Center For Epidemiologic Studies Depression Score Research Articles

Sex-Specific Association of Low Muscle Mass with Depression Status in Asymptomatic Adults: A Population-Based Study

Background: The objective of this study was to examine the correlation between low muscle mass (LMM) and depression, with a specific focus on identifying the sex-specific relationship between LMM and depression in a large sample. Methods: This population-based cross-sectional study involved 292,922 community-dwelling adults from 2012 to 2019. Measurements were taken using the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression (CESD) scale and body composition analyses. Depression was defined as a CESD score ≥ 16, and severe depression as a CESD score ≥ 22. LMM was defined as an appendicular muscle mass/height2 below 7.0 kg/m2 in men and below 5.4 kg/m2 in women. Sex-based multivariable logistic regression analyzed the LMM–depression association, adjusting for confounders, with depression status and severe depression status as dependent variables. Results: Both men and women in the LMM group had an increased odds of depression (men, adjusted odds ratio = 1.13 [95% confidence interval = 1.03–1.12]; women, 1.07 [1.03–1.23]) and severe depression (men, 1.20 [1.05–1.36]; women, 1.10 [1.04–1.15]) compared to those in the control group. Men showed a stronger association between LMM and the presence of depression (p for interaction = 0.025) and the presence of severe depression (p for interaction = 0.025) compared to women. Conclusions: Decreased muscle mass was independently associated with increased chances of depression and severe depression in both sexes, with a significantly stronger association in men compared to women. This highlights the potential significance of LMM as a predictor of depression, particularly in men.

Depression and its risk factors in a conflict-affected population: findings from a nationwide survey

Abstract Introduction The impact of armed conflict and war on mental health is well documented, with limited data on populations living in unrecognized states. In this study, we examined the prevalence and risk factors of symptoms of depression among the Nagorno-Karabakh population during a ceasefire period, prior to a blockade, full-scale military attack, and their forced displacement. Methods A total of 1023 women, aged 18-49 years, from all regions of Nagorno-Karabakh, participated in a population-based household survey in 2022, which included the Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression (CES-D) 16-item scale to assess their depression symptoms. Simple and multivariable linear regression analyses explored the socio-demographic factors associated with CES-D score. Results The mean CES-D score was 8.90 (SD = 8.93), and 13.1% of the respondents had a score >18 (presence of depressive symptoms). The adjusted linear regression showed that CES-D score was higher among divorced (2.66, SE = 1.15, p-value=0.021) or widowed (3.09, SE = 1.57, p-value=0.049) vs. married, and among those having war-related deaths in the household in the previous 2 years (8.60, SE = 1.65, p-value<0.001) vs. not having. Conversely, a vocational/university level (-2.33, SE = 0.70, p-value=0.001) or post-graduate education (-3.81, SE = 1.72, p-value=0.027) vs less than secondary/secondary level, and 3-5 members in the household (-2.71, SE = 1.16, p-value=0.020) vs.1-2 members were significantly associated with lower CES-D score. Conclusions Our findings suggest that depression symptoms are highly prevalent among women in conflict-affected areas, with specific socio-demographic factors increasing the risk of depression symptoms. These results highlight the importance of providing mental health support and interventions for women in conflict-affected areas, particularly for those who experienced loss in the family due to war, are divorced or widowed, live in small households, and have lower education. Key messages • Depression symptoms are highly prevalent among women of reproductive age in areas affected by armed conflict and war. • Mental health intervention is recommended for women in conflict-affected areas who experienced loss due to war, are divorced or widowed, live in small households and/or have lower education.

Are depressive symptoms associated with biological aging in a cross-sectional analysis of adults over age 50 in the United States.

Major depressive disorder accelerates DNA methylation age, a biological aging marker. Subclinical depressive symptoms are common, but their link to DNA methylation aging in older adults remains unexplored. This study analyzed the cross-sectional relationship between depressive symptoms and accelerated DNA methylation aging, considering gender and race/ethnicity in U.S. adults aged over 50. We used data from 3,882 diverse participants in the 2016 Health and Retirement Study wave, measuring blood DNA methylation age against chronologic age for acceleration. Depressive symptoms were assessed using the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression (CES-D) scale. Multiple linear regression evaluated the association between depressive symptoms and DNA methylation age acceleration, adjusting for sociodemographic factors, blood cell proportions, and health behaviors (physical activity, alcohol use, smoking, and chronic conditions). Gender and race/ethnicity modifications were also tested. Depressive symptoms, measured by continuous CES-D score, high depressive symptoms (CES-D ≥ 4), or any symptoms (CES-D ≥ 1), significantly correlated with increased GrimAge DNA methylation age acceleration (all p ≤ .001) in unadjusted and sociodemographic-adjusted models but were nonsignificant in fully adjusted models. No significant gender or race/ethnicity effect modifications were found in fully adjusted models. Health behaviors significantly influence DNA methylation age acceleration and depressive phenotypes, underscoring the need to understand their roles in assessing psychological factors related to DNA methylation age acceleration. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Prenatal exposure to ambient air pollution and persistent postpartum depression

BackgroundAmbient air pollution during pregnancy has been linked with postpartum depression up to 12 months, but few studies have investigated its impact on persistent depression beyond 12 months postpartum. This study aimed to evaluate prenatal ambient air pollution exposure and the risk of persistent depression over 3 years after childbirth and to identify windows of susceptibility. MethodsThis study included 361 predominantly low-income Hispanic/Latina participants with full-term pregnancies in the Maternal and Developmental Risks from Environmental and Social Stressors (MADRES) cohort. We estimated daily residential PM2.5, PM10, NO2, and O3 concentrations throughout 37 gestational weeks using inverse-distance squared spatial interpolation from monitoring data and calculated weekly averaged levels. Depression was assessed by the 20-item Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression (CES-D) scale at 12, 24, and 36 months postpartum, with persistent postpartum depression defined as a CES-D score ≥16 at any of these timepoints. We performed robust Poisson log-linear distributed lag models (DLM) via generalized estimating equations (GEE) to estimate the adjusted risk ratio (RR). ResultsDepression was observed in 17.8 %, 17.5 %, and 13.4 % of participants at 12, 24, and 36 months, respectively. We found one IQR increase (3.9 ppb) in prenatal exposure to NO2 during the identified sensitive window of gestational weeks 13–29 was associated with a cumulative risk ratio of 3.86 (95 % CI: 3.24, 4.59) for persistent depression 1–3 years postpartum. We also found one IQR increase (7.4 μg/m3) in prenatal exposure to PM10 during gestation weeks 12–28 was associated a cumulative risk ratio of 3.88 (95 % CI: 3.04, 4.96) for persistent depression. No clear sensitive windows were identified for PM2.5 or O3. ConclusionsMid-pregnancy PM10 and NO2 exposures were associated with nearly 4-fold increased risks of persistent depression after pregnancy, which has critical implications for prevention of perinatal mental health outcomes.

Daily Vinegar Ingestion Improves Depression and Enhances Niacin Metabolism in Overweight Adults: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

Depressive disorders are the most prevalent mental health conditions in the world. The commonly prescribed antidepressant medications can have serious side effects, and their efficacy varies widely. Thus, simple, effective adjunct therapies are needed. Vinegar, a fermented acetic acid solution, is emerging as a healthful dietary supplement linked to favorable outcomes for blood glucose management, heart disease risk, and adiposity reduction, and a recent report suggests vinegar may improve symptoms of depression. This randomized controlled study examined the 4-week change in scores for the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression (CES-D) questionnaire and the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) in healthy overweight adults ingesting 2.95 g acetic acid (4 tablespoons vinegar) vs. 0.025 g acetic acid (one vinegar pill) daily. A secondary objective explored possible underlying mechanisms using metabolomics analyses. At week 4, mean CES-D scores fell 26% and 5% for VIN and CON participants respectively, a non-significant difference between groups, and mean PHQ-9 scores fell 42% and 18% for VIN and CON participants (p = 0.036). Metabolomics analyses revealed increased nicotinamide concentrations and upregulation of the NAD+ salvage pathway for VIN participants compared to controls, metabolic alterations previously linked to improved mood. Thus, daily vinegar ingestion over four weeks improved self-reported depression symptomology in healthy overweight adults, and enhancements in niacin metabolism may factor into this improvement.

Malnutrition and Its Determinants among Older Adults Living in French Caribbean Nursing Homes: A Cross-Sectional Study.

This study aimed to assess the prevalence of malnutrition and its determinants in older adults living in French Caribbean nursing homes. This cross-sectional study was taken from the KASEHAD (Karukera Study of Ageing in EHPAD) study. Nutritional status was assessed with the Mini Nutritional Assessment Short-Form (MNA-SF). Clinical characteristics and scores on geriatric scales (Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), Activities of Daily Living (ADL), Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB), Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression (CESD) and Questionnaire Quality of Life Alzheimer's Disease (QoL-AD)) were extracted. Bivariate analysis and logistic models adjusted were performed to test the association between nutritional status and both socio-demographic variables and geriatric scales. A total of 332 older adults from six nursing homes were included in the KASEHPAD study. Among the participants, 319 had an MNA-SF score. The mean age was 81.3 ± 10.6 years, and half of the participants were men. The frequency of malnutrition (MNA-SF ≤ 7) was 27.6% (95% confidence interval (CI): 22.0-32.5) (n = 88). Based on the multivariable analysis, a low MMSE was associated with malnutrition (OR: 0.81 (0.68-0.92); p = 0.015) and there was a borderline significant link between a higher CESD score and malnutrition (OR: 1.05 (1.00-1.12); p = 0.07). Cognitive decline and a tendency toward depression were associated with malnutrition in nursing homes in the French West Indies. Although this study cannot establish causal relationships, the identification of these three geriatric syndromes in nursing homes is crucial for preventing adverse health events.

Organophosphate ester flame retardant chemicals and maternal depression during pregnancy

BackgroundDepression substantially contributes to pregnancy-related morbidity, and pregnancy is increasingly recognized as a vulnerable window for exposure effects on maternal mental health. Exposures to organophosphate esters (OPEs) are ubiquitous and may have neurotoxic effects; however, their impacts on prenatal depression remain unknown. We evaluated associations of third trimester OPE metabolites on maternal depressive symptoms during pregnancy. MethodsThis study included 422 participants in the Maternal and Developmental Risks from Environmental and Social Stressors (MADRES) cohort, a prospective pregnancy cohort of primarily low-income and Hispanic participants residing in Los Angeles, California. We measured concentrations of nine OPEs in third trimester spot urine samples (mean gestational age = 31.5 ± 2.0 weeks). Using the Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression (CES-D) scale, we classified participants as having probable depression during pregnancy (N = 137) or not (N = 285) if one or more CES-D scores administered at each trimester met the suggested cutoff score for clinically significant depressive symptoms (≥16). We estimated associations of prenatal OPE metabolite concentrations in tertiles and risk of prenatal depression using modified Log-Poisson regression. We examined associations of the OPE mixture on depression during pregnancy using Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR). ResultsParticipants with the highest tertiles of DPHP and BDCIPP exposure had a 67% (95% CI: 22%, 128%) and 47% (95% CI: 4%, 108%) increased risk of maternal depressive symptoms during pregnancy, respectively. No associations between other OPE metabolites and maternal depression symptoms were observed. In mixture analyses, we observed a positive and linear association between higher exposure to the OPE metabolite mixture and odds of prenatal maternal depression, primarily driven by DPHP. ConclusionsOur findings provide new evidence of associations between frequently detected OPE metabolites on maternal depression symptoms during pregnancy. Results could inform future intervention efforts aimed at reducing perinatal maternal depression.

Associations between sarcopenia and depression in middle-aged and older adults: the moderating effect of smoking

The aim of this study were to estimate associations of sarcopenic status with depressive symptoms. We used mixed-effects linear model to estimate longitudinal association between sarcopenic status and rate of change in 10-item Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression (CES-D) scores, and used Cox regression model to estimate the association between sarcopenic status and incident depression (CES-D ≥ 10). Stratification analyses were performed when the interactions between sarcopenic status and covariates were significant. A total of 6522 participants were ultimately included. After adjusting for covariates, participants with possible sarcopenia (β = 0.117; 95% CI 0.067 to 0.166; P < 0.001) and sarcopenia (β: 0.093; 95% CI 0.027–0.159; P < 0.001) had a faster increase in CES-D scores compared with normal individuals. Interactions between smoking and sarcopenic status were significant (Pinteraction < 0.05). We found significantly positive associations of sarcopenic status with CES-D scores in nonsmokers, but not in current and past smokers. Besides, compared with normal participants, those with possible sarcopenia (HR 1.15; 95% CI 1.05 to 1.27) and sarcopenia (HR 1.28; 95% CI 1.12 to 1.46) (Ptrend < 0.001) had elevated risks of incident depression. Sarcopenia is associated with a faster increase in CES-D scores and increased risks of depression among Chinese middle-aged and older adults. Stronger associations between sarcopenia and trajectory of CES-D scores were found in nonsmokers than in smokers.

Internal migration and depressive symptoms: Exploring selection and outcomes in a South African cohort

IntroductionInvestigations of migration effects on mental health conditions, including depression are sparse in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC), yet mental health may play a role in a decision to migrate, and migration in turn can impact on mental health outcomes. MethodsThis paper uses two waves of data from the Migrant Health Follow-Up Study, a young adult cohort of 2967 internal migrants and residents of the Agincourt study site in rural northeast South Africa to explore the relationship between internal migration and depressive symptoms, as measured on the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression (CES-D) scale. We employ logistic regression analysis to investigate selectivity of migrants in relation to depressive symptoms, and we fit generalized linear models to analyse depressive symptoms (CES-D scores) as a function of migration status and sociodemographic and health characteristics, accounting for temporal sequence. ResultsAlthough we observe systematically low reporting of depressive symptoms, average CES-D scores are lower among migrants (comprising approximately 53% of the cohort) compared to Agincourt residents at both survey timepoints. We do not find evidence of a selection effect in relation to mental health among those newly migrating between Wave 2 and 3 (n = 1393). In analyses of the CES-D score outcome, the significant influence of migration status on depressive symptoms is reduced with the inclusion of controls in the models. Consistent employment and higher levels of education are associated with lower CES-D scores, while diagnosis of a chronic condition is associated with higher scores. ConclusionThe relationship between migration and depressive symptoms is influenced by factors preceding a migration and destination-place characteristics and experiences. Further examination of the role of migration at different stages of the process, along with continuing attention to psychosocial measurement considerations for LMIC subpopulations, can improve our understanding of these complex interrelationships and contribute to evidence.

Prospective bidirectional relations between depression and metabolic health: 30-year follow-up from the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) Coronary Artery Disease in Young Adults (CARDIA) study.

This study investigated prospective bidirectional relationships between depressive symptoms and metabolic syndrome (MetS) and the moderating effects of race, sex, and health behaviors in a diverse cohort followed for 30 years. Data were analyzed from the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) Coronary Artery Disease in Young Adults (CARDIA) study, a 30-year prospective study of young adults (N = 5,113; Mage = 24.76 [SD = 3.63] at baseline; 45% male) who were tested every 5 years between 1985 and 2015. Measures included biological assessments of MetS components and self-reported depressive symptoms based on the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression (CESD) scale. Data analyses included bidirectional general estimating equations analyses of time-lagged associations between depressive symptoms and MetS. There was a consistent, bidirectional relationship between depressive symptoms and MetS over time. Individuals with more CESD depressive symptoms were more likely to develop MetS over time compared to those reporting fewer symptoms, Wald χ²(1) = 7.09, p < .008, and MetS was similarly predictive of CESD. MetS more consistently predicted CESD scores at each 5-year exam than CESD predicted MetS. Race and sex moderated these relationships, with White females, White individuals overall, and females overall demonstrating significant relationships between CESD depressive symptoms and MetS. Health behaviors were not related to associations between CESD and MetS. In a diverse young adult population prospectively followed into late middle age, MetS more consistently predicted depressive symptoms over time than depressive symptoms predicted MetS. The relation between MetS and depressive symptoms was moderated by race and sex, but not health behaviors. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

The prevalence of and factors associated with depressive and anxiety symptoms during the COVID-19 pandemic among healthcare workers in South Africa.

Healthcare workers globally have experienced increased social and occupational stressors in their working environments and communities because of COVID-19 which has increased the risk of mental health concerns. This study aimed to explore the prevalence and correlates of depression and anxiety amongst healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic in the Western Cape, South Africa. In addition, role-related stressors and coping strategies were explored. We conducted a cross-sectional survey of doctors and nurses working in public healthcare facilities across the Western Cape, South Africa. Participants completed the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7), the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression (CES-D), the Professional Quality of Life (PROQL-R-IV), and the Brief Coping Orientation to Problems Experienced (COPE-R) scales. Data were analysed using multivariable logistic regression analysis. The sample comprised 416 health workers (303 nurses, 113 doctors). Almost 40% of the sample (n = 161) had CES-D scores suggestive of probable depression, and 45.9% (n = 186) had GAD-7 scores suggestive of anxiety. In the logistic regression model, the odds of probable depression were higher for female participants compared to men (OR = 2.26, 95% CI 1.00-5.10) and for participants who used behavioural disengagement as a coping strategy (OR = 1.50, 95% CI 1.14-1.97). More time spent working with COVID patients was associated with increased odds of having high levels of anxiety [OR = 1.13, 95% CI (1.02-1.25). Substance use (OR = 1.39, 95% CI 1.08-1.81), venting (OR = 1.31, 95% CI 1.01-1.70), and self-blame (OR = 1.42, 95% CI 1.08-1.87) were some of the coping strategies used by healthcare workers. High levels of secondary traumatic stress and burnout were found to increase the odds of both depression and anxiety. Findings of this study suggest that there is a high prevalence of mental health issues among healthcare workers, and a critical need to focus on workplace mental health interventions to support these frontline workers.

Evaluation of Dynamic Effects of Depressive Symptoms on Physical Function in Knee Osteoarthritis.

To assess how changes in depressive symptoms influence physical function over time among those with radiographic knee osteoarthritis (OA). Participants from the Osteoarthritis Initiative with radiographic knee OA (n=2,212) and complete data were identified at baseline. Depressive symptoms were assessed as a time-varying score at baseline and the first three annual follow-up visits using the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) Scale. Physical function was measured at the first four follow-up visits using 20-meter gait speed meters per second. The following two marginal structural models were fit: one assessing the main effect of depressive symptoms on gait speed and another assessing time-specific associations. Time-adjusted results indicated that higher CES-D scores were significantly associated with slower gait speed (-0.0048; 95% confidence interval -0.0082 to -0.0014), and time-specific associations of CES-D were largest during the first follow-up interval (-0.0082; 95% confidence interval -0.0128 to -0.0035). During subsequent follow-up time points, the influence of depressive symptoms on gait speed diminished. The negative effect of depressive symptoms on physical function may decrease over time as knee OA progresses.

Depressive symptoms are related to asthma control but not self-management among rural adolescents.

Depression, a relevant comorbidity with asthma, has been reported to be associated with asthma morbidity. Asthma self-management is essential to asthma control and may be negatively impacted by depression. We examined these associations in rural adolescents, a group with relatively high asthma morbidity and depressive symptoms, a population often ignored in asthma research. We used baseline data from a randomized trial of an asthma intervention for adolescents in rural South Carolina (n = 197). Adolescents completed the Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression (CES-D), three indices of asthma self-management (the Asthma Prevention Index, the Asthma Management Index and the Asthma Self-Efficacy Index), and the Asthma Control Test (ACT). Poisson and linear regression tested associations between depression, self-management, and asthma control. The models controlled for demographic variables and included school as a fixed effect. Most participants (mean age = 16.3 ± 1.2 years) self-identified as female (68.5%) and Black (62.43%). The mean CES-D score was 19.7 ± 10.3, with 61.4% of participants at risk for depression. The depressive symptoms were significantly related to asthma control [β = -0.085, 95% confidence interval (CI) = -0.14 to -0.03] but not to prevention [relative risk (RR) = 1.00, 95% CI = 0.99-1.01], management (RR = 1.00, 95% CI = 0.99-1.01), or self-efficacy (β = -0.002, 95% CI = -0.01 to 0.01). In this sample of rural adolescents, as depressive symptoms increased, asthma control declined. Depressive symptoms were not associated with asthma self-management, suggesting that the aspects of self-management we assessed are not an avenue by which depression impacts asthma control. Additional research is needed to further understand the relationship between depressive symptoms, asthma self-management, and control.

Malnutrition and its determinants among older adults living in foster families in Guadeloupe (French West Indies). A cross-sectional study.

Foster families may represent an alternative model for dependent older adults in many countries where nursing homes are insufficiently developed. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of malnutrition and its determinants in older adults living in foster families in Guadeloupe (French West Indies). This cross-sectional study was gathered from the KASAF (Karukera Study of Ageing in Foster families) study (n = 107, 41M/66F, Mdn 81.8 years). Nutritional status was assessed with the Mini Nutritional Assessment Short-Form (MNA-SF). Clinical characteristics and scores on geriatric scales (Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), Activities of Daily Living (ADL), Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB), Center for Epidemiologic Studies- Depression (CESD) and Questionnaire Quality of Life Alzheimer's Disease (QoL-AD)) were extracted. Bivariate analysis and logistic models adjusted for age and gender were performed to test the association of nutritional status with socio-demographic variables and geriatric scales. Thirty (28.0%) older adults were malnourished (MNA-SF score ≤7). In bivariate analysis, malnutrition was associated with an increased prevalence of cardiovascular diseases (46.7% versus 19.5%, p = 0.004), the presence of hemiplegia (30.0% versus 6.5%, p = 0.003), a poorer cognitive status (MMSE score 4.7 ± 7.1versus 9.7 ± 10.7; p = 0.031), higher risk of depression (CESD score 27.3 ± 23.0 versus 13.5 ± 14.4; p = 0.035) and dependency (ADL score 1.9 ± 1.9 versus 2.3 ± 2.1; p<0.001). Malnutrition was also associated with lower caregivers'rating of QoL (QoL-AD score 21.8 ± 6.4 versus 26.0 ± 5.7; p = 0.001) but not by older adult's rating (24.1 ± 11.2 versus 28.3 ± 7.7; p = 0.156). Similar associations were observed in logistic models adjusted for age and gender. Malnutrition was common among foster families for older adults. Special attention towards the prevention and treatment of malnutrition in older adults from cardiovascular diseases, cognitive impairment, dependency and depression is necessary in this model of dependency support.

Eating behaviors and depressive symptoms among Japanese workers: the Furukawa Nutrition and Health Study.

In addition to the potential effects of nutrients on mood, eating behaviors have been suggested to be associated with depressive symptoms. We investigated the prospective association between the accumulation of unhealthy eating behaviors and depressive symptoms in a Japanese working population. Participants were 914 workers (aged 19-68 years) who did not have depressive symptoms at baseline (April 2012 and May 2013) and attended a 3-year follow-up survey (April 2015 and May 2016). Unhealthy eating behaviors (skipping breakfast, eating dinner just before bedtime, and snacking after dinner) were assessed at baseline. Depressive symptoms were assessed using the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression (CES-D) scale at follow-up. Multiple logistic regression was used to estimate the odds ratio of depressive symptoms (CES-D score ≥16) at follow-up according to the number of unhealthy eating behaviors. In a model with adjustment of background factors, participants having 2-3 unhealthy eating behaviors at baseline had significantly higher risk of developing depressive symptoms (OR, 2.02; 95% CI, 1.21-3.38) compared with those having no such behaviors. After adjustment for occupational and lifestyle factors, the association was slightly attenuated but remained significant (OR, 1.87; 95% CI, 1.10-3.21). This association was further attenuated and became statistically non-significant after additional adjustment for nutritional factors (OR, 1.67; 95% CI, 0.96-2.90). Our results suggest that the accumulation of unhealthy eating behaviors is associated with an increased risk of depressive symptoms and that this association may be partly ascribed to a lower intake of nutrients with mood-improving effects.

RATE OF CHANGE IN DEPRESSIVE SYMPTOMS OVER THE FINAL MENSTRUAL PERIOD

Abstract Studies have shown that women are more vulnerable to elevated depressive symptoms during the menopause transition (MT) then before. This study evaluates change in depressive symptoms, as measured by the Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression (CES-D) score, over the final menstrual period (FMP), a more precise measure of menopause timing compared to MT stages. The sample consisted of 1,783 women in the SWAN cohort with an observed FMP and at least one CES-D assessment from baseline through follow-up (1996 – 2017). Piecewise linear growth curves were fit to repeated measures of CES-D scores as a function of time from FMP (+/- 10 years). Results showed two places with a change in slope. CES-D scores decreased by 0.22 annually (95% CI: -0.41, -0.04) until 36 months prior to FMP (Period 1). From -36 months until the FMP (Period 2), there was a non-statistically significant increase in CES-D, followed by a decline (-0.19 annually, 95% CI: -0.34, -0.03) after FMP (Period 3). We examined a range of predictors (sociodemographic, health-related, psychosocial, hormonal) of change in CES-D score during each period. Upsetting life events were related to CES-D change at periods 1 and 2, social support at periods 1 and 3, and smoking at periods 2 and 3. Baseline CES-D was related at period 1, and anxiety was related to CES-D change at period 2. These results provide a more nuanced picture of change in depressive symptoms over the FMP and the variables related to depressive symptoms at different time points over the FMP.

Isoflavone intake and depressive symptoms among workers

Background & AimHigh intake of isoflavones has been reported to be associated with decreased prevalence of depressive symptoms. However, no prospective study has examined this association. We prospectively investigated the association between isoflavone intake and depressive symptoms in a Japanese working population. MethodsParticipants were 1162 workers (1033 men and 129 women aged 18-68 years) without depressive symptoms at baseline. Dietary intake was assessed using a validated self-administered diet history questionnaire. Depressive symptoms were assessed using the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression (CES-D) scale. Cox proportional hazards regression for interval-censored data was used to estimate the hazard ratio of depressive symptoms (CES-D ≥16) according to the tertile of isoflavone intake with adjustment for covariates. ResultsDuring 5065 person-years of follow-up, 276 (23.8%) workers were newly identified as having depressive symptoms. Isoflavone intake was not associated with risk of depressive symptoms. After adjustment for lifestyle and dietary factors and baseline CES-D score, the multivariable-adjusted hazard ratios (95% confidence interval) for the lowest through highest tertile of isoflavone intake were 1.00 (reference), 0.93 (0.66-1.31), and 0.93 (0.62-1.38) (P for trend = 0.70). ConclusionsOur findings suggest that higher isoflavone intake is not associated with decreased risk of depressive symptoms among Japanese.

Sex-Specific Depressive Symptom Trajectories Among Adolescents in Los Angeles County, 2013 to 2017

After remaining stable for many years, the prevalence of depression among adolescents increased over the past decade, particularly among girls. In this study, we used longitudinal data from a cohort of high school students to characterize sex-specific trajectories of depressive symptoms during this period of increasing prevalence and widening gender gap in adolescent depression. Using data from the Health and Happiness Cohort, a longitudinal 8-wave study of high school students residing in Los Angeles County from 2013 to 2017 (N = 3,393), we conducted a multiple-group, latent class growth analysis by sex to differentiate developmental trajectories in depressive symptoms scores measured by the Center for Epidemiological Studies- Depression (CES-D) scale (range, 0-60). A 4-class solution provided the best model fit for both girls and boys. Trajectories among girls included low stable (35.1%), mild stable (42.8%), moderate decreasing (16.2%), and high arching (5.9%). Trajectories among boys included low stable (49.2%), mild increasing (34.7%), moderate decreasing (12.2%), and high increasing (3.9%). Average scores consistently exceeded or crossed the threshold for probable depression (≥16). Across comparable sex-specific trajectory groups, the average CES-D scores of girls were higher than those of boys, whose average scores increased over time. In a diverse cohort of students in Los Angeles County, depressive symptom trajectories were comparable to prior time periods but with a higher proportion of students in trajectories characterized by probable depression. Trajectories differed by sex, suggesting that future research should consider differential severity and onset of depression between boys and girls.

Mother-Father Relationship and Depressive Symptoms Among Pregnant Black Women.

Black women report higher levels of depressive symptoms during pregnancy than white women. A supportive relationship with the father of the baby may be protective and decrease depressive symptoms. We sought to examine the association between mother-father relationship and depressive symptoms among pregnant black women. Using a cross-sectional design, we conducted a secondary data analysis from a subsample of 405 pregnant black women who participated in the Biosocial Impact on Black Births study, a prospective cohort study. Participants completed questionnaires at 19- to 29-week gestation, including 6 measures of their relationship with the father of the baby: (1) contact, (2) involvement, (3) overall relationship, (4) change in relationship from prior to pregnancy to during pregnancy, (5) support, and (6) conflict. Latent class analysis was used to identify and classify the relationship construct. The Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression (CES-D) scale was used, with scores ≥23 considered high levels of depressive symptoms. Data were analyzed with logistic regression. Following adjustment for maternal sociodemographic characteristics, comorbid conditions, and health behaviors, women in a conflictual relationship had higher odds of having depressive symptom scores ≥23 (adjusted odds ratio: 3.50, 95% confidence interval: 2.00, 6.12) than those having no relationship (adjusted odds ratio: 2.81, 95% confidence interval: 1.43, 5.52), when compared with those with a good relationship. These findings suggest that having either a conflictual or no relationship with the father of the baby during pregnancy increases the odds for higher maternal depressive symptoms (CES-D scores ≥ 23) among pregnant black women.

Exploring the risk of glycemic variability in non-diabetic depressive individuals: a cross-sectional GlyDep pilot study.

Data on the correlation between glycemic variability and depression in nondiabetic patients remain limited. Considering the link between increased glycemic variability and cardiovascular risks, this relationship could be significant in depressed patients. In this single-center pilot study, we utilized Flash Glucose Monitoring (Abbott Libre Pro) to study glycemic variability. The CES-D (Center for Epidemiological Studies- Depression) scale was employed to measure depression levels. Based on CES-D scores, patients were classified into two groups: those with scores ≥ 33 and those with scores < 33. We analyzed various glycemic variability indices, including HBGI, CONGA, ADDR, MAGE, MAG, LI, and J-Index, employing the EasyGV version 9.0 software. SPSS (version 28) facilitated the data analysis. We screened patients with depression visiting the department of psychiatry, FGM was inserted in eligible patients of both the groups which yielded a data of 196 patient-days (98 patient-days for CES-D ≥ 33 and 98 patient-days for CES-D < 33). The glycemic variability indices CONGA (mg/dl), (76.48 ± 11.9 vs. 65.08 ± 7.12) (p = 0.048), MAGE (mg/dl) (262.50 ± 25.65 vs. 227.54 ± 17.72) (p = 0.012), MODD (mg/dl) (18.59 ± 2.77 vs. 13.14 ± 2.39) (p = 0.002), MAG(mg/dl) (92.07 ± 6.24vs. 63.86 ± 9.38) (p = <0.001) were found to be significantly higher in the CES-D ≥ 33 group. Patients with more severe depressive symptoms, as suggested by CES-D ≥ 33, had higher glycemic variability.