Center For Plant Conservation Research Articles

Antioxidant activity of kecombrang flower (Etlingera elatior) methanol extract and identification of its compounds using LC-MS/MS

Introduction: The Kecombrang plant (Etlingera elatior) is a plant that has natural antioxidant potential. The antioxidant activity of a plant depends on the amount of active compound extracted and the extraction method. This study aimed to determine the active compound with LC-MS/MS. Methods: Vacum rotary evaporator, UV-Vis Shimadzu spectrophotometer, set of tools LCMS/MS ACQUITY UPLC®H-Class System (waters, USA). Kecombrang flowers (Etlingera elatior) were obtained from the Soka traditional village, Tabanan and determined at the LIPI-UPT Center for Plant Conservation of the Bali "Eka Karya" Botanical Garden” Bali. Results: Kecombrang flowers (Etlingera elatior) reported that the higher the methanol concentration, the higher the total flavonoids and antioxidants level. Antioxidants were carried out to determine the capacity of the active compounds in the extract to scavenge free radicals. Based on the IC50 value obtained, the methanol extract of kecombrang flowers with a concentration of 99% had the highest antioxidant activity with an IC50 value of 86.59 mg/L and was classified as a strong antioxidant. Kecombrang flowers macerated with 70% methanol and 50% methanol had moderate antioxidant activity, as indicated by the IC50 values ​​of 100.32 mg/L and 123.91 mg/L, respectively. Conclusion: Antioxidant activity test of kecombrang flowers (Etlingera elatior) methanol extract with concentration variation 99%,70%, and 50% the best antioxidant value 99 % low concentration solvent has a high boiling point, so that it evaporates slowly, resulting in a higher extract yield.

QUALITY PARAMETERS AND DETERMINATION OF TOTAL FLAVONOID LEVELS FROM THE HIGHEST ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF ETHANOL 70% EXTRACT JACKFRUIT PEEL (ARTOCARPUS HETEROPHYLLUS L.) BY MACERATION, REFLUX, AND ULTRASONIC METHODS

Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate and determination of total flavonoid levels antioxidant activity of ethanol 70% extract jackfruit peel (Artocarpus heterophyllus L.) by maceration, reflux, and ultrasonic methods
 Methods: Jackfruit peel was extracted by using maceration, reflux, and ultrasonic methods with 70% of ethanol as the solvent. Antioxidant activity using DPPH free radical scavenging and determination of total flavonoid levels using colorimetric methods.
 Conclusion: The results of phytochemical screening indicates that jackfruit peel contains flavonoids, saponins, tannin, and triterpenoids; the best antioxidant activity is found in the maceration method. The extract of Jackfruit peel fullfill the quality parameters requirements.
 Results: The determination was carried out at the Center for Plant Conservation and Botanical Gardens-LIPI, Bogor. The results of this determination indicate that the material studied belongs to the species Artocarpus heterophyllus L.

Scientific Note: Capsule-Seed Allometric Relationships in Ludwigia ravenii (Onagraceae), a Critically Imperiled Wetland-Obligate

Ludwigia ravenii is a critically imperiled tetraploid known historically from Virginia to Florida. There have been no published studies examining the number of seeds produced per capsule to guide researchers and conservationists in planning studies or collection efforts. Such data are important considering current guidelines by the Center for Plant Conservation recommend that no more than 10 percent of a population's seed production be collected in a single season. To fill this void, our objective was to examine and report on capsule-seed allometric relationships in the species. Our study is based on 25 capsules from six plants from the North Carolina Coastal Plain. Though admittedly limited in geographic scope, we focused on these wild plants to avoid destruction of herbarium specimens and as they were already the subject of a broader, permitted inquiry into seed germination. Consistent with prior, range-wide monographic study, measured capsule dimensions were: length 2.87–5.41 mm (mean=3.98, sd=0.64); broader facet width 1.95–3.67 mm (mean=2.94, sd=0.43); narrower facet width 1.88–3.27 mm (mean=2.70, sd=0.39). The mean number of seeds produced per capsule was 304.8 (sd=94.9). The mean number of seeds produced by capsules at least 4 mm long was 361 (sd=65.7), whereas the mean number of seeds produced by capsules less than 4 mm long was 233 (sd=77.8). In the absence of additional data from other populations, we preliminarily recommend that capsule collection efforts focus on capsules at least 4 mm long.

The appearance of DNA bands pattern based on the result of primary selection of RAPD orchid Phaius spp.

This study aimed to examine the appearance of the DNA band pattern resulted from the selection of RAPD primers on Phaius spp. namely Phaius tankervillae, Phaius montanus, Phaius collasus and Phaius amboinensis. The research material was performed in the Center for Plant Conservation of the LIPI Bogor Botanical Gardens. Molecular analysis was carried out at the Laboratory of the Center for Horticultural and Tropical Studies IPB using RAPD. The study showed that the 2 primers RAPD OPA 02 and OPA 16 can be used for DNA amplification of orchids Phaius spp (Phaius tankervillae, Phaius montanus Phaius collasus and Phaius amboinensis) because they produce clear DNA bands. The result of PCR amplification on Phaius tankervillae, Phaius montanus, Phaius collasus, and Phaius amboinensis using OPA 02 and OPA 16 primers produced 11 and 9 DNA bands, respectively, with an average of 5 DNA bands per primer. In the band pattern at 800 bp on OPA 02 primers resulting sharp and clear band pattern quality.

Reproductive biology of Vatica venulosa Blume (Dipterocarpaceae)

Abstract. Widjaya AH, Latifah D, Hardwick KA, Suhartanto MR, Palupi ER. 2021. Reproductive biology of Vatica venulosa Blume (Dipterocarpaceae). Biodiversitas 22: 4327-4337. Vatica venulosa Blume is categorized as Critically Endangered A1c ver 2.3, according to the IUCN Red List. A study of the reproductive biology of V. venulosa Blume was carried out in August 2019-February 2020 at the Research Center for Plant Conservation and Botanic Gardens, Bogor, Indonesia. The research observed flower morphology, flower development, type of pollination, fruit and seed structures. V. venulosa is categorized as having a sub-annual flowering pattern. The flowering phenology of V. venulosa from flower bud emergence until fruit senescence takes about 6 months. The flower is hermaphroditic, with position of the pistil is higher/longer than the stamen; and pollen was released prior to stigma being receptive (protandrous). V. venulosa is a cross-pollinated plant, the flower visitors are insect nymphs of Thrips sp. (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), which are white and 1-1.5 mm in size. The percentage of blooming flowers was 32.3-37.9%, fruit set 10.9 %-12.6%. Seed physiological maturity is reached at the age of 101±3-106±3 days after the flowers bloom when the wings are yellow green or green orange in color. V. venulosa seed is a non endospermous seed, and the cotyledons are composed mainly of small clumps of starch, being 42.5% carbohydrate.

Geographic Distribution Shift of Invasive Plant Austroeupatorium inulifolium in the Future Climate Projection

Aims: This study aims to predict the future geographic distribution shift of invasive plant species Austroeupathorium inulifolium as the impact of global climate change.
 Study Design: The rising temperature and precipitation change lead to the geographic distribution shift of organisms. A. inulifolium belongs to invasive plant species that often causes a substantial economic loss and ecological degradation in the invaded areas. Modelling of species distribution using the climate-based model could be used to understand the geographic distribution shift of invasive species in the future scenario under global climate change.
 Place and Duration of Study: Center for Plant Conservation and Botanic Gardens – LIPI and 6 months.
 Methodology: The total 2228 of occurrence records were derived from the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF) database. The seven climatic variables were selected from 19 variables using a pairwise correlation test (vifcor) with a threshold >0.7. The ensemble model was used by combining Random Forest (RF) and Support Vector Machine (SVM).
 Results: Both two models are well-performed either using AUC or TSS evaluation methods. RF and SVM have AUC >0.95, and TSS >0.8. The predicted current distribution tends to have larger distribution areas compared to observed occurrence records. The predicted future distribution seems to be shifted in several parts of North America and Europe.
 Conclusion: The geographic distribution of invasive plant species A. inulifolium will be shifted to the Northern part of globe in 2090. Mean temperature of driest quarter and precipitation of warmest quarter are the two most important variables that determine the distribution pattern of the A. inulifolium. The predictive distribution pattern of invasive plant A. inulifolium would be important to provide information about the impact of climate change to the geographic distribution shift of this species.

The importance of rediscovering rare and endemic plants: Two species of Pleroma D.Don (Melastomataceae), an update of conservation status, and improved descriptions

The remaining portion of Atlantic Forest in the state of Rio de Janeiro constitutes a strategic challenge in the conservation of the biome, by concentrating high richness and endemism of species that are distributed in distinct vegetative fragments covering the mountainous regions. In the state, the genus Pleroma presents a high diversity, currently 45 species, of which 14 are endemic and several of these have knowledge gaps. This paper aims to document rediscoveries in the Três Picos State Park of two species of Pleroma that had not been collected for 69 and 100 years respectively. These discoveries resulted from the actions of the National Center for Plant Conservation, a division of the Rio de Janeiro Botanical Garden. Updated descriptions, geographic information and distribution maps, and cited collections for these two species of Pleroma are presented here together with an assessment of their current conservation status. Based on IUCN criteria, we recommend a classification of Critically Endangered (CR) and Endangered (EN) for Pleroma virgatum and P. elegans, respectively.

POLLEN VIABILITY AND MORPHOLOGY OF SESAME (Sesamum indicum L.) AS A RESULT OF GAMMA RAY IRRADIATION

Pest and disease attack is a limiting factor in the production of sesame ( Sesamum indicum L.). Efforts to assemble superior sesame varieties that are resistant to pests and diseases can be a solution to increase productivity. To get superior varieties can be done through mutations using gamma-ray irradiation. The problem is the mutations can affect the viability and morphology of pollen. This research aimed to determine the effect of gamma-ray irradiation doses on the viability and morphology of sesame pollen. It was conducted at Indonesian Sweetener and Fiber Crops Research Institute and Research Center for Plant Conservation and Botanic Garden-LIPI, from January to May 2019. It was arranged in completely randomized design with two factors. The first factor was the type of sesame variety (Sumberrejo 1, Winas 1, and Winas 2),, while the second factor was the dose of gamma-ray irradiation (0, 100, 200, 300, 400, and 600 Gy). The variables to be observed were the viability and morphology of pollen. The results showed that gamma-ray irradiation up to a dose of 600 Gy did not affect the morphology, but did affected the viability of sesame pollen. The viability of pollen Sumberrejo 1 and Winas 1 varieties irradiated at doses of 100-300 Gy did not change and remained high (>50%), but at doses >300 Gy, viability decreased up to 50%), tetapi pada dosis >300 Gy, viabilitas menurun hingga <50%. Pada Winas 2, viabilitas serbuk sari <10%, baik diiradiasi maupun tidak. Morfologi serbuk sari wijen varietas Sumberrejo 1, Winas 1 dan 2 memiliki karakter monad, isopolar, stephanoaperture, dengan ukuran unit yang bervariasi. Kata kunci: iradiasi, sinar gamma, serbuk sari, wijen ( Sesamum indicum L.)

Inventarisasi, kunci identifikasi, pemetaan, dan rekomendasi pengelolaan jenis-jenis bambu di ecology park, pusat konservasi tumbuhan, kebun raya–LIPI, Kabupaten Bogor, Jawa Barat

Inventory, identification key, mapping, and management recommendation of bamboo species in the ecology park, center for plant conservation, botanic gardens–LIPI, Bogor Regency, West Java. This study aimed to make an inventory of bamboo species to provide an identification key, a distribution map of those bamboos, as well as, a recommendation on bamboo management in the Ecology Park. The study was conducted in January-February 2019 using the exploration method, located in the Ecology Park, Center for Plant Conservation, Botanic Gardens, Campus of Cibinong Science Center–Botanic Gardens (CSC–BG), LIPI, Cibinong, Bogor, West Java. The bamboo herbarium specimens were made to determine the bamboo species found in the Ecology Park. The bamboo specimens were processed and deposited in the Herbarium Bogoriense (BO). The morphology characters of bamboo were described and to be used to determine the species and also to provide an identification key. The distribution map of bamboo in the Ecology Park created and it was overlapped with the existing map of the Ecology Park area. The bamboo management recommendation was made based on the data of bamboo inventory and mapping. The results showed that there are three species of bamboo from 40 clumps found in the Ecology Park, namely Bambusa vulgaris (bambu ampel), Gigantochloa apus (bambu tali), and G. pseudoarundinacea (bambu andong). These bamboos were alleged spontaneous collection and mostly distributed near the lake and along the road. An identification key to the species and a distribution map of bamboo species in the Ecology Park were presented. These bamboos play an important role in the Ecology Park to maintain water availability and to help to prevent a landslide. It is recommended that bamboo clumps in Ecology Park need to be tidied by making a fence and thinning of bamboo clumps needs to be done at least every 2 years. The management staff need to enrich the bamboo species in the Ecology Park, particularly ornamental and endemic bamboo of Indonesia, such as Schizostachyum brachycladum (bambu gading) and Dinochloa scandens (bambu cangkoreh), planted in accordance with the bioregion where the species come from.

KAJIAN PERSEBARAN dan POTENSI JATI PASIR (Guettarda speciosa L.) di INDONESIA

Rubiaceae is a cosmopolitan family of flowering plants distributed at almost all over the world. This family consists of 611 genera and 13,500 species. One of the 611 genera is Guettarda that has 50 to 160 species. Guettarda speciosa L. is one of species within Guettarda which is distributed from East Africa to the Pacific Islands including Indonesia. The objective of this study, therefore, was to determine the species’ distribution in Indonesia and its potential use. The data was collected from herbarium specimens deposited in Herbarium Bogoriense, field collection data from exploration by Center for Plant Conservation, Indonesian Institute of Sciences, and NKRI Expedition in West Papua. Based on the collected data, an analysis was conducted to create distribution map of the species. Information related to the potential use of this species in Indonesia showed thatit iscommonly used as ornamental plant, although Rumphius reported that in Ambon the wood or bark of this species was usually boiled together with root ofArtocarpus as a traditional medicine for diarrhea.

Viability Tests On The Seeds Of Rafflesia Arnoldii R.br. And R. Patma Blume

Rafflesia species are holoparasites that are threatened by habitat loss. The Center for Plant Conservation Botanic Gardens–LIPI has been pioneering ex situ conservation of the plants using grafting methods. This R. arnoldii and R. patma ex situ conservation effort using seed innoculation has proven to be a challenge. Studies on viability testing of seeds aims to ensure viable seeds for supporting ex situ seed innoculation conservation programs. This research aimed to: (1) observe the morphological characters of the seeds and (2) determine a method for viability testing. Morphological characters of the seeds were observed under a binocular microscope. The viability test using bioassay procedures included: (1) reagent preparation; (2) pre–staining; (3) embryo exposure; (4) staining, and (5) assessment. The research resulted in: (1) morphological characteristics of R. arnoldii seeds, 2–3–times larger than those of R. patma, and that seeds of the two species have distinct testas, and (2) techniques for bioassay viability testing of Rafflesia seeds, i.e. the viability test resulted in an estimated viability percentage of 78.75 ± 4.75 % ( R. arnoldii seeds) and 93.29 2.67 % ( R. patma seeds).

Center for Plant Conservation's Best Practice Guidelines for the reintroduction of rare plants

Recent estimates indicate that one-fifth of botanical species worldwide are considered at risk of becoming extinct in the wild. One available strategy for conserving many rare plant species is reintroduction, which holds much promise especially when carefully planned by following guidelines and when monitored long-term. We review the Center for Plant Conservation Best Reintroduction Practice Guidelines and highlight important components for planning plant reintroductions. Before attempting reintroductions practitioners should justify them, should consider alternative conservation strategies, understand threats, and ensure that these threats are absent from any recipient site. Planning a reintroduction requires considering legal and logistic parameters as well as target species and recipient site attributes. Carefully selecting the genetic composition of founders, founder population size, and recipient site will influence establishment and population growth. Whenever possible practitioners should conduct reintroductions as experiments and publish results. To document whether populations are sustainable will require long-term monitoring for decades, therefore planning an appropriate monitoring technique for the taxon must consider current and future needs. Botanical gardens can play a leading role in developing the science and practice of plant reintroduction.

PERBANYAKAN VEGETATIF BIDARA UPAS (Merremia mammosa (Lour.) Hallier f) KEBUN RAYA BOGOR

Bidara upas (Merremia mammosa (Lour.) Hall.f.) is a medicinal plant, , that traditionaly use by Indonesian and Malaysian people. Regarding Indonesia Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan released by The National Development Planning Agency, it is included in the extinct medicinal plant list (2003). As the center for plant conservation, Bogor botanical garden conducted vegetative propagation study on this plant by air layering, cutting, and tuber cutting. The aim to this study is to find effective for bidara upas which method is vegetative propagation. Air layering and cutting propagation modified by Rootone-F did not give any result, whereas tuber cutting propagation with GA3 gave positive result. Principally, propagation by tuber cutting modified by 50 ppm of GA3 dose gave the most rapid and highest uniformity on shoot emergence, the best on growing variables, namely average height of shoot growing, the number of secondary roots, the number and length of the primary roots. It cannot be concluded yet that propagation by tuber cutting modified by GA3 was the most effective. Hence, it is necessary to conduct another propagation studies of air layering and cuttings with more variants of treatments, especially Rootone-F dose.

Оценка состояния популяций сосны повислой (Pinus cernua, Pinaceae)

The paper presents results of completed conservation assessment of the strict Laos-Vietnamese endemic, Pinus cernua, based on survey of all previous publications and data obtained from extensive fieldworks during September–October 2016, supported by Mohamed bin Zayed Species Conservation Fund, Komarov Botanical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Russian Foundation for Fundamental Investigations (RFFI) and the Center for Plant Conservation of the Vietnam Union of Science and Technology Associations. Present review verified 23 locations of the species in Pha Luong Mountains situated on the state boundary of Laos (Houaphan province) and Vietnam (Son La province). Among available localities, 6 were found at first, the species extinction was detected in 1 locality. The area of the species distribution (EOO) decreased during last 3–5 years on 25–30 % from about 20 to 15 km2, with total occupancy area (AOO) becoming less than 3 km2, therefore species conservation status is assessed as globally critically endangered (CR) following to accepted IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria: B1a, b (i-v), B2a, b (i-v). Report also provides basic data on geography, geomorphology and climate of Pha Luong Mountains, as well as detailed descriptions of P. cernua ecology, habitats, vegetation, biology, population structure and taxonomy. All field data and descriptions are based on collected voucher herbaria, which belong to 99 families, 180 genera and 550 species. Among collected plants, 6 species are new for the flora of Laos and Vietnam, 30 species are local threatened endemics needed protection and 12 species are new for science. The main factors of P. cernua extinction are formulated and the recommendations for its effective protection are proposed.

What to do when we can't bank on seeds: What botanic gardens can learn from the zoo community about conserving plants in living collections

What to do when we can't bank on seeds: What botanic gardens can learn from the zoo community about conserving plants in living collections

Guest Essay: The ultra-urban botanic garden

No abstract

Strategies for conserving plants through (re) introduction

Gardeners know how hard it is to keep a plant alive and thriving in a world where everything seems to like killing plants. Restoration ecologists know the difficulties associated with restoring and maintaining diversity into degraded sites. Biogeographers understand the challenges associated with predicting how changing climates will impact the future distributions of species. Putting these together, and we see the challenge facing plant conservation in the twentyfirst century. Increasing the resiliency of biodiversity by augmenting populations of rare plants with new populations planted in anticipation of changing climates is a logical process for conservation. Yet this is management strategy is characterized by limited success. Our empirical legacy of re-establishing plant populations is not strong. Our scientific justification for choosing relocation sites is plagued with high structural uncertainty. Our capacity to predict the impacts of selecting a subset of genotypes for relocation leaves is low. This poor prognosis for translocation is perhaps the best argument for maintaining strong in situ conservation within historic distributions combined with strong ex situ programs as a backstop. Understanding that the challenge of maintaining plant diversity through the twenty-first century will only become more difficult through time, the driving question is can we do better? If we are to succeed, we must do better, because failure in this endeavor will be coupled with extinction in the wild. The Center for Plant Conservation (CPC) does not often engage in the production of books, but when it does, it does so in a thoughtful, provocative and productive manner. In 2012, the CPC, along with the Society for Restoration Ecology, once again teamed up with Island Press to produce this edited volume on plant reintroductions, with an emphasis on changing climates. On three previous occasions, the CPC has sponsored an edited volume that became the definitive text for plant conservation issues of that time (Genetics and Conservation of Rare Plants; Falk DA, Holsinger KE (eds) (1991); Restoring Diversity: Strategies for Reintroduction of Endangered Plants; Falk DA, Millar CI, Olwell M (eds), (1996); Ex Situ Conservation, Guerrant EO, Jr, Havens K, Maunder M (eds) (2004)). Each of these landmark books is notable for a common feature: a detailed, prescriptive appendix that defining best management practice approaches to the topic on hand. This feature has been carried forward to Plant Reintroductions in a Changing Climate for one of the most useful components of the book for both practitioners and scientists. These best practice guidelines provide critical information for the researcher who wants to contribute to practice. The Appendix provides a detailed list of how one would go about a conservation translocation that considers future climate, linking the decisions and the scientific uncertainties to guide the researcher toward actionable science. If scientists M. W. Schwartz (&) John Muir Institute of the Environment, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA e-mail: mwschwartz@ucdavis.edu

Center for Plant Conservation

Center for Plant Conservation

Ex Situ Conservation of the Federally Endangered Plant SpeciesClematis socialisKral (Ranunculaceae)

ABSTRACT: The Center for Plant Conservation (CPC) has created sampling guidelines for the ex situ conservation of rare plant species. These guidelines estimate the number of individuals needed to maximize the genetic diversity of the collection according to population genetic theory. For many clonal plant species, knowledge of the number of unique individuals is not easily discerned and application of these guidelines must be based on molecular genetic data. In this paper, we discuss the steps taken in order to meet CPC guidelines for the conservation of a rare clonal plant, Clematis socialis. Due to limited seed availability, methods were developed for successful in vitro propagation and cryopreservation of C. socialis shoot tips. Inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) analysis identified fifteen unique genotypes in the ex situ in vitro collection. One genotype in this collection has been conserved from a population that is now presumed extinct. Although the initial sampling protocol managed to capture cons...

Effects And Importance of Soil Wetness And Neighbor Vegetation on Solidago Verna M. A. Curtis ex Torrey &amp; A. Gray (Spring-flowering Goldenrod) [asteraceae] Transplant Survivorship and Growth

ABSTRACT Solidago verna M. A. Curtis ex Torrey & A. Gray (spring-flowering goldenrod) [Asteraceae] is threatened in North Carolina, a species of federal concern, endemic to fire– adapted longleaf pine flatwoods in the Carolinas, and is in the Center for Plant Conservation's National Collection of Endangered Plants. Highway construction threatens the largest known population of S. verna. We conducted a transplant study to provide information for the plan being developed to mitigate for the impact of the highway. Plants of the threatened population were transplanted into study plots on seven Coastal Plain soils varying in wetness. Half of the plots on each soil were controls with unclipped neighbor vegetation; the others were experimental plots with clipped vegetation. Soil was the most important factor affecting transplant survival. Survival was lowest on soils that experienced ponding or flooding. Neighbor vegetation clipping tended to improve survival, with the greatest improvement on soils of intermedia...