Center Seoul Research Articles

P-047 Sperm moving pattern analysis with artificial intelligence solution predicts aneuploidy ratios of zygotes

Abstract Study question Can an analysis of sperm movements with artificial intelligence predict aneuploidy ratios of zygotes? Summary answer And sperm movement patterns analyzed by AI diagnosis predicted the aneuploidy ratios of zygotes. What is known already Sperm motilities present a specific pattern like strength, strength with curving, curving only and none progressive et al. Sperm movement patterns are determined by the sperm neck protein which is the centromere protein. Also, this centromere protein of the sperms was involved in the chromosome segregation in the zygote. Study design, size, duration A total of 8,000 clinical participants were recruited by CHA Infertility Center Seoul Station and 5 videos were taken from the semen sample of each participant. Machine learning with sperm moving clip for the diagnosis algorithm predicted aneuploidy ratios of fertilized embryos. Participants/materials, setting, methods We used YOLO_v8 and EfficientNet algorithm on the extracted sperm movement trajectory image to classify sperm into classes according to their motion pattern. This information was combined with the age of the patient to predict the possibility of infertility by analyzing the association with aneuploidy ratios of zygotes using deep learning model. Main results and the role of chance Deep learning AI algorithm utilized diagnosis for unexplained male infertility. No strength moving sperm pattern has shown association with male origin aneuploidy after fertilization. Especially high ratios of cycle moving sperm significantly increased the aneuploidy ratios in the zygote. But paternal aging has no correlation with aneuploidy ratios in the embryo. AI diagnosis have a 0.9 accuracy score. It is expected that the AI solution generated through this system can help overcome the problem of finding the cause of male infertility by predicting aneuploidy ratios of zygotes. Limitations, reasons for caution This study is designed for and performed with a minimum number of sperm move data. For clinical application, further mass data was set-up to increase accuracy of diagnosis. Wider implications of the findings Our AI solution was constructed to predict the possibility of aneuploidy ratios in the zygote by analyzing and classifying the movement patterns of sperm. Therefore, sperm movement-based AI diagnosis solution can be applied to define unexplained male infertility. Trial registration number non-clinical trials

Is Development Type a Determinant of College and Graduate Students’ Commute Time to School? The Case of Seoul Metropolitan Area

This study examines the impact of large-scale suburban new town development on the commuting time of college and graduate students in the Seoul Metropolitan Area. Household travel diary data from 2016 were analyzed to categorize residential areas and quantify the impacts on commute time to school. Multiple linear regression modeling is used to explore the relationships between development type, individual, and household characteristics and their impact on commute times. The results of the study show that students living in new urban areas have significantly longer commute times than those living in central Seoul, highlighting the differences that result from urban expansion policies targeting middle-class housing. These results suggest that the development of suburban new towns, which was intended to alleviate the housing shortage, has inadvertently lengthened the daily commute time of many students. Thus, a critical reassessment of suburban development strategies is needed to better balance the advantages of residential neighborhoods against the educational and living costs associated with increased travel time.

Potential Seismic Hazard in Seoul, South Korea: A Comprehensive Analysis of Geology, Seismic, and Geophysical Field Observations, Historical Earthquakes, and Strong Ground Motions

ABSTRACT A series of moderate-size (Mw 4.0–6.0) earthquakes occurred in South Korea after the 2011 Mw 9.0 Tohoku–Oki megathrust earthquake, incurring public concern about possible occurrence of devastating earthquakes in Seoul—the capital city of South Korea, where historical seismic damage was reported. The seismicity is distributed in Seoul, being dominated by strike-slip earthquakes. The fault planes are oriented in north-northeast–south-southwest, which is a favorable direction to respond to the ambient stress field. Higher rates of seismicity are observed in the northwestern Seoul at depths of <10 km. Micro-to-small earthquakes occur episodically in the central Seoul along the Chugaryeong fault system that traverses Seoul in north–south. Seismic, geophysical, and geological properties illuminate the fault structures. Stochastic modeling of ground motions reproduces the seismic damages of historical earthquakes reasonably, supporting the occurrence of devastating historical earthquakes in Seoul. The seismicity distribution, focal mechanism solutions, geological features, and seismic and geophysical properties suggest the possible presence of earthquake-spawning blind faults in Seoul. The peak ground motions are assessed for moderate-size scenario earthquakes (Mw 5.4 with focal depth of 7 km) at six representative subregions in Seoul. The upper bounds of peak ground accelerations reach ∼11 m/s2. The seismic damage potentials for moderate-size earthquakes are high in most areas of Seoul, particularly around river sides covered by alluvium.

Simulating Seoul's greenbelt policy with a machine learning-based land-use change model

This study builds a machine-learning-based land-use change (ML-LUC) model to analyze the effect of green belt (GB) regulation in the Seoul metropolitan area (SMA) and predict the spatially explicit development potential of the land within the GB under the assumption of a no-GB policy scenario. It stands out for its ML-LUC application to simulate counterfactual planning for urban land use regulation. After comparing the predictive power of extreme gradient boosting (XGB), random forest (RF), and artificial neural network (ANN), the ML-LUC model utilizes the XGB algorithm due to its outperformance. Three scenarios based on SMA's land market demand were simulated to estimate the potential population and employment within the GB under the no-GB policy: high, moderate, and low land market demand. The results suggest 0.6 to 1.5 million residents, 0.2 to 0.5 million manufacturing jobs, and 0.4 to 1.0 million service sector jobs could have been located within the GB, accounting for 3 % to 6 % of total population and 5 % to 13 % of all employment in SMA. The findings imply the GB regulation prevents population and employment from locating within the GB, pushing them to central Seoul or suburbs beyond the GB under a closed-city assumption.

Predicting the Risk of Sleep Disorders Using a Machine Learning-Based Simple Questionnaire: Development and Validation Study.

Sleep disorders, such as obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), comorbid insomnia and sleep apnea (COMISA), and insomnia are common and can have serious health consequences. However, accurately diagnosing these conditions can be challenging as a result of the underrecognition of these diseases, the time-intensive nature of sleep monitoring necessary for a proper diagnosis, and patients' hesitancy to undergo demanding and costly overnight polysomnography tests. We aim to develop a machine learning algorithm that can accurately predict the risk of OSA, COMISA, and insomnia with a simple set of questions, without the need for a polysomnography test. We applied extreme gradient boosting to the data from 2 medical centers (n=4257 from Samsung Medical Center and n=365 from Ewha Womans University Medical Center Seoul Hospital). Features were selected based on feature importance calculated by the Shapley additive explanations (SHAP) method. We applied extreme gradient boosting using selected features to develop a simple questionnaire predicting sleep disorders (SLEEPS). The accuracy of the algorithm was evaluated using the area under the receiver operating characteristics curve. In total, 9 features were selected to construct SLEEPS. SLEEPS showed high accuracy, with an area under the receiver operating characteristics curve of greater than 0.897 for all 3 sleep disorders, and consistent performance across both sets of data. We found that the distinction between COMISA and OSA was critical for accurate prediction. A publicly accessible website was created based on the algorithm that provides predictions for the risk of the 3 sleep disorders and shows how the risk changes with changes in weight or age. SLEEPS has the potential to improve the diagnosis and treatment of sleep disorders by providing more accessibility and convenience. The creation of a publicly accessible website based on the algorithm provides a user-friendly tool for assessing the risk of OSA, COMISA, and insomnia.

Time-varying spatial accessibility of primary healthcare services based on spatiotemporal variations in demand, supply, and traffic conditions: A case study of Seoul, South Korea

IntroductionAlthough demand, supply, and traffic conditions are interdependent, scholars have considered them separately when measuring accessibility of healthcare services. Additionally, the spatiotemporal variations in these three factors are given relatively less attention in healthcare accessibility research, thereby misleading the policy decisions of healthcare planners. This study aims to examine the spatiotemporal variability of accessibility to primary healthcare services and identify areas with a spatial discrepancy between time-varying and static accessibility models in Seoul, South Korea. MethodsUsing the generalized two-step floating catchment area method, we measure time-varying spatial accessibility with de facto population from hourly collected mobile-based data, available primary healthcare facilities, and actual traffic conditions in Seoul. Additionally, the bivariate Local Moran's I allowed for the identification of areas with discrepancies between the two accessibility models. ResultsThe results show that a geographical pattern of time-varying accessibility significantly differs with that of static accessibility. Time-varying accessibility is lower in commercial and business areas and higher in residential areas, compared with static accessibility, which is higher in central Seoul. The result of the bivariate Local Moran's I analysis highlights that ignoring time variations of the three factors will result in overestimation in commercial areas and underestimation in residential areas. Based on the discrepancy between the two models, we identified the overestimated and underestimated areas. ConclusionWe suggest areas to which healthcare policy needs to pay more attention by identifying areas with spatial discrepancies between time-varying accessibility and static accessibility. Considering the time variations will provide a more realistic impression of spatial accessibility to primary healthcare.

TRAPSim: An agent-based model to estimate personal exposure to non-exhaust road emissions in central Seoul

Non-exhaust emissions (NEEs) from brake and tyre wear cause detrimental health effects, yet their relationship with mobility has not been examined rigorously. We constructed an agent-based traffic simulator to illustrate the coupled problems of emissions, behaviour, and the estimated exposure to PM10 for groups of drivers and subway commuters in Seoul CBD. Having calibrated the parameters, the results regarding the air quality revealed that roughly 25–30% of the roadside PM10 was significantly higher than the background PM10. Additionally, compared to intra-urban cars, pedestrians who commuted for longer periods of time and were exposed to more ambient particles suffered significant health losses; however, drivers only became aware of the health risk when PM10 levels were consistently high for a few days. Compared to the business-as-usual scenario of vehicle entry, a 90% vehicle restriction was able to reduce PM10 by 18–24% and cut the percentage of resident drivers who were at risk. However, it was not effective for subway commuters. Using an agent-based traffic simulator in a health context can provide insights into how exposure and health effects can vary depending on the time of exposure and the form of transportation.

(Un)masking Seoul

Abstract In March 2019, South Korea instituted a mask mandate as the main protective measure against the spread of Covid-19. The mask and the government-issued posters detailing guidance and regulations regarding masking have since become a prominent part of Korea’s semiotic landscape. This study focuses on the capital city of Seoul to explore how these changes in the semiotic landscape have resulted in a (re)negotiation of control over space between the government and the citizens, through the lens of the mask as a static and dynamic semiotic device. The data is drawn from photographs, observations, and notes made during 3 months of commuting in central Seoul. The findings are interpreted in the light of local sociocultural ideologies, and in reference to the greater global discourse of both governmental intrusion into and regulation of spaces and behaviors through the act of mask-wearing.

Laterally Varying Crustal and Quaternary Fault-Zone Structures in the Seoul Metropolitan Area, South Korea, from a Joint Inversion Analysis Based on Dense Seismic Arrays

ABSTRACTThe crustal structure and Quaternary fault zone in the Seoul metropolitan area are investigated using a joint inversion that combines the receiver functions with surface wave dispersion based on seismic data from densely deployed seismic arrays. The uncertainty in inverted models is examined through a set of synthetic experiments. Synthetic tests and comparisons with other methods verify the observed crustal features. The Moho depths range between 28.7 and 32.8 km with relatively shallow depths in the central Seoul metropolitan area. The VP/VS ratio varies between 1.67 and 1.85. A Conrad discontinuity with a weak velocity increase is present at a depth of ∼20 km. Low-velocity anomalies appear at depths of ∼3 km and 6–11 km along the Chugaryeong fault zone and fault junction area. Apparent shear wave velocity contrasts appear across the fault zone where earthquakes are clustered. A high-velocity block in the western Seoul metropolitan area lies along the fault zone that runs across western Seoul. The shear wave velocity models and seismicity suggest that the fault zone may extend to a depth of 11 km at least.

СОВРЕМЕННЫЕ ВНЕШНЕПОЛИТИЧЕСКИЕ СВЯЗИРЕСПУБЛИКИ КАЗАХСТАН И РЕСПУБЛИКИКОРЕЯ (30-летию внешней связи Казахстан и Республики Корея)

In the article, the authors consider the political aspects of international relations between the Republic of Kazakhstan and the Republic of Korea. Political relations and the development of democratic processes in both countries are studied. An interdisciplinary approach has been taken to the disclosure of cooperation over the entire 30-year historical period since the conclusion of diplomatic relations and the transition to a qualitatively new format of partnership in a wide field of interaction. A political approach to the study of the problem of international events in the Asian continent has been developed. The positive role of international relations over the past decades between the countries of Central Asia and Seoul is revealed. For the Republic of Korea, it is a very promising and dynamically developing region with rich natural resources and large transit and transport potential. Recent events have demonstrated the interest of economically developed countries of the world in cooperation with Kazakhstan. The significance of the Korean experience, the main load-bearing structures on which the modern foreign policy model of the Republic of Korea is based for Kazakhstan, requires assessment from different angles, including its interests primarily in the Central Asian region. International cooperation with the Republic of Korea and its experience in organizing an open policy are of considerable importance for Kazakhstan.

Stereotactic body radiation therapy as a salvage treatment for single viable hepatocellular carcinoma at the site of incomplete transarterial chemoembolization: a retrospective analysis of 302 patients

BackgroundTo evaluate the clinical outcomes of patients who received stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) for single viable hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) at the site of incomplete transarterial chemoembolization (TACE).MethodsPatients treated with SBRT for single viable HCC after incomplete TACE between 2012 and 2017 at Asan Medical Center (Seoul, South Korea) were included. Incomplete TACE was defined as (1) evidence of viable HCC at the site of TACE on follow-up dynamic computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging following one or more consecutive TACEs, (2) no definite tumor staining on superselective hepatic angiogram, or (3) no definite iodized oil uptake on post-embolization angiogram or CT. Doses of 10–15 Gy per fraction were given over 3–4 consecutive days. The primary outcome was local control rate at 3 years and secondary outcome included tumor response, overall survival rate, out-of-field intrahepatic recurrence-free survival, distant metastasis-free survival and treatment-related toxicities. Treatment-related adverse events were evaluated according to the common terminology criteria for adverse events, version 4.03.ResultsA total of 302 patients were analyzed. The median follow-up duration was 32.9 months (interquartile range [IQR], 23.6–41.7) and the median tumor size was 2.0 cm (range, 0.7–6.9). The local control (LC) and overall survival rates at 3 years were 91.2 and 72.7%, respectively. 95.4% of the tumors reached complete response (CR) during the entire follow-up period (anyCR). The median interval from SBRT to anyCR was 3.4 months (IQR, 1.9–4.7), and 39.9 and 83.3% of the lesions reached CR at 3- and 6-months after SBRT, respectively. Radiation-induced liver disease was observed in 8 (2.6%) patients. No patients experienced gastroduodenal bleeding within the radiation field.ConclusionSBRT could be considered a feasible salvage treatment option for HCC after incomplete TACE.

Diurnal and Seasonal Variations of Particulate Matter Concentrations in the Urban Forests of Saetgang Ecological Park in Seoul, Korea

Urban forests provide various ecosystem services. Although the function of reducing particulate matter (PM) in the city is known, research into the reduction of PM according to the type and structure of various forests is still needed. It is essential to study the characteristics of PM concentration in urban riparian forests, which are frequently used for outdoor walks in the COVID-19 era. In this study, the diurnal and seasonal changes in PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations were analyzed in urban forests with different structures in the riparian forests located in central Seoul. The PM concentration was found to be high regardless of the time of the day in forests with a developed canopy layer. Similar results were found before and after leaf emergence compared with the seasonal PM concentration. The results of this study highlight the need for planned and periodic management of the canopy layer and underground vegetation to prevent the PM trapping effect to ensure the safe use of riparian forests in cities.

Quantitative assessments of pupillary light reflexes in hospital-onset unresponsiveness

BackgroundPatients who develop hospital-onset unresponsiveness should be promptly managed in order to avoid clinical deterioration. Pupillary examination through pupillary light reflex is the gold standard method in the initial evaluation of unresponsive patients. However, the current method of shining light and subjective description often shows poor reliability. The objective of this study is to explore whether a quantitative measurement of pupillary light reflexes is useful in detecting brain herniation syndrome and predicting neurological outcomes in patients who developed hospital-onset unresponsiveness after admission for non-neurological reasons.MethodsThis was a registry-based observational study on patients who activated the neurological rapid response team at Asan Medical Center (Seoul, Korea). Hospital-onset unresponsiveness was defined as a newly developed unresponsive state as assessed by the ACDU (Alert, Confused, Drowsy, and Unresponsive) scale during the hospital stay. Demographics, comorbidities, pupillometry parameters including Neurological Pupil index, brain herniation syndrome, in-hospital mortality, and modified Rankin Scale at 3-months were analyzed.ResultsIn 214 consecutive patients with hospital-onset unresponsiveness, 37 (17%) had brain herniation syndrome. The optimal cut-off value of Neurological Pupil index for detecting brain herniation syndrome was < 1.6 (specificity, 91% [95% confidence interval (CI) = 86–95]; sensitivity, 49% [95% CI = 32–66]). The in-hospital mortality rate was 28% (59/214); the Neurological Pupil index was negatively associated with in-hospital mortality after adjustments for the presence of brain herniation syndrome (adjusted odds ratio = 0.77, 95% CI = 0.62–0.96). Poor neurological outcomes (modified Rankin Scale ≥4) at 3 months was observed in 76% (152/201) of the patients; the Neurological Pupil index was negatively associated with poor neurological outcomes after adjustments for clinical variables (adjusted odds ratio = 0.67, 95% CI = 0.49–0.90).ConclusionsQuantitative measurements of pupillary light reflexes may be useful for early detection of potentially life-threatening neurological conditions in patients with hospital-onset unresponsiveness.

Feasibility of a Hybrid Risk-Adapted Monitoring System in Investigator-Sponsored Trials in Cancer

We assessed the feasibility of a hybrid monitoring system (minimal on-site monitoring + strategic central monitoring) used at the academic research office at Asan Medical Center (Seoul, Korea) in monitoring investigator-sponsored oncology trials. Monitoring findings in three oncology trials conducted between 2014 and 2017 were compared. A confirmatory source data verification (SDV) was carried out in the low-risk trial and compared with the central monitoring findings. The economic advantages of central monitoring were tested by calculating the monitoring hours per patient. A total of 50, 118, 228 patients were enrolled in the high-, intermediate-, and low-risk trials, respectively. The high-risk trial was monitored through 42 on-site visits (1299 findings); the intermediate-risk trial had 79 monitorings (on-site, 24%; central, 76%; 1464 findings); the low-risk trial had 197 monitorings (on-site, 4%; central, 96%; 3364 findings). Central monitoring was more effective than on-site monitoring in revealing minor errors such as "missing case report forms" and "data outliers" (both P < 0.0001), and showed comparable results in revealing major issues such as investigational product compliance and delayed reporting of serious adverse events (both P > 0.05). Confirmatory SDV in the low-risk trial revealed more findings than central monitoring in the "inconsistent data" and "inappropriate adverse event" categories. The total monitoring hours per patient were lower in the intermediate- and low-risk trials than in the high-risk trial (8.1 and 7.3 vs. 14.3h, respectively). Our hybrid monitoring system showed acceptable feasibility in revealing both major and minor issues in multi-center oncology investigator-sponsored trials.

Socially Engaged Art(ists) and the 'Just Turn' in City Space: The Evolution of Gwanghwamun Plaza in Seoul, South Korea

Expanding the critical research on the role of arts and artists in (influencing) urban development and urban planning tenets, this article looks at how the interventions of socially engaged art(ists) committed to creating momentum for a 'just turn' in civic values and action can have tangible implications. We look into the threads of connection between the broader literature around the social and 'just turn' in the art world and urban planning approaches. Seoul is then presented with particular focus here as it is going through a watershed moment in what a city 'ought to be', amid 'paradigm shifts' that involve rethinking the relational connection between the arts and city space in tandem with social engagement as the new doctrine of governance. The article focuses on the case of Gwanghwamun Plaza in central Seoul as an example that embodies these scenes and changes. First, it goes over how the plaza's functions and image over time were influenced by both top-down and bottom-up dynamics, in the context of changing dynamics in the urban planning and art worlds. This leads on to more recent events such as the 2016–2017 'candlelight protests', where socially engaged art(ists) played a bottom-up, pivotal role in (re)characterizing a tourism-booster landmark into a public space for social dialogue. By examining the built environment implications from these artistic interventions in Gwanghwamun Plaza, the article considers how the practices and discussions from socially engaged art(ists) can be significant in characterizing the 'new normal' in the plaza's future and in urban/cultural policy and planning at large.

Influence of cloud, fog, and high relative humidity during pollution transport events in South Korea: Aerosol properties and PM2.5 variability

Abstract This investigation examines aerosol dynamics during major fine mode aerosol transboundary pollution events in South Korea primarily during the KORUS-AQ campaign from May 1 – June 10, 2016, particularly when cloud fraction was high and/or fog was present to quantify the change in aerosol characteristics due to near-cloud or fog interaction. We analyze the new AERONET Version 3 data that have significant changes to cloud screening algorithms, allowing many more fine-mode observations in the near vicinity of clouds or fog. Case studies for detailed investigation include May 25–26, 2016 when cloud fraction was high over much of the peninsula, associated with a weak frontal passage and advection of pollution from China. These cloud-influenced Chinese transport dates also had the highest aerosol optical depth (AOD), surface PM2.5 concentrations and fine mode particle sizes of the entire campaign. Another likewise cloud/high relative humidity (RH) case is June 9 and 10, 2016 when fog was present over the Yellow Sea that appears to have affected aerosol properties well downwind over the Korean peninsula. In comparison we also investigated aerosol properties on air stagnation days with very low cloud cover and relatively low RH (May 17 & 18, 2016), when local Korean emissions dominated. Aerosol volume size distributions show marked differences between the transport days (with high RH and cloud influences) and the local pollution stagnation days, with total column-integrated particle fine mode volume being an order of magnitude greater on the pollution transport dates. The PM2.5 over central Seoul were significantly greater than for coastal sites on the transboundary transport days yet not on stagnation days, suggesting additional particle formation from gaseous urban emissions in cloud/fog droplets and/or in the high RH humidified aerosol environment. Many days had KORUS-AQ research aircraft flights that provided observations of aerosol absorption, particle chemistry and vertical profiles of extinction. AERONET retrievals and aircraft in situ measurements both showed high single scattering albedo (weak absorption) on the cloudy or cloud influenced days, plus aircraft profile in situ measurements showed large AOD enhancements (versus dried aerosol) at ambient relative humidity (RH) on the pollution transport days, consistent with the significantly larger fine mode particle radii and weak absorption.

Abstract P2-09-05: Low estrogen receptor positive (1-10%) breast cancer prevalence, treatment patterns and prognosis: A single institution’s experience in Korea

Abstract Background: Estrogen receptor (ER) expression is a predictive and prognostic factor in breast cancer. While the clinical benefit of endocrine therapy is indisputable, evidence suggests patients with low-ER expression (immunohistochemistry (IHC) 1-10%) may be less likely to respond to endocrine therapy and have a prognosis similar to those with hormone receptor negative breast cancer, particularly in the setting of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) negative disease. The objective of this analysis was to estimate the proportion of low-ER expression among female breast cancer patients, and the clinicopathological characteristics, treatment patterns and clinical outcomes using real world data. Methods: A retrospective analysis was conducted using data from female breast cancer patients that underwent surgery with curative intent for invasive ductal or lobular breast cancer at Samsung Medical Center (Seoul, Korea) between January 2003 and December 2012. IHC was previously performed using standard procedures for determining ER, progesterone receptor (PR) and HER2 levels. PR expression was only used in determining triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) status. ER-positive patients were further classified as ER expression low (1-10%) and high (&amp;gt;10%) using their Allred Proportion Score (score=2) and Intensity Score (score of 1, 2 or 3). Disease-free survival (DFS) was analyzed using Kaplan-Meier method. Results: The analysis included 5,930 patients with a median follow-up of 81 months. Overall, approximately 47% were stage 1, 41% stage 2, and 12% stage 3. Seventy-three percent of patients were ER+/HER2-, 13% TNBC, 8% ER+/HER2+ and 6% ER-/HER2+. The proportion of the cohort with low-ER expression was 2.0% (n=117); 63 (53.8%) and 54 (46.2%) with HER2- and HER2+ status, respectively. Among all ER+ women, 2.4% were classified as low-ER. The proportion of women with Ki-67 of ≥14 was greater in the low-ER/HER2- (90.0%) than the high-ER/HER2- cohort (43.3%) and similar to the TNBC cohort (92.2%). Low-ER/HER2- women were more likely to receive adjuvant chemotherapy (93.7%) than those with high-ER/HER2- (58%), which was comparable to women with TNBC (92.2%). Among those with HER2- status, low-ER patients were slightly less likely than their high-ER counterparts to have received adjuvant hormone therapy (92.1% vs 98.9%). Five-year DFS for the overall cohort was 91.7%; highest in the high-ER/HER2- cohort (94.0%), lowest in the TNBC cohort (81.3%) and 85.7% among low-ER/HER2- women. Conclusion: Women with low-ER/HER2- breast cancer had similar clinicopathological characteristics, treatment patterns, and prognosis compared with those with TNBC. Clinical implication of this low-ER subgroup needs to be elucidated in terms of intrinsic subtyping based on biology to enable optimal treatment. Further research is needed to understand predictive and prognostic factors associated with low-ER/HER2- disease. Citation Format: Yeon Hee Park, Vassiliki Karantza, Shawna R. Calhoun, Seri Park, Sohee Lee, Ji-Yeon Kim, Jong Han Yu, Seok Won Kim, Jeong Eon Lee, Seok Jin Nam, Gursel Aktan, Mark Marsico. Low estrogen receptor positive (1-10%) breast cancer prevalence, treatment patterns and prognosis: A single institution’s experience in Korea [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2019 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2019 Dec 10-14; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2020;80(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P2-09-05.

공개공지 디자인 선호도 평가를 통한 가로환경 공공디자인 연구 –서울 도심 공개공지를 중심으로–

공개공지 디자인 선호도 평가를 통한 가로환경 공공디자인 연구 –서울 도심 공개공지를 중심으로–

Restoring and Re-Restoring the Cheonggyecheon: Nature, Technology, and History in Seoul, South Korea

Abstract The Cheonggyecheon Restoration Project (2003–5) was an ambitious urban initiative to restore a 5.8-kilometer stream in central Seoul by demolishing elevated highways and peeling back the decades-old concrete pavement. A massive civil engineering project in itself, the restoration work caused heated debates on whether it brought back “an environmentally friendly civic jewel” or resulted in a humongous “fish tank” with an artificial water supply and meticulously engineered vista. This article examines the design, implementation, and critique of the restoration project by taking an envirotechnical position that restoration is fundamentally about negotiating nature, technology, and history. First, the designers and engineers struggled to determine how much nature and how much technology should constitute the new Cheonggyecheon so that it could recover its original state. Second, planners and officials deliberated which parts of the city’s past the restoration should reference and display. It turned out that a distant, dynastic era was brought back while a recent, contested history of rushed industrialization was pushed away, both physically and symbolically. Even as the critics of the restoration project pushed for a new “re-restoration” project, the central dilemma of finding the right reference for restoration remained unresolved. The Cheonggyecheon project shows that restoration is a never-ending effort that mobilizes what is available at the moment in the repository of nature, technology, and history.

서울지역 녹지서비스의 환경형평성 분석† - 중구, 성동구, 동대문구를 사례로 -

Urban green spaces, as a means to mitigate social problems and environmental risks, are getting more attention in evaluating urban environment. The inequity of green space distribution is becoming a major issue in urban planning and management. This study investigated the characteristics of green space in 3 districts (Jung-gu, Dongdaemun-gu, Seongdong-gu), that are composed of 46 administrative divisions in central Seoul, to analyze the environmental equity of urban green spaces. The correlations between the amount of green space, including the coverage of street trees, and the socioeconomic status of each administrative division were analyzed. To deduce the effects of plant coverage on the urban temperature regime, the relationship between the normalized difference of vegetation index (NDVI) and land surface temperature (LST) was analyzed. The research revealed that the mean NDVI of an administrative division was negatively correlated with the percentage of basic living recipients and disabled people. The LST of a division with low NDVI was higher due to the lack of green coverage. Such environmental inequities were closely related to residential building type, which was strongly affected by the economic status of residents. The LST of an apartment area was 2.0°C lower than that of single-family houses and multi-housing areas. This is expected as the average NDVI of the apartment area was more than twice as high as the other environments considered in this study. The inequity can be exacerbated without urban planning which is deliberately designed to reduce it.