Cent Sodium Chloride Research Articles

Electrochemical deposition and characterisation of NiTi alloy coatings for better corrosion protection

ABSTRACT The present study reports the electrochemical deposition and characterisation of Nickel-Titanium (NiTi) alloy coatings on mild steel (MS) from citrate bath having nickel sulphate and titanium oxysulphate as salts, tri-sodium citrate as complexing agent and glycerol as the brightener. Bath composition and operating variables were optimised by the conventional Hull cell method for bright and uniform coating. NiTi alloy coatings were developed at varied current densities (1.0 A/dm2 to 4.0 A/dm2), keeping pH = 4.0. The corrosion behaviours of NiTi alloy coatings were evaluated by electrochemical AC and DC methods in a 3.5 per cent sodium chloride solution. X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Energy-Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS) techniques were used to study the phase structure, surface morphology and chemical composition of the coatings, respectively. The observed facts stand to the reason that the bath follows induced type co-deposition in the range of current density studied. Corrosion studies validated that NiTi alloy coating deposited at 4.0 A/dm2 is the most corrosion-resistant among all other current densities. This highest corrosion stability of NiTi alloy, corresponding to 4.0 A/dm2 is attributed to high wt.% of Ti (i.e. 3.5%). The decrease in corrosion rate towards high current density was analysed and discussed.

Management Of Pre And Post Harvest Fruit Rot Diseases Of Ber

The main focus of this research is to produce the good quality and disease free fruits. In this aspect, the investigation was carried out to reduce or control the pre and post-harvest fungal fruit rot. The study on pre and post-harvest management of fruit rot diseases of ber caused by Alternaria and Colletotrichum was carried out and the results showed that two pre-harvest sprays of Thiophanate Methyl (0.1 %) at 15 day intervals during the marble stage of ber fruit was found effective against Alternaria fruit rot recorded 6.8 PDI compared to untreated control recorded 43.6 PDI. Two pre-harvest sprays of 0.1 per-cent carbendazim at 15 day intervals was found effective against Colletotrichum fruit rot during the pea fruit stage of ber recorded 6.6 PDI compared to untreated control recorded 44.2 PDI. The post-harvest studies revealed that dipping of ber fruits in 2 per cent sodium chloride solution for 10 min. recorded the lowest PDI of 5.27 against post-harvest fungal rot as compared to untreated control recorded 25.27 PDI.

Topical moistening of mastectomy wounds with diluted tranexamic acid to reduce bleeding: randomized clinical trial

BackgroundTopical administration of tranexamic acid (TXA) may be an alternative to intravenous administration to reduce bleeding with a lower risk of systemic adverse events. The aim of this study was to investigate whether moistening a surgical wound with TXA before closure, leaving a thin film of drug only, would reduce postoperative bleeding.MethodsThis was a two‐centre, stratified, parallel‐group, placebo‐controlled, double‐blind RCT. Patients undergoing mastectomy with or without axillary lymph node clearance were randomized 1 : 1 to moistening of wound surface before closure with either 25 mg/ml TXA or 0·9 per cent sodium chloride (placebo). The primary endpoint was postoperative bleeding as measured by drain production in the first 24 h. Secondary endpoints were early haematoma, total drain production, postoperative complications and late aspirations of seroma within 3 months.ResultsBetween 1 January 2016 and 31 August 2018, 208 patients were randomized. Two patients were converted to a different surgical procedure at surgery, and four did not receive the intervention owing to technical error. Thus, 202 patients were included in the study (101 in the TXA and 101 in the placebo group). TXA reduced mean drain production at 24 h (110 versus 144 ml; mean difference 34 (95 per cent c.i. 8 to 60) ml, P = 0·011). One patient in the TXA group had early haematoma compared with seven in the placebo group (odds ratio (OR) 0·13 (95 per cent c.i. 0·02 to 1·07); P = 0·057). There was no significant difference in postoperative complications between TXA and placebo (13 versus 10; OR 1·11 (0·45 to 2·73), P = 0·824) or need for late seroma aspirations (79 versus 67 per cent; OR 1·83 (0·91 to 3·68), P = 0·089).ConclusionMoistening the wound with TXA 25 mg/ml before closure reduces postoperative bleeding within the first 24 h in patients undergoing mastectomy. Registration number: NCT02627560 (https://clinicaltrials.gov).

Effect of sodium molybdate and sodium tungstate in concrete rebar corrosion

PurposeThis paper aims to identify an inhibitor to protect rebar corrosion in concrete.Design/methodology/approachThe authors use the simple method of polarization and calculate the change in open-circuit potential and corrosion current density.FindingsSodium molybdate is an efficient inhibitor compared with sodium tungstate for rebar corrosion in concrete.Research limitations/implicationsThis paper has limitation of 0.0001 M concentration of inhibitors for 400 days of exposure in 3.5 per cent sodium chloride solution.Originality/valueThe research focused on the concentration of both inhibitors in the range from 0.1 to 0.0001 M, which resulted in greater structural protection from corrosion in adverse conditions, such as coastal areas.

Employment of new modified ferrite pigments in anticorrosive alkyd-based paints

Purpose – The purpose of this work is to prepare new core-shell pigments based on silca fume waste as core and ferrite pigments in the shell. Silica fume is a byproduct of the smelting process in the ferrosilicon industry. The reduction of high-purity quartz to silicon at temperatures up to 2,000°C produces SiO2 vapours which then oxidize and condense at low-temperature zones to tonnage amounts of tiny particles consisting of non-crystalline silica that is collected and sold rather than being land-filled because nowadays there is increasing environmental concern with regard to excessive volumes of solid waste hazards accumulation. Silica has no direct effect in protecting metals from corrosion, but on precipitating an effective anticorrosive pigment like ferrite on its surface with low concentrations, this can bring out new core-shell pigment with good anticorrosive performance and low cost. The new pigments will be constructed on a waste silica fume core comprising 80-85 per cent of its chemical structure and the ferrite shell that will be only about 20-15 per cent. These pigments are represented as efficient, economically feasible and eco-friendly. Design/methodology/approach – The different ferrites and ferrites/SiO2 pigments were characterized using different analytical and spectro-photometric techniques, such as X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy/energy-dispersive X-ray and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Evaluation of these pigments was done using international standard testing methods american standard testing methods (ASTM). After evaluation, the pigments were incorporated in solvent-based paint formulations based on medium oil-modified soya-bean-dehydrated castor oil alkyd resin. The physico-mechanical properties of dry films and their corrosion properties using accelerated laboratory test in 3.5 per cent sodium chloride for 28 days were determined. Findings – The results of this work revealed that ferrite/SiO2 core-shell pigments were close in their performance to that of the ferrite pigments in protection of steel, and at the same time, they verified good physico-mechanical properties. Practical implications – As silica fume has a large array of uses, these pigments can be applied in various industries such as painting, wooding coating, anti-corruption coating, powder coating, architectural paint and waterproof paints. Originality/value – Ferrite, ferrite/SiO2 are environmentally friendly pigments which can impart high anticorrosive behaviour to paint films with concomitant cost savings.

Influence of anodic coatings on stress corrosion behaviour of 7017 aluminium alloy

Purpose – The purpose of this work was to study the cracking susceptibility of a 7017 aluminium alloy, after anodising under various conditions. Design/methodology/approach – Slow strain tests in dry air, laboratory air and sodium chloride solution were employed. Anodic oxide films were produced with various applied current densities and thicknesses, in horizontal or vertical orientation of the coatings, at the free corrosion potential and also at various anodic or cathodic potentials. For the interpretation of the results, a metallographic study of the specimens before and after straining to failure was carried out using a scanning electron microscope. Findings – The behaviour of anodic coatings was found to depend very much on the anodising conditions. The coatings reduced the ductility of the alloy in dry air but can actually increase the ductility in laboratory air and in 3.5 per cent sodium chloride solution. In most cases, the ductility of coated specimens was greater in 3.5 per cent NaCl solution than in dry air, possibly due to crack blunting by the aggressive environment. Anodic coatings moved the free corrosion potential of the alloy in the noble direction and both the anodised and the bare alloy generally suffered a reduction in ductility at potentials anodic or cathodic to the free corrosion potential, the fall being more rapid for the anodised alloy. Research limitations/implications – The mechanism causing the increased ductility of coated specimens in 3.5 per cent NaCl solution than in dry air remains yet to be confirmed. Practical implications – The selection of suitable anodic coatings for the protection of aluminium alloys against stress corrosion cracking depends on the anodising conditions. Originality/value – The paper provides information regarding the influence of anodising conditions on the anticorrosive properties of electrolytically prepared anodic coatings on aluminium alloys.

The effect of buffering on the stability of reconstituted benzylpenicillin injection

Abstract The stability of benzylpenicillin sodium injection after reconstitution was investigated using a stability-indicating high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. Benzylpenicillin reconstituted in water for injections, diluted in 0.9 per cent sodium chloride infusion in Minibags and stored at 5C was stable for two days (based on t/90 per cent calculations). The effect of reconstituting benzylpenicillin in citrate buffer at pHs between 6 and 8 was investigated. Maximum stability was found to occur in the pH range 6.5-7.5. The stability of buffer-reconstituted benzylpenicillin diluted in 0.9 per cent sodium chloride infusion was then investigated. Results indicated that benzylpenicillin injection 600mg reconstituted in 3.6ml citrate buffer within the pH range 6.5 to 7.5, diluted in 50ml 0.9 per cent sodium chloride in Minibags and stored at 5C, may be assigned a shelf life of at least 28 days.

Stability of epidural opiate solutions in 0.9 per cent sodium chloride infusion bags

Abstract The stability of pethidine 2.5mg/ml, and of a mixture of bupivacaine hydrochloride 1.25mg/ml and diamorphine hydrochloride 125μg/ml, in 500ml 0.9 per cent sodium chloride infusion bags was determined. Samples of the solutions were stored uncovered at room temperature, exposed to natural and artificial light, for 24 and 28 days, respectively. No colour change, crystallisation or precipitation was observed, and although the mean pH of the bupivacaine and diamorphine mixtures increased slightly, the mean pH of the pethidine samples remained essentially unchanged. The only significant (P < 0.05) change in potency was a reduction in diamorphine concentration by a mean of 8.22 per cent after 28 days, which is in accordance with other reports on diamorphine degradation. Thus pethidine 2.5mg/ml in 500ml 0.9 per cent sodium chloride infusion bags is stable for at least 24 days at room temperature, and a mixture of bupivacaine hydrochloride 1.25mg/ml and diamorphine hydrochloride 125μg/ml in 500ml 0.9 per cent sodium chloride infusion bags is stable (less than 10 per cent loss of potency) for 28 days at room temperature. Both these solutions could, therefore, be prepared in pharmacy central intravenous additive units and supplied to hospital wards as 500ml infusion bags for use in epidural analgesia following surgery. As each bag would provide nearly three days' worth of analgesic, the risk of infection and the nursing workload should both be reduced.

Effect of soaking and cooking on nutritional quality and safety of legumes

PurposeLegumes are widely grown and are consumed as a source of plant protein throughout the world. They rank second after cereals with respect to their consumption order. Legumes have anti‐nutritional factors which make their uses limited. This study aims to check the effect of soaking and cooking on the anti‐nutrient contents and nutritional quality of the legumes.Design/methodology/approachFive legumes (white kidney bean, red kidney bean, lentil, chickpea, and white gram) frequently used by the masses were selected for soaking and cooking trials. Legumes were tested for their weight, volume, density, swelling capacity and water absorption capacity before soaking and cooking. Legumes were soaked in simple water, 2 per cent sodium chloride solution, acetic acid and sodium bicarbonate and cooked in a beaker with 1 : 5 seed water ratio to uniform soft mass. After soaking and cooking, legumes were tested for anti‐nutrients (phytic acid and tannin) and their nutritional quality.FindingsThe statistical analysis of the study results revealed that dark colour legume (red kidney bens) has a high level of phytic acid and tannin compared with light colour (white kidney beans and white grams). Soaking and cooking of legumes result in significant reduction in phytic acid and tannin contents. Maximum reduction of phytic acid (78.055) and tannin (65.81 per cent) was found for sodium bicarbonate soaking followed by cooking. These treatments also result in a slight reduction in nutrients such as protein, minerals and total sugars.Practical implicationsSoaking and cooking of legumes reduce their anti‐nutrients; phytic acid and tannin significantly. These treatments may be used domestically as well as commercially to increase the nutrients' availability from legumes to meet the problem of protein and minerals deficiencies.Originality/valueAlong with water different soaking solutions which are easily available in the market were used to test out their effect on the nutritional quality and safety. These may be used by the common people to raise their nutritional status.

Effect of Osmotic Dehydration and Drying Air Temperatures on the Quality of Dried White Button Mushroom

Experiments were conducted on air drying of button mushroom osmotically dehydrated in 10, 15 and 20 per cent sodium chloride (NaCl) concentration to investigate the effect of osmotic dehydration and drying air temperatures on drying characteristics of mushroom and the quality of dried mushroom. Drying was accomplished in fluidized bed dryer at 35, 40 and 50°C temperatures. The time required for drying of osmotically dehydrated mushroom to 15 to 18 per cent moisture content was found to be 5.5 to 11 h. The rate of drying increased with the increase in drying temperature. Increase in drying temperature significantly reduced the total drying time. Osmotic dehydration in NaCI had influence on the water activity of the final product. Similarly, ethylene diamine tetra acetic acid (EDTA) and potassium metabisulphate (KMS) had influence on the amino acid content, colour and rehydration ratio. EDTA treated samples were recommended on the basis of amino acid content and KMS treatment improved the colour of the dried mushroom. A loss of approximately 1.4 mg of ascorbic acid was observed during drying.

Sensitive test for screening for Staphylococcus aureus in bovine mastitis by broth cultivation and PCR

An assay was developed and evaluated for screening for Staphylococcus aureus in milk samples from cases of bovine mastitis by overnight cultivation in a broth containing 7·5 per cent sodium...

Tribological behaviour of orthodontic archwires under dry and wet sliding conditions in-vitro. I - Frictional behaviour

Abstract Objective To evaluate the frictional behaviour of orthodontic archwires in dry and wet conditions in-vitro. Methods Two types of archwire materials were investigated: stainless steel and NiTi. A fretting wear tribometer fitted with an alumina ball was operated at 23°C in three different environments: ambient air with 50 per cent relative humidity, 0.9 wt. per cent sodium chloride solution, and deionised water. Results NiTi archwires sliding against alumina exhibited high coefficients of friction (about 0.6) in the three environments. Stainless steel archwires sliding against alumina had relatively low coefficients of friction (0.3) in the solutions, but high coefficients (0.8) in air. Conclusion The low frictional forces of the stainless steel wires sliding against alumina in the solutions were due to a lubricating effect of the solutions and corrosion-wear debris. The high frictional forces between the NiTi wires and alumina are attributed to an abrasive interfacial transfer film between the wires and alumina.

Tribological behaviour of orthodontic archwires under dry and wet sliding conditions in-vitro. II - Wear patterns

Abstract Objective To evaluate the wear patterns of orthodontic archwires in dry and wet conditions in-vitro. Methods The patterns of wear of stainless steel and NiTi orthodontic archwires were investigated with a fretting wear tribometer fitted with an alumina ball. The tribometer was operated at 23°C in three different environments: ambient air with 50 per cent relative humidity (RH), 0.9 wt. per cent sodium chloride solution and deionised water. Differences in the wear characteristics of the archwires were investigated by scanning electron microscopy. Energy Dispersive X-ray Analysis and Inductively Coupled Plasma Analysis were used to investigate the surface composition of the wires, the wear debris generated during fretting and the corrosion products in the test solutions. Results Both archwire materials were degraded by oxidational wear in ambient air. The NiTi wires were more resistant to wear than the stainless steel wires. In the aqueous media the stainless steel wires were degraded by abrasive wear, while the NiTi wires were degraded by adhesive wear. Conclusion In ambient air with 50 per cent RH, NiTi wires were more resistant to wear than stainless steel wires. Both archwire materials exhibited higher wear rates in the solutions than in air, indicating some synergism between the wear and corrosion processes. In the solutions the stainless steel archwires had a much lower corrosion-wear resistance than the NiTi archwires.

Investigations of D‐lactate metabolism and the clinical signs of D‐lactataemia in calves

Five clinically healthy calves received an intravenous injection of 25 g sodium D-lactate (223 mmol) in 100 ml sterile water and five control calves were given the same volume of 0.9 per cent sodium chloride. Two clinical examiners who were blinded to the status (test or control) of the calves observed that between eight and 40 minutes after the injections the calves that had received sodium-D-lactate could be distinguished with certainty from the control calves on the basis of their clinical signs, for example, an impaired palpebral reflex, somnolence and a staggering gait. One-compartment and two-compartment analyses of the changes in the plasma concentration of D-lactate, and its renal clearance, indicated that the calves metabolised considerable amounts of D-lactate.

Performance evaluation of different hardener for epoxy resin

Coatings with outstanding chemical and physical properties can be obtained from two‐pack formulations without stoving. The epoxy resin was cured with different amine‐based compounds, such as polyamide (PA), the aniline copolymer of triethanolamine titanate and aniline formaldehyde. The thermal resistance properties of the cured films were analysed using the thermo‐gravimetric method. This study also examined the effect of coating resistance of 3 per cent sodium chloride solution by means of electrochemical impedance measurements. Coatings that included the epoxy triethanolamine titanate showed superior behaviour, compared to the other two systems tested. This hardener can be recommended instead of using conventional PA and polyamidoamide hardeners for epoxy two‐pack systems that are to be used to protect the steel structures from highly corrosive chemical and marine environments.

Corrosion inhibition of copper in 3 per cent NaCl solution by new bipyrazolic derivatives

The inhibition of the copper corrosion in aerated 3 per cent sodium chloride solution was studied by using electrochemical polarisation, weight loss and impedance measurements in the presence of different concentration of synthesised bipyrazolic compounds: N,N‐bis (3,5‐dimethylpyrazol‐1‐ylmethyl) butylamine (bipy1); N,N‐bis (3,5‐dimethylpyrazol‐1‐ylmethyl) allylamine (bipy2); N,N‐bis (3,5‐dimethylpyrazol‐1‐ylmethyl) ethanolamine. (bipy3); N,N‐bis (3,5‐dimethylpyrazol‐1‐ylmethyl) cyclohexylamine (bipy4); N,N‐bis (3‐carbomethoxy‐5‐methylpyrazol‐1‐ylmethyl) cyclohexylamine (bipy5); N,N‐bis(3‐carboethoxy‐5‐methylpyrazol‐1‐ylmethyl) cyclohexylamine (bipy6). The inhibition efficiencies obtained from cathodic Tafel plots, polarisation resistance and weight loss are in good agreement with electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements. All these additives were found to be excellent inhibitors of copper corrosion. The difference in inhibition efficiencies of these inhibitors was not big, but the optimum concentration for maximum efficiency was slightly dependent on the substitution of each molecule. The studied molecules act as mixed‐type inhibitors. Detailed study of bipy1 shows that the maximum inhibition efficiency revolves around 99 per cent from 5×10−4 M of inhibitor. This latter adsorbs on the copper surface according to the Frumkin isotherm model. The inhibition efficiency of bipy1 decreases with the rise of temperature in the range 25 – 60°C.

Hypertonic saline attenuates end-organ damage in an experimental model of acute pancreatitis.

Hypertonic saline (HTS) has been noted previously to reduce neutrophil activation. The aim of this study was to elucidate the effect of hypertonic resuscitation on the development of end-organ damage in an animal model of pancreatitis. Pancreatitis was induced in Sprague-Dawley rats by intraperitoneal injection of 20 per cent L-arginine. Animals were randomized into four groups (each n = 8): controls; pancreatitis without intervention; pancreatitis plus intravenous resuscitation with normal saline (0.9 per cent sodium chloride 2 ml/kg) at 24 and 48 h; or HTS (7.5 per cent sodium chloride 2 ml/kg) at these time points. Pulmonary endothelial leakage was assessed by measurement of lung wet : dry ratios, bronchoalveolar lavage protein and myeloperoxidase activity. Animals that received HTS showed less pancreatic damage than those resuscitated with normal saline (1.0 versus 3.0; P = 0.04). Lung injury scores were also significantly diminished in the HTS group (1.0 versus 3.5; P = 0.03). Pulmonary neutrophil sequestration (myeloperoxidase activity 1.80 units/g) and increased endothelial permeability (bronchoalveolar lavage protein content 1287 microgram/ml) were evident in animals resuscitated with normal saline compared with HTS (1.22 units/g and 277 microgram/ml respectively; P < 0.02). HTS resuscitation results in a significant attenuation of end-organ injury following a systemic inflammatory response to severe pancreatitis.

Mild endotoxaemia during low arginine plasma levels reduces blood flow to the small intestine

Abstract Background Arginine is the sole precursor in the generation of the vasodilating agent nitric oxide. Plasma levels of arginine are low in situations associated with endotoxaemia such as major trauma, sepsis and experimental obstructive jaundice. The aim of the study was to evaluate haemodynamics at low arginine plasma levels during low-grade endotoxaemia. Methods Rats were assigned randomly to receive (at t = 0 min) an intravenous infusion of 1·5 ml sodium chloride 0·9 per cent (SAL, n = 12) or 1·5 ml arginase solution (3200 units) (ASE, n = 17) over 20 min. After the SAL or ASE infusion, rats were randomly assigned to receive an intravenous endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide; LPS; 150 μg kg−1 in 1·0 ml 0·9 per cent sodium chloride) challenge (ASE-LPS, n = 10 and SAL-LPS, n = 6) or a control infusion of 1·0 ml 0·9 per cent sodium chloride (ASE-SAL, n = 7 and SAL-SAL, n = 6) at t = 30 min. Organ blood flow was measured at t = 270 min, using radiolabelled microspheres. Results At 270 min arginine plasma levels were lower in the ASE-treated rats (ASE-SAL versus SAL-SAL and ASE-LPS versus SAL-LPS, both P &amp;lt; 0·005). Cardiac output, mean arterial pressure and therefore total peripheral resistance were similar for all groups. In the LPS-treated animals (SAL-LPS and ASE-LPS) cardiac output was maintained by a higher heart rate compensating for the lower stroke volume. Organ blood flow to the small intestine and splanchnic blood flow were lower in the ASE-LPS-treated rats (both P &amp;lt; 0·05 compared with other groups). Total liver blood flow was similar for all groups; the lower splanchnic blood flow was compensated for by a higher hepatic arterial blood flow. Conclusion This study shows that low plasma levels of arginine do not influence organ blood flow while, during low-grade endotoxaemia, low arginine plasma levels result in reduced blood flow to the small intestine.

Adaptation of the vacuum-assisted closure system for laparostomy

Abstract Background Laparostomy is a useful treatment option in selective cases of severe peritonitis. However, owing to the size, massive secretion and intestinal fistulas, the granulation of this wound is a long and troublesome process. Methods From 1994 to 1999 the vacuum-assisted closure (VAC) system has been used as the wound dressing for laparostomies. Results The VAC system has the following advantages compared with conventional dressings: (1) efficient drainage of the wound; (2) rapid induction of a macroscopically healthy granulation; (3) little irritation of the surrounding skin; (4) possibility of kinetic therapy in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome; and (5) less psychological distress of the patient, owing to the closed dressing of an otherwise massively secreting wound. The major side-effect observed was erosion-induced bleeding. Bleeding always ceased after a pause of the VAC system for 24 h. The major complication of the system was clogging by fibrinous secretions and thickened intestinal fluids. These occlusions could be prevented by adding a rinsing line with 0·9 per cent sodium chloride. Interestingly, there was no increase in bacterial colonization of the abdomen. Conclusion Owing to multiple variables in patients with laparostomy an objective assessment of the advantages of VAC treatment compared with conventional dressings is almost impossible. However, it appears that the VAC system is a rational approach for the treatment of these large wound surfaces.

Comparison of danofloxacin with baquiloprim/sulphadimidine for the treatment of experimentally induced Escherichia coli diarrhoea in calves

Thirty-eight, one- to two-week-old calves with experimentally induced Escherichia coli diarrhoea were randomly assigned to three treatment groups. Two groups of 15 calves were treated intramuscularly once daily for three...