Cent Salt Solution Research Articles

Dissipation kinetics, dietary risk assessment and decontamination studies of tolfenpyrad in okra

QuEChERS method with liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) technique was employed for the estimation of tolfenpyrad residues in okra crop. The method was validated in terms of linearity, matrix effect, limit of quantification (LOQ), limit of detection, recovery, repeatability and reproducibility as per SANTE (2021) guidelines. After two applications of tolfenpyrad @150 (X), 187.5 (1.25X), 300 g a.i. ha−1 (2X), the mean initial residues were found to be 0.57, 0.78, and 1.21 mg kg −1. The residues reached below limit of quantification of 0.01 mg kg−1 after 10th, 15th, and 20th day at all the three doses, respectively. Dissipation kinetics of tolfenpyrad in okra was calculated to follow first order kinetics with half-life (T1/2) values of 2.10, 2.16, and 2.24 days at X, 1.25X and 2X dosages, respectively. Risk assessment in terms of hazard quotient (HQ) revealed that the application of tolfenpyrad was safe for safe consumption. Decontamination processes involved tap water wash, soaking in 2% salt solution, soaking in 2% salt solution along with boiling, soaking in 0.1% sodium bicarbonate solution, soaking in 0.01% potassium permanganate solution, boiling and frying. Frying followed by soaking in 2 per cent salt solution along with boiling proved to be highly effective in reducing tolfenpyrad residues by 80–85 and 76–79 per cent, respectively at all the three treatments.

Effect of pre-treatments on nutritional quality of dehydrated spine gourd (Momordica dioica Roxb.) powder

An exploration was conducted in the year 2017-2018 at College of Horticulture, Bagalkot, Karnataka, India to evaluate nutritional quality of dehydrated spine gourd (Momordica dioica Roxb.) slices as influenced by different pre-treatments. Spine gourd is a high value underexploited vegetable which is rich in nutrition, medicinal value and also having potential to cure many diseases and disorders with good cultivation potential. In order to enhance its availability in the offseason along with proper retention of nutritional property dehydration was carried out with different pretreatments as a preservative method. The effect of pretreatments on nutritional attributes was observed in the present study. The treatment T2 which include blanching of spine gourd slices for 3 min. and steeping in 0.2 per cent KMS and 2 per cent salt solution for 10 min. showed significantly best results with respect to protein (1.93%), ash (8.11%), total phenols (831.20 mg GAE/100g) and L*(78.32), a*(0.68), except b* (32.28) values and carbohydrate per cent (p>0.01). The effect of pre-treatments showed non-significant results for moisture, water activity, fat, crude fibre and calorific value (kcal/100g). It was concluded form the study that the pretreatment with KMS (0.2 %) and salt (2%) solution along with blanching for 3 min. was considered best with respect to nutritional quality retention.

Effect of post harvest treatments on quality and shelf-life of dehydrated ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.)

Ginger ( Zingiber officinale Rosc.) is one of the important high value crop, cultivated widely in the North Eastern Region of India. Of the total ginger production, around 93.4 per cent becomes a marketable surplus. This huge amount of marketable surplus is sold by the farmers at a very low price. The ginger producers of the region have not been benefited to the desired extent due to absence of proper processing units and storage facility locally. The traditional ginger drying methods used by the farmers are varied, haphazard and risky, resulting in mould growth and destruction of some heat sensitive pungent properties. Considering the huge production, potentiality, market demand and its agro-climatic suitability in the region, an experiment on post harvest treatments on shelf-life and quality of dehydrated ginger var. 'Bhola' was conducted in the Quality Control and PHT Laboratory of Department of Horticulture, Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat. The freshly harvested ginger rhizomes were washed, peeled and cut into small shreds. The ginger shreds were pretreated with different combinations of salt solutions viz., 4 per cent,6 per cent, 8 per cent and 10 per cent, citric acid viz. , 1 per cent, 2 per cent, 3 per cent and 4 per cent and ascorbic acid 2 per cent in general. The treated samples were dried in oven for 7 hours at 60 o C and stored in plastic containers at ambient conditions. The dehydrated ginger shreds treated with 10 per cent salt solution + 4 per cent citric acid + 2 per cent ascorbic acid recorded the highest crude protein (5.73%), oleoresin (4.31%), total soluble carbohydrate (12.89%) and overall sensory score (7.93%) without microbial growth till 180 days of storage. The dehydrated ginger shreds could be safely stored upto 180 days.

Sensory and nutritional evaluation of value added products using potato flour for nutritional and health benefits

Protein energy malnutrition continues to be a major health burden in developing countries and the most important risk factor for illnesses and death especially among young children. Increasing potato production with inadequate, expensive and unevenly distributed refrigerated storage facilities in the country has resulted in frequent gluts in the market causing economic loss to the farmers and wastage of precious foods. Keeping in mind the best utilization of potatoes, flour was prepared from variety Kufri Pukhraj by washing, peeling, slicing, blanching, dipping in 10 per cent salt solution and then in 0.05 per cent potassium metabisulpite, tray dried and ground to fine powder. It was used for preparing value added products like burfi, mathi, seviyan, panjiri and halwa and was organolepticaly evaluated using nine point hedonic rating scale. Accepted level of potato flour in different products like burfi was 20 per cent, mathi 25 per cent, seviyan 30 per cent, panjiri 40 per cent and halwa 50 per cent. Overall, acceptability scores of the products was 8.38 in burfi, 8.08 in mathi, 8.36 in seviyan, 8.2 in panjiri and 8.04 in halwa. Nutritional evaluation of the developed products was also done by using standard methods. Products were found highly nutritious and these can be easily supplemented to eradicate malnutrition among the children. Burfi provides 13.88g protein, 4.56mg iron and 48.67mg calcium. Mathi provides protein 9.20g, iron 1.75mg and 17.46mg calcium /100g of the product. Seviyan provides 11.23g protein, 4.96mg iron and 43.96 mg calcium. Panjiri provides protein 13.16g, iron 3.26mg, calcium 29.38mg. Halwa provides protein 11.51g, iron 4.99mg and calcium 34.94mg /100g of the product. Microbial testing of potato flour revealed that the potato flour can be kept safely in polyethylene bags for three months without any spoilage. Highly acceptable products were popularized among the self help groups by giving them lectures and demonstrations for nutritional and health benefits of children.

Effect of blanching treatments and dehydration methods on rehydration quality of khejri (Prosopis cineraria) pods

The khejri (Prosopis cineraria L. Druce), is a multipurpose leguminous tree of hot arid desert. Its tender pods are utilized for culinary purpose both in fresh and dehydrated conditions without ascertaining its quality aspect. Therefore, the present investigation was carried out to find out the effect of blanching treatments and dehydration methods on rehydration quality of khejri pods. The experiment consists of three methods of drying and six blanching treatments replicated thrice under completely randomised design (CRD). Both tender pods (harvested within 20 days of fruit set at green stage) and mature pods (harvested after 25 days of fruit set at colour turning stage) were taken for the study. Among various methods of drying; sun drying took minimum time (11 hours) while other methods took comparatively longer period for drying. Moreover, recovery per cent of pods did not vary significantly within the drying methods and blanching treatments. In general, tender pods recovery was less compared to matured pods. The rehydration ratio was maximum in pods blanched in hot water (5 min.) followed by control. Among different methods, the rehydration ratio was maximum in shade drying followed by sun drying and the least in tray drier. The storage life of dehydrated pods was more than 52 weeks in blanching treatment than only about 8 weeks in control (un-blanched pods). The appearance of sun dried pods was not good as brownish and grayish colour pods were observed. Whereas in case of pods dried in shade and tray drier were green in colour. The protein content was also higher in pods dehydrated either in shade or in tray drier but the differences among the blanching treatments were non-significant. Thus, it can be concluded that the tender pods dried after blanching in 2 per cent salt solution (5 min.) or blanched in 2 per cent salt solution (5 min.) + 0.1 per cent KMS (potassium metabisulphite) either in shade or in tray drier have overall good acceptability because of retention of green colour, higher protein content, good storage life, better appearance after rehydration, good culinary taste, overall higher hedonic rating and more hygienic conditions than open sun drying.

Effect of PVC/CPVC ratio of non‐toxic, platy pigments on corrosion protection of acrylic‐modified alkyd coatings

PurposeThis work aims to study the corrosion protection of laboratory‐prepared micaceous zinc ferrite (MZF) pigment in anticorrosive paints for steel.Design/methodology/approachAcrylic‐modified alkyd coatings, based on MZF pigment, micaceous iron oxide (MIO) and zinc ferrite (ZF) pigments, were prepared at different pigment volume concentrations “PVCs” to the critical pigment volume concentrations “CPVCs” ratio, which denoted hereafter by A. Scanning electron microscope, weight loss measurements, water vapour transmission (WVT) and immersion in 3.5 per cent salt solution as well as physico‐mechanical properties were performed to evaluate the paints anticorrosive performance.FindingsWVT and corrosion protection can be affected by the PVC/CPVC ratio for all systems. At any particular PVC, the barrier property of the pigment was the main factor affecting the WVT and corrosion protection. MZF pigment protected the carbon steel physically through barrier action and chemically by the reaction with the acidic acrylic‐modified alkyd resin to produce soaps which passivate the substrate.Originality/valueNovel MZF paint could be used with optimum percentage in anticorrosive paints for steel protection especially in humid and coastal regions.

"Normal" 0.9 per cent salt solution is neither "normal" nor physiological

"Normal" 0.9 per cent salt solution is neither "normal" nor physiological

The quantitative Kahn test; results with 2.5 per cent and 0.9 per cent salt solution compared with the degree of reactions of the standard Kahn test.

Abstract Titers obtained in quantitative Kahn tests employing 2.5 per cent and 0.9 per cent salt solution are each compared with results obtained in the standard Kahn test on sera giving normal typical reactions. Tables are presented showing differences.

The Production of Typhoid Antibodies in Rabbits with the Use of Living Typhoid Organisms Adsorbed on Aluminium Cream

Abstract In the preparation of antiserums for bacterial organisms one difficulty lies in the preparation of an effective antigen. If the organism is killed by heat or by chemical means, the native protein is partially or completely denatured. The resultant antiserum is usually not a straight antiserum for the characteristic protein of the bacterial organism. We have found that live organisms can be quantitatively adsorbed on aluminium cream and that when so adsorbed can be injected intramuscularly into animals without producing any deleterious effects, even when these organisms are pathogenic for the animal injected. Procedure. Typhoid organisms isolated from an epidemic strain (Manteno) were grown on agar in Kolle flasks at 37 C. for 48 to 72 hours. The bacteria were washed from the agar with the smallest possible volume of sterile 0.85 per cent salt solution. The resultant suspension contained over 3 billion organisms per ml.

Some Notes on Alclad

DURING the past few years attention has been concentrated on the effect of corrosion on light alloys as measured by the mechanical properties (strength and elongation), rather than by the loss or gain in weight. The most serious type of corrosion, intergranular penetration, causes relatively little change in weight, but a pronounced loss in ductility appears at an early stage and is followed by a loss of strength. The corroding medium most generally used in laboratories is a fine mist from a 20 per cent salt solution. Work has also been in progress on other methods of accelerating corrosion such as repeated immersion in various solutions. A particularly active medium is a 6 per cent salt solution containing 10 per cent by volume of commercial 3 per cent hydrogen peroxide. This solution seems to be very useful in determining whether or not an alloy is susceptible to intergranular penetration. A period of 48 hours in this test appears to have a corrosive action equivalent to from 8 to 12 weeks in the salt spray tank.

Further Observations on Acquired Immunity to the Tick Dermacentor variabilis Say

It has been shown (Trager, 1939) that guinea pigs and rabbits once infested with larvae of the tick Derlziacentor variabilis acquire an effective immunity against these larvae. This immunity can be produced artificially by the inoculation of an extract of larval ticks and can be passively transferred. It depends to a large extent on the presence of a circulating antibody which accelerates a local cellular reaction which in turn walls off the tick larva from its normal food supply. Some additional information has now been obtained concerning two of the points left open in the previous paper. I. Immunization with various tick extracts. Guinea pigs were inoculated intracutaneously on the left side with various tick tissue extracts, or with 0.85 per cent salt solution alone. By means of the pill box method previously described, larval ticks from a single batch of eggs were then applied to both sides and to the left ear of all the guinea pigs. Table 1 shows the results of such an experiment. It is clear that antigenic substance is present in the digestive tract and the cephalic glands of partly engorged ticks, as well as in the salivary glands of both fed and unfed ticks and in whole larval ticks. The cephalic gland extract, however, is not nearly as potent as the salivary gland extracts. It is worthy of note that during the course of the inoculations guinea pigs 4 and 6 showed marked reddening and hardening of the skin at the site of injection; guinea pigs 5, 9 and 10 showed a similar but milder reaction; while the other animals showed no local reaction whatever. Nevertheless, guinea pig 2 showed more immunity than guinea pig 4. II. The coimnplenment fixation reaction. In the previous paper it was noted that guinea pig serum could not be used to demonstrate specific complement fixation because normal guinea pig serum reacted with tick extract antigen to fix complement. This difficulty has been overcome by using rabbit serum. Table 2 shows a typical result. The complement fixation technic recommended by Taliaferro (1929) was followed. The reagents used were: Antigen: Approximately 0.2 gm of larval ticks ground up in 2 cc of 0.85 per cent saline solution. Mixture centrifuged and supernatant diluted with saline to 25 cc.

Studies on the Antigenic Substances of Clostridium Parabotulinum. II

Abstract In studies on the complement fixation and precipitin reactions (1, 2, 3), it has been shown that extracts prepared by alternate freezing and thawing of suspensions of Clostridium parabotulinum are highly group specific when tested with antiserums produced by the inoculation of intact organisms. It was thought that it would be of interest to test the antigenic properties of such extracts when injected into the animal body. Extracts were prepared from seven representative strains of Cl. parabotulinum by various methods. Twenty-four hour cultures in glucose veal broth were centrifugalized and washed three times in salt solution. In one series the organisms were suspended in neutral distilled water, in a second in neutral 0.85 per cent salt solution, and in a third in alkaline salt solution (pH 8.0). The suspensions were frozen in a mixture of crushed ice and salt and thawed rapidly by plunging into warm water (70°C.).

THE EFFECT OF SODIUM CHLORIDE ON THE CHEMICAL CHANGES IN THE BLOOD OF THE DOG AFTER OBSTRUCTION OF THE CARDIAC END OF THE STOMACH

A study is reported of the effect of different methods of treatment on the toxemia of cardiac obstruction. The average duration of life of untreated dogs is 3 days. Three dogs treated with 1 per cent salt solution subcutaneously lived 32, 36, and 45 days respectively without developing a toxemia. 2 per cent glucose similarly given, does not alter the course of the toxemia. Concentrated salt solution in small quantities given directly into the jejunum prevents the marked rise in non-protein nitrogen but does not materially prolong life. Release of the obstruction does not change the course of the toxemia in untreated animals. The subcutaneous injection of 1 per cent sodium chloride solution after release of the obstruction causes a rapid return of the blood to normal and allows the animal to recover. A similar amount of fluid given as 2 per cent glucose does not alter the course of the toxemia after release of the obstruction.

The Cultivation of a Parasitic Amoeba from the Cockroach

The object of the present paper is to record the successful and long continued cultivation of a parasitic amoeba (Endamoeba thomsoni) from the cockroach, Periplaneta americana. There seems no reason to review the previous work on the cultivation of the parasitic amoeba as this has been done very thoroughly in the recent paper of Dobell and Laidlaw (1926). It is to be noted, however, that the present work is a continuation of a series of investigations in which various parasites have been cultivated on a simple dilution of inactivated human serum in saline (Blastocystis lhominis of man, Barret, 1921; Balantidiumz coli of man, Barret and Yarbrough, 1921; Endamoeba barreti of the turtle, Barret and Smith, 1924, and Taliaferro and Holmes, 1924; Endamoeba ranarum of the frog, Barret and Smith, 1926, and Taliaferro and Fisher, 1926). Although most of the cultivation of the parasitic amoebae of mammals has been done with the medium of Boeck and Drbohlav (1925) or with modifications of it, and although Dobell and Laidlaw (1926) were unable to use our medium for the cultivation of E. histolytica and several other amoebae of mammals, it is interesting to note that Craig (1926) has succeeded in growing E. histolytica in seven parts of 0.85% saline plus one part of inactivated human blood serum. This medium is obviously very similar to that used throughout our investigations and suggests that dilutions of inactivated serum in different percentages of saline may prove a very simple and efficient method for the cultivation of a large range of parasitic protozoa. The original medium used by one of us (Barret 1921) in the cultivation of Blastocystis was a 1-10 dilution of inactivated human blood serum in 0.5 per cent salt solution. In the present work it was found best to double the dilution of serum (19 parts of 0.5 per cent NaCl solution and 1 part of inactivated human blood serum). In all of our work we have found 0.5 per cent salt solution to be superior to 0.7 or 0.85 per cent. This medium varied from pH 7 to PH 8 depending upon the length of time it was kept before use. In our experience a PH anywhere in this range is satisfactory for the present amoeba. All of the present work was done with the American cockroach, Periplaneta americana. The roaches around Charlotte, N. C., are almost

EDEMA

The rapid disappearance, in children with edema, of the cutaneous elevation produced by intradermal injection of 0.2 cc. of 0.8 per cent salt solution was described by McClure and Aldrich1in 1923. They suggested that this test might be of value for detecting disturbed water balance in the tissues, and for following the progress of such disturbance. Later these authors2reported this test to be a valuable method for determining immediate prognosis of conditions in children characterized by generalized edema, with albumin, casts and, in some cases, red blood cells in the urine, but unassociated with nitrogen retention in the blood. They also reported the test to be an aid in directing the therapeutic management of these cases. Baker3stated that in scarlet fever and diphtheria the disappearance time of intradermally injected salt solution is reduced in proportion to the severity of the intoxication and that the test aids in

THE INTRACUTANEOUS SALT SOLUTION TEST

In May, 1925, one of us 1 reported that the intracutaneous salt solution test, as devised by McClure and Aldrich 2 for the study of edema, afforded a simple method of determining the efficiency of the circulation in the extremities. The present report deals more fully with the nature of this reaction and with its clinical applications. NATURE OF TEST AND MECHANISM OF ACTION When 0.2 cc. of an 0.85 per cent salt solution is injected into the skin of a normal individual, sixty minutes or more is required for its complete absorption. In cases showing edema, the disappearance time is decreased in direct ratio to the degree of edema, and in extreme cases the injected fluid disappears so rapidly that it is impossible to produce a wheal. These observations hold true for all edema, whether it is of the so-called renal or cardiac types. Aldrich 3 discusses the mechanism

The experimental transmission of leishmaniasis to animals.

On December 18th, 1922, an autopsy (No. 3853) was performed on a patient who had died of kala-azar that day in the Peking Union Medical College Hospital. The spleen was found to be unusually heavily infected with Leishmania donovani, spleen smears showing hundreds of organisms in every field under the 1.9 mm. oil immersion objective. A portion of the spleen was taken, using sterile precautions, ground in Rosenow's tissue crusher, and mixed with 0.85 per cent salt solution to make an emulsion which easily passed through a fine hypodermic needle. The same suspension was used to inject the following series of animals, all of which were injected intraperitoneally except the dogs which were injected intravenously:2 dogs received 5 cc. and 4.5 cc. respectively; 2 guinea pigs, 0.5 cc.; 2 white rats, 0.5 cc.; 2 black mice, 0.3 cc.; 5 hamsters, 0.3 cc.The hamster (Cricetulus griseus M-Edw.) is a species of field mouse which we describe more fully in another paper read at this meeting.The results of these inoculati...

Prompt Macroscopic Agglutination in the Diagnosis of Glanders

Summary A method has been devised whereby a prompt clear cut macroscopic agglutination for the diagnosis of glanders can be obtained in two hours. Fifteen strains of B. mallei were tested and one obtained which is constant in its agglutinability with positive sera. The best culture medium is glycerin-potato-agar (2.5 acid to phenolphthalein) carefully prepared (see text). Great care must be used in the preparation of the stock suspension of B. mallei (see text). For the tests, fresh dilutions in 0.85 per cent salt solution are made from the stock suspension. No carbolic acid is added to the stock nor to the dilutions. The agglutination test is valuable in the routine examination of horses. With this test nearly all early and acute cases can be detected and thus the spread of the disease can be prevented. A negative reaction by a single agglutination test if not confirmed by the ophthalmic and the complement fixation tests does not prove the case negative; nor does a single negative result either by the complement fixation or ophthalmic tests. A positive reaction by any of the three methods is more significant than a negative one. All three tests must be performed in order to pronounce the horse negative. In my experience with the present series of cases a reaction of less than 1:1000 by agglutination (if the other two tests are negative and if there are no clinical symptoms) is not indicative of glanders in the horse. If the reaction is above a 1:1000 the horse should be kept under observation; even if he does not show active glanders, the possibility of a carrier condition should be thought of. Isolation of such horses would be a very safe measure for preventing the infection among the other horses. The bacteriological method of inoculating the guinea-pig with glanders material for the “Strauss” reaction is successful in only 25 per cent of cases (active lesions). Autopsy findings, if possible, should be confirmed by pathological sections. A great many cases are pronounced glanders on autopsy, which do not show typical lesions under the microscope. All stables should be under the supervision of the City Health Department and glanders in horses should be put in the same category as typhoid, meningitis, etc. in man, if glanders in New York City is to be eradicated. Sera that come to the Health Department for diagnosis should be accompanied by a complete history of each horse. Follow up work should be possible. Records of the three tests and autopsy findings should be accessible and some mark of identification for every horse should be devised by which all records of a horse can be compared. Only in some such way can a really scientific study of the disease be made and the right conclusions drawn.