Centimeters In Length Research Articles

The Superior Vena Caval Syndrome: Report of 21 Cases

The purpose of this paper is, to review the literature in regard to the anatomy, etiology, diagnosis and treatment of the superior vena caval syndrome, and to present 21 cases admitted to the Los Angeles County General Hospital between 1947 and 1954. Superior vena caval obstruction probably dates back to the beginning of disease, but it was not until 1757 that Willian Hunter published the first authentic account of a case which resulted from aontic aneurysm.’ Since then over 500 cases have been reported by various authors, and doubtless hundreds more have been unreported, unrecognized, or were only partial obstructions. The youngest patient recorded was a two month old baby with spontaneous pneumothorax, and the oldest was a 93 year old man with thrombosis of the superior vena cava with extensive collateral circulation.2 Although superior vena caval obstruction has been relatively uncommon in general practice (Hinshaw found four cases in 85,000 consecutive admissions to the White Memorial Hospital in Los Angeles prior to 1947), it is wise to keep this syndrome in mind for its beginnings may be masked by other more obvious conditions. Anatomy: Functionally, the superior mediastinum through which the superior vena cava passes is the busiest transportation route in the body, for through it goes all the air which enters or leaves the lungs, all the food which enters the stomach, all of the lymph which enters the thonacic duct, and all the blood which leaves the heart via the aorta or returns to it via the superior vena cava from the upper half of the body. Anatomically, the superior vena cava is approximately seven centimeters in length extending from the junction of the right and left innominate veins superiorly, to the right auricle inferionly. The azygos vein enters just above the penicardial reflection, and the last two centimeters of the cava lie intrapericardially. The vena cava is one of the most compressible structures in the area, having soft thin walls and a low pressure. It is situated between the rigid bony anterior chest wall anteriorly; the pulsating muscular walled ascending aorta anteromedially; the relatively rigid cartilaginous trachea and right bronchus posteriorly; the soft expandable pleura and right lung laterally; and groups of potentially expanding lymph nodes anteriorly (right anterior mediastinal), posteriorly (right laterotracheal chains), and infero-posteriorly (right bronchial nodes and tracheal bifurcation nodes). In addition it is in close relation to the right pulmonary and innominate arteries, the phrenic nerve which courses over its right lateral surface, and the thyrnus near its anteromedial surface.

An Infestation of Leeches on Salmon Fry and Eggs

Hatchery of the Washington State Department of Fisheries, located at Hoodsport, Washington. This station is supplied with both fresh and sea water, which can be delivered to the troughs and ponds in any desired combination. The fresh-water supply is drawn from the adjacent Finch Creek, which err[pries into Hood Canal at the hatchery site. Sea water is pumped from Hood Canal at a depth of 70 feet. Appearance of the leeches was first noticed about November 1, 1953, in baskets and trays of pink salmon fry and eggs hatching in troughs supplied with fresh water. As trays were removed from the stacks, large numbers of very small leeches were observed, sometimes two or more on a single fry or egg. In an ungorged and relaxed condition, these parasites measured approximately 1-1/2 to 2 centimeters in length and less than 1 millimeter in breadth.

The supracondyloid process.

The supracondyloid process of the human humerus is an anomalous thorn-shaped bony projection, ranging in size from a small tubercle to several centimeters in length. It originates from the anteromedial surface of the distal end of the shaft, from 5 to 7 cm. proximal to the medial epicondyle, and extends distally, medially, and anteriorly to end in a roughened point from which a dense fibrous band continues to the medial epicondyle. This fibrous band is sometimes sufficiently calcified to cast a shadow on a roentgenogram. Kohler (1) cites two cases of complete ossification of the band with the production of a true supracondylar foramen, in man. The process itself serves as a point of insertion for a persistent lower portion of the coracobrachialis muscle and as an anomalous origin for a portion of the pronator teres muscle. Through the partial foramen created by the hooked course of the process, its associated fibrous band, and the shaft of the humerus, pass the median nerve and the brachial artery or a la...

Diademodus hydei, a new fossil shark from the Cleveland Shale.

Summary. Diademodus hydei, a new genus and species of shark from the Cleveland Shale, is described and figured from the holotype in the Cleveland Museum of Natural History. About 40 centimetres in length, the fish is an adult male with well‐developed claspers; it shows a combination of hybodont and cladoselachian characteristics. The teeth are many‐cusped and bilaterally symmetrical, with the outer cusps longer than the inner; they approach more closely to the sculpturing of the scale pattern than in orther primitive sharks. A comparison with the contemporaneous Cladoselache and Ctenacanthus clarki suggests that Diademdus is an early and not distant offshoot from the primitive chondrichthyan stock, the main line of which led through Ctenacanthus and the hybodonts to the modern elamobranchs; Cladoselache is a specialized side line of this main stock and is not an appropriate ancestral type for the Chondrichthyes.

BARITE CONCRETIONS FROM THE OCEAN FLOOR

In 1938, a dredging from the sea floor off California recovered about 6 kilograms of tubular, sub-spherical, flat, and irregular shaped barite concretions embedded in marine mud. These are poorly sorted in weight and size. They range from 1 to 25 centimeters in length. The physical, chemical, and mineralogical characteristics of the nodules are described and compared with those of other barite concretions found on land or dredged from the sea floor. Barium sulphate is present in amounts up to 77 per cent, in the form of small radial aggregates often within the tests of Pliocene Foraminifera. Various theories of the origin of barite concretions are discussed and tested in terms of those characteristics which seem to be of genetic importance. It is believed that the most probable mode of origin was the interaction of interstitial sulphate-rich sea water of the sediment with ascending magmatic waters containing dissolved barium and strontium. Various bits of evidence suggest that the two other reported occurrences of barite concretions on the sea floor had a similar origin.

Thorium X treatment of skin epithelioma, keratoses, and delayed radiation changes.

Epitheliomas, as well as keratoses and superficial radiation injuries, can be successfully eradicated by applying thorium X in solution or in an ointment, the effect being due apparently to the intense ionizing properties of the alpha particle. Unsatisfactory sequelae such as ugly scarring, keloid formation, depigmentation, telangiectasis, or other untoward radiation effects have not been observed to date. Thorium X should not be confused with thorium or thorium compounds. The thorium paste used by Bulkley (1) did not contain thorium X but thorium oxide in combination with other chemicals. The action of this paste was mainly a caustic one, not dependent on its radioactive qualities. History Due to scarcity of radium in Germany, investigators turned to mesothorium as a source of radiation energy. As early as 1912 independent reports by Bickel (2) and Pappenheim (3) appeared in the German literature. Both referred to the oral administration of thorium X in the treatment of anemia and leukemia. The following year Naegeli and Jessner (4) reported on the efficacy of the external application of thorium X in the treatment of psoriasis, neurodermatitis, lupus erythematosus, and lupus vulgaris. Further work dealing with the local application of thorium X in chronic dermatoses was carried out by Fabry (5, 6, 7), Jadassohn (8), Nagelschmidt (9), Pinkus (10), and Prosser Thomas (11). In reporting his experiences with thorium X in the treatment of nevus flammeus (port-wine mark) and various dermatoses, Prosser Thomas indicated that he had also successfully treated several of the flat, cicatrizing superficial basal-cell lesions. He is therefore to be regarded as the pioneer in the treatment of skin epithelioma by this means. Except for the workers listed above, all those reporting on the use of thorium X have described its application in needles with various filtration, simulating radium and radon therapy technics. When thorium X is thus enclosed in a metal sheath, the beta and gamma factors only are utilized, and as some 99 per cent of the energy emitted is in the form of alpha particles, immeasurably larger amounts are necessary to produce any biological effect. The needles used contained 500 μc. (micocuries) or 0.5 mc. of thorium X per centimeter of length, on the basis of Halber-staedter's (12) researches in 1923. Alpha rays from radon have been utilized by Uhlmann (13), Low-Beer and Stone (14), and others. They kneaded radon gas into a vaseline base to treat post-irradiation skin injuries and have reported good results. The concentration of radon ranged from 17 to 34 μc. (50–100 e.s.u.) per gram of vaseline. Uhlmann contended that the healing effects observed were due to stimulation of the epithelial cells as a result of alpha particle bombardment.

Infrared spectrum of chlorofluoromethane

In order to compare its spectrum with that of other halogenated methanes, the infrared spectrum of chlorofluoromethane has been measured in the gaseous state from 2 to 30 microns. The longest wavelength band was observed at 26 microns. Twenty-five bands have been observed with cells of 5, 60, and 100 centimeters in length and with gas pressures up to 60 centimeters of mercury. Nine of the observed bands have been classified as fundamentals, and the remaining bands are attributed to harmonics and combinations. Several bands in the region from 1.5 to 2.5 microns were measured on a high resolution grating instrument, and it was possible to resolve each of seven bands into a series of lines in this region. These bands are located at 1.657, 1.682, 1.700, 1.755, 2.229, 2.287, and 2.436 microns; the separation of the rotational lines is of the order of 2.3 cmfor these bands.

High Sensitivity

Wartime developments in radar have made available equipment for producing and detecting short radio waves of a few millimeters to centimeters in length so that it is now convenient and easy to study the absorption of various substances, particularly gases, in this region of the electromagnetic spectrum.

A Comparative Study of the Number and Length of Roots Produced in Nineteen Angiosperm Species

1. Quantitative studies of the roots of nineteen species of plants in fourteen different angiosperm families were made. Results indicating the total number of roots and root lengths are presented in tabular form. 2. Tertiary roots produced about one quaternary root per centimeter of length in most of the plants examined; however, the number of secondary and tertiary roots developing from main and secondaries, respectively, varied considerably. 3. Variation in number of roots and root length results from differences in size of plant, age, inheritable stability, and competition with other plants. Generally, plants show a compensating factor in root growth; when restricted in one category, another root division or two will exhibit much greater growth.

Notes on the Food Habits of the Salamanders of Crater Lake, Oregon

C RATER Lake is situated in the caldera of an extinct Pleistocene Volcano, Mount Mazama, of the high Cascade Mountains in southern Oregon. The surface of the lake is 6,177 feet above sea level; the surface area is approximately 21 square miles, and the maximum depth is slightly less than 2,000 feet. In most places at the edge of the lake sheer cliffs or steep talus slopes rise to between 500 and 2,000 feet above the surface. Much of the shoreline consists of irregular wave-washed fragments of andesite, dacite, and to a lesser extent other lava fragments varying in size from a few inches to several feet in diameter. Beneath these fragments, where there is dampness due to wave action, are found the adults of the two species of Crater Lake salamanders, Ambystoma macrodactylum Baird and Triturus granulosus mazamae Myers. The subspecies mazamae is, insofar as now known, endemic to Crater Lake. The adults of the two species occur in approximately equal numbers and apparently in precisely the same daytime habitat since I have found many times individuals of both species under the same rocks. In August, 1946, I collected 56 salamanders for purposes of stomach examinations. Of these, 27 were Ambystoma macrodactylum and 29 were Triturus granulosus mazamae. The identifications were made by Dr. Edward H. Taylor, Museum of Natural History, University of Kansas, in which museum specimens have been deposited. Specimens of both species were almost invariably taken from beneath the same rocks. Of the 27 stomachs from Ambystoma macrodactylum, 19 contained food material. Fourteen of these (74 per cent) contained terrestrial arthropods, almost always in fragments. These were mostly pieces of ants, beetles, and flies. Around and beneath the rocks under which the salamanders were taken I found many fragments of these terrestrial arthropods; entire individuals were rarely found. The stomachs of Triturus granulosus mazamae contain whole individuals of fresh-water amphipods, aquatic arthropods of more delicate nature than the above-mentioned terrestrial arthropods. These fresh-water amphipods are available alive and presumably are taken alive by mazamae. Because of the almost constantly fragmentary nature of the terrestrial arthropods found both in the stomachs and the environment of macrodactylum, and because the more delicate amphipods occur as entire individuals in the stomachs of mazamae, I infer that macrodactylum obtains terrestrial arthropods primarily as fragments by scavenging. Seven stomachs (37 per cent) of Ambystoma macrodactylum contained the larvae of coleopterous, dipterous, and trichopterous aquatic insects, two stomachs held unidentifiable material and one only a fragment of andesite about one centimeter in length. Of the 29 stomachs of Triturus granulosus mazamae examined, there

Radio Transmission Lines and Wave Guides

THE problem associated with the applications of radio waves to communication, location or navigation is to generate high-frequency alternating currents and convey them from the source to an antenna system which radiates the waves into space. The connecting link between the source and the radiator is termed a transmission line, and for moderately high radio frequencies may comprise a system of two parallel wires, or a coaxial cable or some elaboration of these. At the very high frequencies corresponding to wave-lengths less than a few centimetres in length, this transmission line system takes the form of hollow conductor of circular or rectangular cross-section termed a wave guide. The two books under review deal respectively with transmission lines and wave guides as used in modern radio frequency technique. Electrical Transmissions in Steady State By Paul J. Selgin. (Radio Communication Series.) Pp. ix + 427. (New York and London: McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., 1946.) 25s. The Physical Principles of Wave Guide Transmission and Antenna Systems By Prof. W. H. Watson. (International Monographs on Radio.) Pp. xiv + 208. (Oxford: Clarendon Press; London: Oxford University Press, 1947.) 20s. net.

CONCENTRATION GRADIENTS IN PLANT EXUDATES WITH REFERENCE TO THE MECHANISM OF TRANSLOCATION

American Journal of BotanyVolume 31, Issue 1 p. 30-38 Article CONCENTRATION GRADIENTS IN PLANT EXUDATES WITH REFERENCE TO THE MECHANISM OF TRANSLOCATION Mary A. Tingley, Mary A. Tingley Botany Department, Milwaukee-Downer College, Milwaukee, WisconsinSearch for more papers by this author Mary A. Tingley, Mary A. Tingley Botany Department, Milwaukee-Downer College, Milwaukee, WisconsinSearch for more papers by this author First published: 01 January 1944 https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1537-2197.1944.tb07999.xCitations: 8AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume31, Issue1January 1944Pages 30-38 RelatedInformation

A New Acanthodian Fish from the Upper Mississippian of Indiana

This organ genus pertains to the fin and free pectoral spines of acanthodian placoderm fishes which are widely distributed in late Paleozoic rocks. Specimens of the best known species, G. formosus Agassiz of the Pennsylvanian of Great Britain, may be as much as 40 centimeters in length, indicating fishes of very respectable size, and the specimen dealt with here was probably originally much larger but has lost part of both extremities.

A Proliferation of the Sorghum Spikelets.

An interesting phenomenon of proliferation of a sorghum earhead was observed in the summer season of 1940 in a seed multiplication plot of an yellow grain sorghum strain (A. S. 809). While removing rogues at the flowering time, one earhead was observed to have rather longer spikelets, though in other respects, the plant was normal. The plant was as well developed and as tall as its neighbours, and the size and shape of the earhead also appeared normal. A closer examination of the earhead re vealed that the fertile spikelets had not opened. While the spikelets of the normal plants were awned, the awns being about one centimetre in length, there was a complete suppression of the awn in the proliferated earhead. It was also observed that the spikelets in the basal regions of the earhead were reduced to scale-like structures.

Iron-rich kornerupine from Port Shepstone, Natal

A very interesting kornerupine-bearing rock was sent by Mr. W. H. Cross during 1938 to the Geological Survey for identification. The material, of which about 800 grams were available for study, was stated to have been found in the Port Shepstone district. The occurrence has, however, not been visited by the writer.The hand-specimens examined were all somewhat weathered. Macroscopically these consisted of an intergrowth of grey, columnar crystals of kornerupine, up to 5 centimetres in length, and adhering iron-stained quartz. Shiny ‘books’ of biotite occur both in the kornerupine and the quartz, while small patches and specks of dark brown tourmaline and bluish grandidierite were observed enclosed in the kornerupine.

The Refractive Index of Water for Electromagnetic Waves Eight to Twenty-Four Centimeters in Length

Wave-lengths were measured in air and water for continuous waves produced by magnetron and positive grid oscillators. Although high in absolute value, the index of refraction thus determined shows a decrease with increasing frequency, indicating a start of the drop toward the infrared value.

The Burrowing Activities of Certain Crabs and Their Geologic Significance

On the sandy and muddy beaches bordering the northwestern part of Taiwan (Formosa) there are great numbers of active crabs. Certain of these have the habit of burrowing deeply, the most common burrowers being Ocypoda ceratophthalma Fabricius and Ilyoplax formosensis Rathbun. Interested by their activities, I made plaster-of-Paris (gypsum) casts of some burrows at Tansui, a bathing place near Taihoku, the metropolis of Taiwan. Fortunately, the effort was successful, and I obtained a number of models of the burrows though many were incomplete. Most of these closely resemble the pipes commonly found in certain Tertiary sandstones of Taiwan (Plate 1, Fig. 2; Plate 2, Fig. 5). Most of these are not properly pipes; they are irregularly crooked rods measuring up to a few scores of centimeters in length and one to a few centimeters in diameter. Some stand almost perpendicular to the planes of stratification, but others are variably inclined. Some of them branch. My conclusion was that such sandstone rods would be produced if crab burrows were filled with sediment and the beach sand itself were converted into a hard sandstone. This was suggested by observations at the beach south of the city of Shintiku, southwest of Taihoku, where part of the youngest Tertiary sandstone of the island is exposed along the beach. This sandstone

On Thalassonema ophioctinis, a Nematode Parasitic in the Brittle Star Ophiocten amitinum. With a Summary of Echinoderm Parasites

In his monograph on the Echinoderm Fauna of South Africa H. L. Clark (I923:363) writes of Ophiocten amitinum Several of the specimens from off the Glendower Beacon were parasitized by a nematode worm several centimeters in length, lying coiled within the disc. The record of the haul is P. F. I3859. Glendower Beacon, N. .W., 21 miles, Ioo fms. Sh., st. 37 specimens; adult and young. The host, originally described by Lyman from material obtained by the Challenger expedition from the Kerguelen Islands and Prince Edward's Island, is reported by Clark from two other localities on the South African coast.

Rochelle Salt as a Dielectric

Both saturation and hysteresis appear in Braun tube oscillograms made at various temperatures with a condenser whose dielectric consists of Rochelle salt slabs cut perpendicular to the a-axis. The dielectric constant for such slabs may reach a value of 18,000. Curves are also given, showing the variation in mechanical and electrical saturation with temperature. These correspond in only a general way to the piezoelectric constant's variation with temperature. Certain marked peculiarities are noted in the resulting mechanical deformation when Rochelle salt is excited with alternating potentials. Clear Rochelle salt half-crystals have been produced up to forty-five centimeters in length.

The Growth of the Loggerhead Turtle

(1) The loggerhead turtle, Caretta caretta (Linn.), on hatching weighs about 20 grams and its carapace measures approximately 4.8 centimeters in length by 3.5 centimeters in width. (2) An individual reared in confinement at Key West, Florida, when four and a half years old, weighed 37 kilograms, or a little over one fourth the average adult weight. Its carapace measured 63 centimeters in length and 59 centimeters in width. Its rate of growth was several times more rapid than that shown by three other loggerhead turtles reared under almost similar conditions. Even these lower rates, however, indicate that turtles grow to maturity much more rapidly than is generally supposed.