Cent Protein Research Articles

Constraints in the Production and Marketing of Soybean

The production pattern as well as the consumption pattern of India has dramatically changed in the recent past. Soybean, a miracle crop with 40 per cent protein and 20 per cent oil has gained demand for consumption as well as oil extraction leading to increase in area under production. This paper has made an attempt to decode the constraints faced by farmers in the production and marketing of soybean in the study region so as to draw the attention of concerned authorities to come up with possible solution. The data related to agricultural year 2021-22 is extracted for present research. the primary data is collected by the personal interview method with the pre-tested schedule. Garrett’s ranking technique is used to interpret the data. It is inferred from the results that among production constraints non-availability or Inadequacy of required improved variety seeds in adequate quantities at the right time is the major constraint with the highest mean Garrett score of 74.34 followed by scarcity of labour during peak periods (Garrett score 51.12). Among various marketing constraints encountered by farmer respondents in soybean marketing in the study region. It was inferred that high price fluctuation was the major constraint with the highest mean Garrett score of 92.29 followed by untimely payment of sale proceeds (Garrett score 72.82). This article highlights the important constraints to be addressed to help farmers prosper in soybean production and marketing.

Effect of Dietary Supplementation of Buffer and Application of Herbal Teat Dip on the Milk Composition of Lactating Rathi Cattle

Background: Nowadays, there is an increasing demand among the consumers for clean milk or superior quality milk and milk products. The current scenario of dairy sector in India showcases a low productivity among the indigenous dairy breeds which requires the employment of nutritional and managemental interventions to improve the milk quality as well as performance of lactating cattle. The use of buffers like trisodium citrate and herbal post milking herbal teat dip are part of such interventions. The current study is aimed at evaluating the effect of such interventions on the milk quality of lactating Rathi cattle. Methods: Twenty-four cattle were selected at LRS, Bikaner and divided into four treatment groups consisting of six cattle each. The experiment was conducted for 60 days, where T1 group was used as control, T2 group was given the basal diet along with oral supplementation of buffer trisodium citrate @ 30 mg/kg body weight, T3 group received the basal diet along with the topical application of herbal teat dip (aloe vera, turmeric, lemon extract and castor oil) and T4 group was given the basal diet along with a combination of oral supplementation of trisodium citrate @ 30 mg/kg body weight as well as the topical application. The milk samples of the experimental animals were examined for milk fat per cent, milk SNF per cent, milk lactose per cent and milk protein per cent. Result: The results of the study revealed that there was a significant effect (P less than 0.05) of buffer supplementation and application of herbal teat dip on milk fat per cent, whereas it was highly significant (P less than 0.01) for milk SNF per cent between the control and treatment groups. There was no significant effect observed in milk lactose percent or milk protein per cent.

Trends in export performance of wheat from India

Wheat is globally the leading source of carbohydrate in human food, with the content of about 71 per cent, apartfrom this, it also contains 13 per cent proteins which is very high as considered to cereals and hence is also a major sourceof proteins around the world. Globally, India is the second-largest producer of rice, wheat and other cereals. The hugedemand for cereals in the global market is creating an excellent environment for the export of Indian cereal products.Thepresent study aimed to analyze the growth and instability index of wheat export from India. The study depends onsecondary data which was collected from APEDA website for the year 2011-12 to 2022-23. The compound annual growthrate analysis and Cuddy Della Valle Instability Index was employed for analysis of growth rate and instability index ofwheat exported from India. The results revealed that the growth rate of quantity and value of export of wheat from Indiashowed negative growth of -0.87 per cent and positive growth of 3.44 per cent, respectively. The instability indices forexport of wheat from India were found positive in both quantity (98.67) and value (99.86) terms and in the range of above30 which inferred high instability.

Effect of Addition of Sapota Pulp on Physicochemical Attributes of Milk Pudding

Milk pudding can be defined as a soft kind of cooked dish, commonly prepared with sugar, milk, fruits and stabilizers. Addition of fruits helps to render good flavour and increases its palatability and nutritive value. The starch used in the pudding formulation has an important role for providing essential properties of the product, imparting body and mouth feel. Milk pudding was prepared from buffalo milk (standardized to 6 % fat and 9 % SNF) with constant level of sugar (8 per cent by volume of milk) and different levels of (10, 15, 20 and 25 per cent of condensed milk). It was observed that an average 11.20 per cent fat, 46.73 per cent total solids, 7.02 per cent protein, 1.41 per cent ash, 25.04 per cent total sugar and 0.261 per cent acidity.

Assessment of nutrient digestibility in four dry dog foods containing different levels of protein, fat and carbohydrate

A study was undertaken in switch over design to find out the effects of four different treatment combinations of protein, fat and carbohydrates in dry dog foods on the apparent digestibility of nutrients. Four medium sized healthy adult nondescript dogs of about one to two years of age and around 10 to 15 kg body weight were selected and allotted to four dietary treatments- T1 (40 per cent CP, 23 per cent fat, 30 per cent carbohydrate and 3626 kcal ME), T2 (35 per cent CP, 20 per cent fat, 38 per cent carbohydrate and 3528 kcal ME), T3 (26 per cent CP, 15 per cent fat, 52 per cent carbohydrate and 3475 kcal ME) and T4 (20 per cent CP, 11 per cent fat 62 per cent carbohydrate and 3370 kcal ME). The feeding trial was conducted in switch over model of design with one week in between the periods to nullify carry over effect. Results revealed that levels of nutrients in diet had a significant influence on nutrient digestibility in the experimental animals. Among the dietary treatments, T1 with higher fat and protein levels had better dry matter digestibility while T3 diet containing 26 per cent protein, 15 per cent fat and 52 per cent carbohydrate had better crude protein and ether extract digestibility, hence can be recommended.

Performance of Chickpea Varieties under Rainfed Black Soils of Chamarajanagara District, Karnataka (Zone-6)

Background: The major constraint in rainfed chickpea cultivation is unavailability of short duration, wilt resistant and high yielding varieties in Chamarajanagara district. In this regard, an investigation was carried out to identify suitable high yielding varieties for Chamarajanagara District, Karnataka (Zone-6). Methods: As a part of on farm testing of ICAR-KVK, Chamarajanagara conducted a field experiment during rabi 2018-19, 2019-20 and 2020-21 (Three years) in farmers field at Kotamballi village. Four chickpea varieties viz., Annigere-1, JG-11, Jaki-9218 and BGD-103 were tested under randomized complete block design (RCBD) which was replicated seven times. Result: The study revealed that chickpea variety BGD-103 recorded significantly higher grain yield (14.28 q/ha) and per cent protein content (20.10%) with the minimum disease incidence of 7.93 per cent. The growth and yield parameters were also better with BGD-103 variety as compared to other varieties. The highest wilt incidence of 29.2 per cent was recorded with chickpea variety A-1 followed by JG-11 (26.09%). The highest net return of ₹.35703/ha and benefit cost ratio of 2.16 was recorded in BGD-103 compared to other varieties. The investigation revealed that BGD-103 was found to be suitable variety for rainfed black soils of Karnataka (Zone-6) due to minimum wilt incidence, short duration nature, higher seed yield and per day productivity.

GPUF 3: A new high yielding foxtail millet variety (Sateria italica)

GPUF 3, a new foxtail millet variety was developed at the Project Coordinating unit, ICAR- AICRP on Small Millets, University of Agricultural Sciences, GKVK, Bengaluru for cultivation in zone 5 and zone 6 of Karnataka state.  It has been evolved through pureline selection from germplasm IC 479864. This new variety matures in 85-90 days. This variety has semi compact and oblong shaped inflorescence. The grains are oval in shape and yellow in colour. This variety is moderately resistant to leaf blight and rust diseases and it is tolerant to shoot fly damage. GPUF 3 grain contains high calcium than check SiA 3156 and it contains iron content of 39.4 ppm, 11.6 per cent protein and 43.2 ppm of Zinc. Fodder contains high crude fiber, crude protein and crude fat content than check variety SiA 3156. New variety GPUF 3 recorded an average grain yield of 29.89 q/ha in station trials, 26.33 q/ha in Multilocation trials and 15.16 q/ha in farm trials with a mean grain yield of 23.79 q/ha across all the trials. GPUF 3 registered an average grain yield of 23.79 q/ha with a 19.12 per cent increased yield over check variety SiA3156. In All India Co-ordinated trials, GPUF 3 yielded 2753 kg/ha across the locations and ranked 11th across the locations in AICRP trials. This new variety is recommended for release in the Annual Plant Scientists Group meeting held at UAS, GKVK, Bengaluru on 1-3rdMarch 2021, Annual ZREP workshop of Zone-6 held on 5th April 2021, Annual ZREP workshop of Zone-5 held on 8th April 2021 and State varietal evaluation committee (SVEC) meeting held on 13th to 16th December 2021. NBPGR, New Delhi has issued national identity number IC 635733 for this variety. Because of its superior performance in zone 5 and zone 6 of Karnataka, this variety has been recommended for cultivation in the southern (Zone 6) and eastern (zone 5) dry zones of Karnataka state. Keywords: Coordinated trials, Foxtail millet, Grain yield, Inflorescence, Variety

An Economic Analysis of Technology Change in Tissue Culture and Non-tissue Culture Pointed Gourd in Anand and Kheda Districts of Middle Gujarat

Background: This paper has attempted an economic analysis of tissue-culture pointed gourd and non-tissue culture pointed gourd. As we know that vegetables are rich and comparatively cheaper source of vitamins. Consumption of these items provides taste, palatability and fiber for digestion. Their consumption in plenty provides fair amount of protein and also play a key role in neutralizing the acids produced during digestion of fatty foods. While pointed gourd contains 2 per cent protein, 0.3 per cent fat, 2.2 per cent carbohydrate, 153 IU vitamin A and 29 mg vitamin C per 100g edible portion (www.agrifarming.in). Methods: This study was conducted in the year 2017-18. The study has been conducted in the Anand and Kheda districts of Middle Gujarat using personal interview method. And 4 talukas were selected. Total 80 respondents were selected, out of them 40 were cultivating non-tissue culture and 40 were cultivating tissue culture variety of pointed gourd. Cost and return analysis had been done by using cost concepts. The Garrett ranking technique was used to study the adoption behaviour of farmers. Result: The study revealed that tissue-culture pointed gourd is more beneficial as compared to non-tissue culture pointed gourd. The cost of cultivation (Cost C2) of pointed gourd per hectare for tissue culture and non-tissue culture was ₹ 306655 and ₹ 237216, respectively. The average yield of tissue culture and non-tissue culture pointed gourd was 483 q and 248.49 q, while gross income was ₹ 597595 and ₹ 324741 respectively. Per hectare net returns in tissue culture pointed gourd for Cost C2 was ₹ 290940 whereas for non-tissue culture pointed gourd the per hectare net return over Cost C2 was ₹ 87525. The overall per hectare farm business income, family labour income and farm investment income for tissue culture farmer were found to be significantly higher compared to their counterpart non-tissue culture farmers. The overall input-output ratio on Cost C2 was 1.95 for tissue culture and 1.37 for non-tissue culture. ‘Higher yield’ was the main reason for adoption of tissue culture technology followed by ‘high quality fruit’ and ‘higher income per hectare’. On the whole, the analysis has revealed that the tissue culture technology in pointed gourd cultivation can go a long way in enhancing the farmers income which is the need of the hour.

Isolation and Screening of Efficient Rhizobial Strains and Evaluation of Their Efficiency in Moth Bean (Vigna aconitifolia Jacq)

Background: Moth bean (Vigna aconitifolia Jacq.) is a legume possess a higher nutritional value with 22–24 per cent protein and also used as a pasture legume. Fertilizer applications to moth bean are uncommon in India and mostly grown with minimum inputs and care. The main objective is to increase the production and productivity in moth bean crop, using crop or location specific, native rhizobial strains. Methods: In vitro studies on isolation and characterization of Rhizobium from moth bean root nodules was carried out and further its efficiency was tested under pot culture conditions. Result: Among the thirty isolates obtained, 11 showed positive reactions for poor growth on glucose peptone agar medium, Keto-lactose and catalase activities, citrate utilization in in vitro studies and were tentatively identified as Rhizobium. By 16S rRNA sequencing and culture number MB-1 was identified as Rhizobium skierniewicense. Biometric observations revealed that MB-1 inoculated plants significantly recorded the highest plant height of 34 cm; root length of 14 cm; 24 numbers of leaves per plant having the maximum nodule number of 27 and maximum number of pods of 39 pods plant-1 and its corresponding single plant yield of seeds 18.6 g followed by COG15 inoculated plants which recorded 15.5 g of seeds in a plant. The native isolates Rhizobium skierniewicense, (MB-1) proven to be a effective strain resulted in higher and bigger nodules, increased biometrics and yield attributes.

Blackgram CO 7: A new high yielding and bold seeded variety suitable for Tamil Nadu

Blackgram (Vigna mungo L.) is an important pulse crop in Tamil Nadu. An inter sub- specific cross was made VBN (Bg) 5 x V. mungo var. silvestris (22/10) to develop high yielding variety with yellow mosaic disease resistance. A high yielding blackgram culture (COBG 10-05) was identified and evaluated in different yield trials from 2012 to 2020. The culture matures in 60 - 65 days. It recorded an overall mean yield of 881 kg/ha which is 12.1 , 12.4 and 14.4 per cent yield increase over the check varieties viz., CO 6 (786 kg/ha) , VBN 6 (784 kg/ha) and VBN 8 (770 kg/ha), respectively. This culture is resistant to mungbean yellow mosaic virus disease and moderately resistant to leaf crinkle and stem necrosis diseases. It has bold seeds with 100 seed weight ranged from 5.5 to 6.0 g. The plant type is determinate with synchronized maturity and suitable for single/mechanical harvest. It contains 22.3 per cent protein. This culture was released as Co 7 and it is recommended for cultivation during kharif and rabi seasons in Tamil Nadu. Keywords : Blackgram, CO 7, High yield, Bold seeds, MYMV disease resistance

Evaluation of quality and acceptability of pet pasta with buffalo tripe powder

The study was undertaken with the objective of optimizing the level of tripe powder in the formulary of pet pasta. Two levels of tripe powder viz., 2.5 per cent (T1 ) and five per cent (T2 ) were added in the control formulation replacing the cereal flour mix. The samples were subjected to proximate analysis, palatability/acceptability assessment test and preference test. The moisture, dry matter, crude fiber and total ash contents did not vary significantly between the treatments. T2 had significantly (p<0.01) higher crude protein, crude fat and energy content and significantly (p<0.01) lower carbohydrate content among the samples. T2 had high palatability scores when compared to other samples. The intake ratio analysis showed that T2 had significantly (p<0.05) higher intake per cent than T1 and control (p<0.01) and was thus selected as the best formulation. T2 with 6.54±0.24 per cent moisture, 10.44±0.50per cent fat, 16.46±0.60per cent protein, 64.71±0.73 per cent carbohydrate and energy value 418.63±2.64 Kcal/100g could be categorised as dry type pet food based on NRC recommendations (2006).

Growth performance and meat quality of broiler chickens fed diet containing “Sabara” (Guiera senegalenses) leaf meal

The study evaluated dietary inclusion (0, 7, 14, and 21%) levels of Guiera senegalensis leaf meals (GSL) on growth performance and meat quality of broiler chickens. A total of 240 broiler chicks (Chikun) were divided into four treatments with three replicates each (20 chicks per replicate) in a completely randomized design (CRD). The experiment lasted for 8 weeks. The results showed that feed intake, average daily feed intake, feed conversion ratio and mortality rates were significantly (P˂ 0.05) different among the four treatment groups. Other growth traits such as final weight, weight gain and average daily weight did not show significant differences across the treatments investigated. The compositional parameters of the fresh meat samples showed that per cent lipid, protein, ash and carbohydrate contents were significantly (P˂0.05) different across the treatments. There were no significant differences with respect to per cent moisture and crude fibre among the treatments. However, chemical composition of meat floss (dambun nama) from broiler chickens fed GSL revealed that parameters such as moisture, lipid, crude fibre and carbohydrate differed (P ˂ 0.05) significantly among the treatments. There were no significant differences in per cent crude protein and ash contents among the treatments. Sensory attributes of dambun nama from broiler chickens fed GSL showed that all the attributes (except juiciness) were not significantly similar. This study concludes that the incorporation of GSL in the diet of broiler chickens at 0, 7, 14 and 21% had no deleterious effects on carcass and organ characteristics, chemical composition of both fresh meat and processed meat floss. The meat floss was well - cherished by the sensory panelists and rated the product high for quality. However, GSL inclusions should be re-adjusted in further studies using broiler chickens for growth and carcass re-evaluation for meat quality.

​Effect of Prebiotics on Physico-chemical and Sensory Properties of Synbiotic Shrikhand Blended with Papaya Pulp

Background: Shrikhand is a semi solid, sweetish-sour, whole milk product, prepared from lactic fermented curd. The curd (dahi) is partially strained through a muslin cloth to remove the whey to yield Chakka. Sugar, flavour, colour and dry fruits/condiments are mixed into chakka to form a soft homogenous mass known as Shrikhand. It is a nutritionally dense fermented milk product. Its nutritional and therapeutic value can further be enhanced by incorporating fruit pulp or probiotics. Method: The present study was undertaken for combination of different levels of dextrin as prebiotics (1.5, 2.0 and 2.5%), @ 1.5% probiotic culture i.e., Lactobacillus casei and 60% sugar, blended with different levels of papaya pulp (10, 20 and 30%) respectively for preparation of synbiotic shrikhand. Result: The most acceptable quality of synbiotic shrikhand can be manufactured by using 2.0 per cent dextrine and 20 per cent papaya pulp which contained on an average 52.848, 8.3, 6.118, 38.492, 1.34 and 1.339 per cent total solids, fat, protein, total sugar, ash and titratable acidity, respectively and also observed significant effect in all the treatments were found subject to chemical analysis. Sensory attributes viz., colour and appearance, Flavour, body and texture and over all acceptability were judged by using 9-point hedonic scale of semi trained panelist and observed that the treatment (D2P2) with 2.0 per cent prebiotic and 20 per cent papaya pulp found highest sensory score.

Development of peanut separator and thruster

Peanuts have been in existence since the beginning of human life. It has a high carbon content and is rich in oil and protein. Peanut oil extraction is more common in most developing countries. Peanut is a commonly used, edible commodity, and oil is used as a cooking medium. Upon oil extraction, the by-product of the peanut cake often contains 43-65 per cent protein and 6-20 per cent fat, which is usually used as feed for cows and goats. There is currently a shortage of farm workers and an increase in harvesting costs. The factors mentioned above mean that farmers are not interested in growing peanuts. The removal of peanut shells is a time-consuming and costly operation. During harvesting, the temperature is very high, making it impossible for humans to work. Peanut thresher is used to solve these problems by removing peanuts that minimize time and expense. Our project focuses mainly on the design and development of a peanut cutting machine with a 0.5 hp motor. The workers removed the peanut capsules from the harvest at the beginning. The output of this method was very poor and did not meet consumer demand because it was a time-consuming operation. The main part of our project is a rotating drum with nails. They feed the peanuts to the rotating drum. Rotating drum tips isolate the pods from field harvest. There are large peanut harvesters on the market, but small farmers cannot afford these harvesters. Our machine is small, light and inexpensive. Farmers with a small farm may afford to use our machine.

RESPONSE TO METHIONINE SUPPLEMENTATION OF BROILER CHICKS FED PRACTICAL CORN-GROUNDNUT MEAL DIETS IN THE TROPICS

Two floor feeding trials, involving 1000 broiler chicks fed two different practical-type diets, were conducted in order to determine the methionine and total sulphur amino acid (TSAA) requirements of broiler chicks 0-6 weeks). Two protein levels (20 and 23%) each with an energy concentration of 2800 Kcal ME (kg diet and four supplemental methionine levels (0.1, 0.2, 0.3 and 0.4%) were tested. At the end of 6 - week feeding period, a common finisher ration was fed to 10 weeks of age. Under our experimental circumstances with dietshaving 23% protein and metabolizable energy of 2800 Kcal ME/kg diet and based on assumed methionine and cystine content of feeding stuff, the quantitative requirement for methionine of broiler chicks up to six weeks of age were about 0.53% diet which is equivalent to 2.3% of the dietary protein (or TSSA of 0.85 per cent diet, that is 3.7 per cent protein). Higher supplemental methionine at this protein and energy levels resulted in deterioration in liveweight gain and slight but non-significant improvement in feed/gain ratio. The rations containing 20% protein performed poorly relative to those containing 23%. Feeding of high quality common finisher rations neutralized the initial gains due to supplemental methionine within each protein levelbut did not offset the gains due to different dietary proteins.

Application of response surface methodology for optimization of low calorie burfi incorporated with sucralose and Costus speciosus extract

In this study, Central Composite Rotatory Design (CCRD) of Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was used for the optimization of levels of Costus speciosus extract and sucralose in the low calorie burfi. The response variables used were sensory characteristics: flavour, body and texture, colour and appearance, sweetness and overall acceptability. Coefficient of determination (R2) ranged from 81 per cent to 92 per cent for all the attributes and the Adequate Precision Value (APV) came in the range of 5.87 to 10.09. From the models, the optimum level of Costus speciosus extract and sucralose to achieve the predicted maximum response values were found to be 63.12 and 151.85 ppm respectively. The developed product was analysed for its physico-chemical properties and microbiological characteristics. The product was found to contain 26.98 percent fat, 25.43 per cent protein, 18.58 per cent lactose, 81.40 per cent total solids, 4.6 percent ash, 18.60 percent moisture and 0.36 per cent lactic acid. Freshly prepared low calorie burfi had a Standard Plate Count (SPC) of 4.82 log10cfu/g and yeast and mould count of 1.90 log10cfu/g. Coliform count was found to be absent in the samples.

Current status and future prospects of millets with special reference to sorghum (Sorghum bicolor Moench (L.)

Millets are not only comparable to major cereals with respect to their nutritional features but are very good sources of carbohydrates, micronutrients and phytochemicals with nutraceutical properties. The millets contain 7-12% protein, 2-5% fat, 65-75% carbohydrates and 15-20% dietary fibre. Sorghum has 11.9 per cent of moisture and about 10.4 per cent of protein and a lower fat content of 1.9 per cent. The fibre and mineral content of grain sorghum is essentially similar, and is 1.6 per cent. It is a good source of energy and provides about 349 K cal and gives 72.6 per cent of carbohydrates. The nature and utilization of sorghum grain has undergone a change from staple food to industrial uses such as livestock and poultry feed, potable alcohol, starch and ethanol production, however, grain as a whole consumption declining with the falling production figures with an annual growth rate of around -2.06%.Most of the sorghum consumed by human comes from post rainy sorghum nearly 90% of the toal production) and remaining 10% goes to the processing sector. Kharif sorghum after meeting 40-45% consumption demand left over surplus production is diverted to industries. As far as sorghum processing is concerned, majority of the processing is done as sorghum floor which is done at individual level. While for other processed products such as, biscuits, rawa, multigrain flour and biscuits an increasing interest and trend is observed in last few years. In future collaboration with private companies and cooperative sector may took a lead for such processed products and required infrastructures. Sorghum is not yet included in Public Distribution System, its inclusion may enhance the area under kharif as well as Rabi sorghum.

Evaluation of bio-chemical constituents in green gram associated with resistance to Callosobruchus maculatus during storage

The pulse beetle, Callosobruchus maculatus (Fabricius) is an important limiting biotic factor in the storage of green gram. The present study was carried out to study the biochemical constituents imparting resistance/susceptibility to pulse beetle Callosobruchus maculatus Fabricius in green gram varieties under ambient conditions. The 9 promising varieties of green gram obtained from Oilseed Research Station, Jalgaon and evaluated for biochemical and physical parameters under storage conditions at Seed Testing Research Unit, MPKV, Rahuri. After storage period the seed were evaluated for biochemical parameters in which results showed that the protein content in seeds of different green gram varieties ranged from 20.23 to 22.32 percent. The highest per cent protein content was found in Kopargoan (22.32%). The less per cent protein content was observed in PM-302-46 (20.23 %). The highest per cent carbohydrate content was found in Kopargoan (62.23 %), followed by PM-302-46 (61.82%). The less carbohydrate content was observed in BM-4 (56.34 %). The grain infestation on number and weight basis ranged between 12.33 – 21.40 and 78.36– 85.14 per cent, respectively. The minimum grain infestation on number and weight basis was noticed in the variety BM-2003-1 (12.33 %) and (79.18 %) which was found statistically at par with BM-4 (15.33%) and (79.88%) and BM-2002-1(16.00 %) and (78.36 %). Under correlation between biochemical parameters and grain infestation by pulse beetle, it was observed that protein, carbohydrate, fat and moisture content indicated positively and non significant correlation with orientation of C. maculatus adults towards seeds of green gram.

Functional and nutritional properties of mango stone kernel flour

Worldwide production is mostly concentrated in Asia, accounting for 75 per cent. India is the largest producer of mango followed by China (4.3 Million MT), Thailand (2.6 Million MT) and Indonesia (2.13 Million MT). During the year 2013-14, the area under mango in India was 2516 thousand ha. With production of 18431.3 thousand MT and productivity was 7.3 MT/ha. After consumption or industrial processing of mangoes, approximately 40 to 60 per cent waste is generated during processing of mangoes; 12 to 15 per cent consists of peels and 15 to 20 per cent of kernels. According to mango varieties, the seed represents from 10 to 25 per cent of the whole fruit weight. The kernel inside the seed represents from 45 to 75 per cent of the seed and about 20 per cent of the whole fruit (Karunanithi et al., 2015). After processing of mango fruits, the by-product available is peel and seed. The mango seed has oil and other nutritive content. It is an important source of sugars and minerals. The deoiled mango seed flour can be used further for preparation of value-added products. Mango seed kernels contain on an average 6.0 per cent protein, 11 per cent fat, 77 per cent carbohydrate, 2.0 per cent crude fibre and 2.0 per cent ash. Mango seed kernels were shown to be a good source of polyphenols, phytosterols as campesterol, -sitosterol and tocopherols. The functionl properties include bulk density, oil absorption capacity, water absorption capacity and wettability. The properties such as moisture, protein, fat, carbohydrate and energy are included in nutritional properties.

Effect of organic seed treatment and foliar spray on growth, yield and resultant seed quality in sesame (Sesamum indicum L.)

Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) is one of the ancient and most important oilseed crops and its seeds, contain around 50 per cent oil and 25 per cent protein. It is sixth most important oil seed crop in India and has great economic potential due to the possibilities for its exploitation in both the domestic and international markets. The usage of organic inputs is gaining importance nowadays in the context of environmental sustainability. Field experiments were carried out to study the effect of leaf extracts of four plants on seed yield of sesame under rainfed conditions. The seeds ofsesame cv. TMV 3 were treated with leaf extracts of pungam (Pongmia pinnata), prosopis (Prosopis juliflora), arappu (Albizia amara) and moringa (Moringa oleifera) @ 5% along with foliar spray @10 % at vegetative and flowering stages under rainfed condition along with water sprayed control. The results revealed that pre sowing seed treatment with moringa leaf extract @ 5% + foliar spray of moringa leaf extract @ 10 % at vegetative and flowering stages recorded higher seed yield and better seed quality when compared to other treatments and control.