasizing the pivotal role of sustainable development in shaping the region's future.

Implementation of projects of international transport corridors on the Eurasian continent as drivers of economic growth of the region

This study critically examines the implications of international transport corridor projects for Central Asian countries, focusing on the Western-backed Transport Corridor Europe-Caucasus-Asia (TRACECA), the Chinese initiative “One Belt—One Road”, and the International North-South Transport Corridor (INSTC) supported by the Russian Federation, India, and Iran. The analysis underscores the risks associated with Western projects, highlighting a need for a more explicit commitment to substantial infrastructure investments and persistent contradictions among key investors and beneficiaries. While the Chinese initiative presents significant benefits such as transit participation, infrastructure development, and economic investments, it also carries risks, notably an increased debt burden and potential monopolization by Chinese corporations. The study emphasizes that Central Asian countries, though indirect beneficiaries of INSTC, may not be directly involved due to geographical constraints. Study findings advocate for Central Asian nations to balance foreign investments, promote economic integration, and safeguard political and economic sovereignty. The study underscores the region’s wealth of natural and human resources, emphasizing the potential for increased demand for goods and services with improved living standards, strategically positioning these countries in the evolving global economic landscape.

Assessing infrastructure and trade connectivity through network analysis evidence from BRI countries

ABSTRACT The Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) is the world’s largest infrastructure investment that aims to improve economic integration and connectivity throughout Asia, Europe, and Africa. This paper investigates the influence of infrastructure development on trade connectivity in BRI countries. This paper employs network analysis to visualize and quantify the trade connectivity among BRI countries in 2013 and 2020 using the World Integrated Trade Solution (WITS) data. The study then empirically examines the impact of infrastructure development on trade connectivity from 1990 to 2020 for 76 BRI countries using a dynamic estimator. The dynamic model demonstrates how infrastructure investment can bolster trade connectivity. The results of the network analysis indicate that trade connectivity has significantly improved within BRI countries, in Asia and Europe while it lags behind in African and Central Asian regions.We suggest that that China should channel additional resources toward enhancing the connectivity of African and Central Asian nations.

Festival as Cultural Diplomacy: Kurultáj and Its Implementation in Hungary

Diplomatic endeavours encompass a range of strategies, including the organisation of cultural festivals, which serve not only as a means of engaging a broader audience but also as platforms for expressing a nation's identity. One notable example is the Kurultáj festival, which took place in Hungary under the auspices of the Magyar Turán Alapítvány. This festival exemplifies the practice of cultural diplomacy, attracting participation from various Central Asian nations. Through cultural diplomacy, participating countries aim to promote their respective national interests within the framework of the Kurultáj festival. This article examines the implementation of the Kurultáj festival between 2008 and 2022, focusing specifically on its association with neo-propagandist cultural diplomacy. It argues that the Kurultáj festival cannot be solely categorised as a manifestation of neo-propagandist cultural diplomacy.

WELCOME TO THE BAZAAR! THE KAZAKHSTAN STUDENT EXHIBITION AT PQ 2023

This review explores the work of the Kazakhstan Student Exhibit at the Prague Quadrennial in June 2023. In doing so, we contextualize the exhibit within the international festival, describing its concepts and accompanying performances, including Cooper’s Trading Post, «Kurt,» the «Day of Tea,» and the Nauryz Celebration. The notes presented here are based on first-hand observations as well as individual interviews with the design and production team members present at PQ. To accompany this work, we also reflect on the cross-cultural collaborations behind the exhibition, which are the culmination of a five-year relationship between a university in Almaty, Kazakhstan, and Conway, SC, in the United States. Thus, the interviews conducted during the second half of the 10-day festival provide not only insight into design and performance choices, but also the processes behind a student-ledcollaboration between two cohorts from Theatre and Design programs separated across time and space. In this way, while we locate the exhibit as a display of scenographic art and performance from the Central Asian nation, we also provide suggestions for international collaboration in designing a display for theatre festivals that may provide a framework for others working on similar projects in the future.

Challenges of green startups in the post-soviet economies

This article delves into the difficulties faced by environmentally conscious startups in the post-Soviet economies. The breakup of the USSR gave rise to a period characterized by economic restructuring and a shift towards market-based economies, but green startups encounter numerous obstacles arising from a lack of entrepreneurial expertise, insufficient funding, and complex regulations. In Russia, the dominance of the oil and gas industry hampers the drive for alternative energy ventures, while Ukraine, Belarus, and Moldova grapple with funding gaps and infrastructure deficiencies. The South Caucasus countries face issues related to oil dependency, burdensome regulations, and limited access to funding, while the Baltic states prioritize swift innovation and adeptly navigating regulations. Central Asian nations, blessed with abundant natural resources, face challenges including regulatory restrictions and geopolitical complexities that impede the transition to green practices. Collaborative efforts are vital in overcoming these hurdles, enabling regulatory reform, strengthening sustainable initiatives, and fostering innovation to promote the growth of green startups in these economies.

U.S. Cooperation with Central Asian Countries within the C5+1 Initiative: Trends and Prospects

The article examines the United States’ engagement with Central Asian countries through the C5+1 initiative, highlighting its evolution, challenges, and strategic implications. Central Asia's significant geostrategic position and history have made it a focal point for global powers. The C5+1 initiative, encompassing the U.S. and five Central Asian nations, represents a strategic realignment of U.S. policies in the region post-9/11. This initiative aims to balance the dominant Russian influence and China’s growing economic power. The article explores how the C5+1 initiative has established foundational frameworks for cooperation, addressing a range of issues from economic development to security concerns. The analysis underscores the initiative's role in shaping U.S. foreign policy towards Central Asia, considering regional dynamics and international relations.

CURRENT TRENDS AND PERSPECTIVES IN TURKIC LANGUAGE EDUCATION IN SOUTH KOREA: FOCUSING ON THE KAZAKH LANGUAGE

This paper investigates the burgeoning field of Turkic language education in South Korea, highlighting its historical context, current landscape, and future prospects. As globalization and South Korea’s engagement with resource-rich Central Asia intensify, the significance of Turkic languages in fostering cultural understanding and promoting multiculturalism within Korea has become evident. This article explores the current landscape of Central Asian and Turkic language education in South Korea, focusing specifically on Kazakh language education. By analyzing existing programs, challenges faced by educators and learners, and potential areas for growth, this research aims to contribute to a deeper understanding of this developing field and its significance for Korea’s expanding soft power and cross-cultural diplomacy efforts. Despite the growing interest in Turkic language education, several obstacles hinder its expansion, including limited resources and the perceived difficulty of Turkic languages. To address these challenges, collaborations with Turkic-speaking countries are proposed, along with establishing a Central Asian cultural center in South Korea as a strategic move to promote Turkic language education, enhance cultural exchange, and strengthen Korea’s relationships with Central Asian nations. Such initiatives would foster reciprocity in cultural exchange, promote soft power for Kazakhstan, support Turkic language learning, and enhance Korea’s relations with Central Asian nations. While challenges exist, the prospects for Turkic language education in South Korea are promising.

Сотрудничество стран ЦА в области обеспечения региональной безопасности

Central Asia, a region marked by its historical significance and strategic importance, has undergone a remarkable transformation in recent years regarding regional security cooperation. This comprehensive article explores the multifaceted landscape of security cooperation among the five Central Asian nations: Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan. It delves into the fundamental concepts of security systems, the role of regional organizations, and the challenges and future prospects of security in the region.Understanding these challenges and exploring future prospects is essential for charting a path toward enhanced stability, cooperation, and prosperity in the region.The article provides a holistic view of the region's security dynamics, beginning with a historical context highlighting Central Asia's role as a crossroads of cultures and interests. It underscores the significance of regional security cooperation in the face of shared challenges and geopolitical complexities.In-depth analyses are conducted on various aspects, including security organizations, diplomatic efforts, regional security challenges, and future prospects. The article explores the complexities and challenges faced by Central Asian nations while navigating a dynamic geopolitical landscape. In conclusion, this article underscores the pivotal importance of cooperation among Central Asian countries and their engagement with regional organizations in maintaining stability and peace.

O Corredor Internacional de Transporte Norte-Sul (INSTC) e a Índia: potencial e impedimentos

ABSTRACT The model corridor stretching from Mumbai (India) to St. Petersburg (Russia) through Iran and Azerbaijan is known as the International North-South Transport Corridor (INSTC). This multi-modal corridor is around 7,200 km long and consists of rail, roads, and waterways. The main objective of the construction of the corridor is to improve connectivity and trade relations between the North and the South. It will play a crucial role in promoting regional cooperation and economic integration. Bilateral relations between the member countries will be developed through the project. India will have easy access to the resource-rich Central Asian nations via this corridor, bypassing Pakistan. It will help India by exporting its products to the North and Central Asian countries, including Russia, and importing hydrocarbons at a lower cost by avoiding the traditional long-time route. In the present geopolitical situation, this venture will also improve India’s strategic relations with the member countries. Although the project at present is suffering from some glitches, it will be a game changer for India’s Eurasia policy in the near future.

Exploring dimensions of anti-corruption agencies (in the example of Central Asia)

This scientific article delves into the multifaceted realm of anti-corruption agencies in Central Asian nations, examining the dynamic dimensions that shape their effectiveness and impact. Against the backdrop of the region‘s unique socio-political landscape, we investigate the structural frameworks, legal mechanisms, and operational strategies employed by anti-corruption agencies to combat corruption. Drawing upon a comprehensive analysis of institutional designs and regulatory environments, our study illuminates the challenges and opportunities faced by these agencies. The implementation of anti-corruption reforms diverges across Central Asian nations, with different government bodies tasked with these responsibilities. Kazakhstan, for instance, employs a specialized body with significant powers, whereas in Turkmenistan, the prosecutor‘s office assumes a pivotal role. The article underscores the critical need to scrutinize the effectiveness of these bodies. Furthermore, our research incorporates case studies from select Central Asian nations, providing nuanced insights into the contextual variations of anti-corruption endeavors. By navigating the complex landscape of anti-corruption initiatives in Central Asia, this article contributes to a deeper understanding of the challenges and prospects for combating corruption in the region.

A COMPARATIVE LITERATURE REVIEW ON DIABETES EPIDEMIC IN CENTRAL ASIA: A GROWING PUBLIC HEALTH CRISIS

Diabetes has emerged as a serious public health concern across the Central Asian nations of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan over the past two decades. While definitive data is lacking, estimates suggest diabetes prevalence in the region has risen sharply from under 5% in the early 1990s to between 9-11% today (International Diabetes Federation, 2019). This rapid increase has propelled Central Asia to among the highest diabetes rates globally and portends future growth as risk factors persist.