Cent Of Volume Research Articles

The effect of root canal preparation tapers on planktonic bacteria and biofilm reduction in the apical third: A correlative microtomography and microbiological laboratory study.

To evaluate the influence of different preparation tapers on the reduction in planktonic bacteria and biofilms of Enterococcus faecalis and Candida albicans in the apical third (4 mm) of the mesial roots of mandibular molars, correlating decontamination with canal shape. After microtomography analysis for morphological standardization of the canals, 48 mandibular molar roots, each containing two canals (96 canals), were contaminated with E. faecalis and C. albicans and divided into four groups (n = 11) for canal instrumentation using ProDesign Logic 2 files with different tapers G (.03): # 25.03; G (.04): # 25.04; G (.05): # 25.05; and G (.06): # 25.06 and irrigation with 2.5% sodium hypochlorite. Four roots were examined under a scanning electron microscope (SEM) to qualitatively assess biofilm formation. Eight roots were used as the negative control group (samples were not contaminated). Bacteriological samples were taken exclusively from the apical third of the roots before and after chemical-mechanical preparation and bacterial counts were determined (CFU/mL). The final micro-CT scan was used to quantify the volume variation and unprepared canal area in the apical third. Statistical analysis was performed using the Kruskal-Wallis, Student-Newman-Keuls and Wilcoxon tests for analysis of microbiological data. anova and the Tukey or Games-Howell test were used for analysis of micro-CT data and Spearman's test for correlations (α = 5%). All groups showed a significant reduction in bacteria (p < .05), with no statistically significant difference between groups. There was no significant difference in per cent volume increase between groups. The unprepared area (Δ%) was affected by the file used (p = .026) and was significantly lower for G (.06) compared to G (.03). There was no statistically significant correlation among bacterial reduction, volume and unprepared area (p > .05). The different preparation tapers influenced root canal shaping in the apical third but did not improve decontamination in this region.

Export performance of Indian chilli

India is called as spice wealthy nation as its total production of spices is around 101.25 lakh tonnes from an area of about 43 lakh hectares. This study was entirely based on secondary data. During the year 2020-21, India exported 15.65 lakh tonnes of spices worth of Rs.27143.2 crores. Chilli alone accounts for 38.43 per cent in volume and 31 per cent in value to total export of spices. Exports of chilli grew from 37191 tonnes worth Rs.12246 lakh in the year 2000-01 to 601500 tonnes worth Rs.842975 lakh in the year 2020-21 with an increasing growth rate of 14.47% and 24.48 per cent respectively. China, Thailand, Sri Lanka, UAE and Bangladesh are the major buyers for Indian chillies. Destination wise export of chilli showed that China was the most loyal importer of Indian chilli with retention of 95.09 per cent while Sri Lanka showed zero retention in importing Indian chillies. India had enjoyed a comparative advantage in chilli and NPC for chilli are less than one which clearly indicated that Indian chillies are competitive in the international market. The rigorous quality measures implemented by the Spices Board and the lower output by other competing countries like China and Pakistan had also helped India to achieve record performance.

Making Light of Convicts

Making Light of Convicts

Indian Pharmaceuticals Industry in Global Scenario: An Appraisal

Today, the Indian pharmaceuticals industry is recognised the world over due to the quality and cost-effectiveness of its products. At present, globally it is one of the fastest-growing industries and contributes 2.4 per cent value wise and 10 per cent volume wise globally. India alone accounts for 20 per cent of global exports in generics. In 2016, the Indian pharma industry exported USD16.89 billion and is expected to touch USD40 billion by 2020. The present generics market has immense potentiality for foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows, and worth USD14.53 billion of FDI inflows came in between April 2000 and December 2016. We have witnessed that Indian pharma companies go for joint ventures with multinational companies, make strategic alliances and co-promotions, contract research and manufacturing services, export, acquisitions and mergers, focus on new markets other than the USA and Europe, buy offshore plants and increase stakes in other companies. India is also becoming an attractive investment for the clinical trials market. The objective of this paper is to analyse the Indian pharmaceuticals industry—opportunity and threats, strategies of the Indian companies particularly after trade-related aspects of intellectual property rights (TRIPS).

Strengthening of RC Beam Using Synthetic Fibers and Steel Fibers

The fibers are commonly use to enhance concrete’s flexural resilience and ductility, and can even remove the need for traditional reinforcement. Steel fibers are more commonly used in structural applications while synthetic fibers are more frequently used due to shrinkage to reduce crack opening. RC beam specimens were constructed with steel and synthetic fiber groups, based on the investigation. The introduction of admixtures was used in steel fibers of hook ends with 50, 60 aspect ratio and crimped round of 52.85 aspect ratio comprising 0 per cent and 0.6 per cent volume fraction. In the group of synthetic fibres 20 mm cutting thicknes polypropylene fibres. In order to compare the strength aspects of RC beams using synthetic fibers, steel fibers with those of traditional RC beams, this paper validated the positive effect of steel fibers with different aspect ratios and polypropylene fibers with different cut lengths in compression and splitting performance improvement of specimens at 7 and 28 days, examined the sensitivity of different fibers to concrete with flexural strength.

Survival of bovine digital dermatitis treponemes on hoof knife blades and the effects of various disinfectants

BackgroundBovine digital dermatitis (BDD) is a painful infectious foot disease of cattle, and much evidence implicates a pathogenic role for treponemes. This study measured the survival of BDD treponemes on...

Brownian models effect on turbulent fluid flow and heat transfer and entropy generation of water/boehmite alumina nanofluid inside enclosure

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to study the effects of using different Brownian models on natural and mixed convection fluid flow and heat transfer inside the square enclosure filled with the AlOOH–water nanofluid.Design/methodology/approachDue to fulfill of this demand, five different models for the effective thermal conductivity and viscosity of the nanofluid are considered. The following results are presented for the Ra=107 to 1010 and Ri=0.01 to 100, whereas the volume fraction of the nanoparticles is varied from φ = 0.01 to 0.04.FindingsAccording to the obtained results, increasing of Rayleigh number and reduction of Richardson number leads to the higher values of the average Nusselt number and entropy generation. Also, it is realized that, variation trend of the average Nusselt number and entropy generation in all cases is increasing by growing the volume fraction. It is found that the obtained average Nusselt numbers and entropy generations with Koo and Kleinstreuer are the highest among all the studied cases, and it is followed by Patel, Vajjha and Das, Corcione and Maxwell–Brinkman models, respectively.Originality/valueBased on the results of present investigation, the Nusselt number difference predicted between the Maxwell–Brinkman model (as constant-property model) and Koo and Kleinstreuer model is about 7.84 per cent at 0.01 per cent volume fraction and 5.47 per cent at 0.04 per cent volume fraction for the Rayleigh number equal to 107. The entropy generation difference predicted between the two above studied model is about 8.05 per cent at 0.01 per cent volume fraction and 5.86 per cent at 0.04 per cent volume fraction for the Rayleigh number equal to 107. It is observed that using constant-property model has a significant difference in the obtained results with the results of other variable-property models.

Energy saving with using of elliptic pillows in turbulent flow of two-phase water-silver nanofluid in a spiral heat exchanger

PurposeIncreasing heat transfer rate in spiral heat exchangers is possible by using conventional methods such as increasing number of fluid passes and counter flowing. In addition, newer ideas such as using pillows as baffles in the path of cold and hot fluids and using nanofluids can increase heat transfer rate. The purpose of this study is to simulate turbulent flow and heat transfer of two-phase water-silver nanofluid with 0-6 Vol.% nanoparticle concentration in a 180° path of spiral heat exchanger with elliptic pillows.Design/methodology/approachIn this simulation, the finite volume method and two-phase mixture model are used. The walls are subjected to constant heat flux of q″ = 150,000 Wm−2. The inlet fluid enters curves path of spiral heat exchanger with uniform temperature Tin = 300 K. After flowing past the pillows and traversing the curved route, the working fluid exchanges heat with hot walls and then exits from the section. In this study, the effect of radiation is disregarded because of low temperature range. Also, temperature jump and velocity slipping are disregarded. The effects of thermophoresis and turbulent diffusion on nanofluid heat transfer are disregarded. By using finite volume method and two-phase mixture model, simulations are performed.FindingsThe results show that the flow and heat transfer characteristics are dependent on the height of pillows, nanoparticle concentration and Reynolds number. Increasing Reynolds number, nanoparticle concentration and pillow height causes an increase in Nusselt number, pressure drop and pumping power.Originality/valueTurbulent flow and heat transfer of two-phase water-silver nanofluid of 0-6 per cent volume fraction in a 180° path of spiral heat exchanger with elliptic pillows is simulated.

Precipitation condition and effect of volume fraction on corrosion properties of secondary phase on casted super-duplex stainless steel UNS S32750

PurposeThe secondary phase decreased the corrosion resistance because of the segregation of Cr and Mo. Therefore, this paper aims to study the precipitation condition and the effect of secondary phase with volume fraction on corrosion behavior.Design/methodology/approachSecondary phase precipitated approximately from 375°C to 975°C because of saturated Cr and Mo at grain boundary by growth of austenite. Therefore, heat treatment from 800°C to 1,300°C was applied to start the precipitation of the secondary phase.FindingsThe secondary phase is precipitated at 1,020°C because of segregation by heterogeneous austenite. The growth of austenite at 1,000°C needs the time to saturate the Cr and Mo at grain boundary. When the volume fraction of austenite is 56 per cent (14 min at 1,000°C), the secondary phase is precipitated with grain boundary of austenite. The secondary phase increased the current density (corrosion rate) and decreased the passivation. That is checked to the critical pitting temperature (CPT) curves. The 1 per cent volume fraction of secondary phase decreased CPT to 60°C from 71°C.Research limitations/implicationsThe precipitation of secondary phase not wants anyone. Casted super-duplex stainless steel (SDSS) of big size precipitates the secondary phase. This study worked the precipitation condition and the suppression conditions of secondary phase.Social implicationsManufacturers need precipitation condition to make high-performance SDSS.Originality/valueThe corrosion resistance of SDSS is hard the optimization because SDSS is dual-phase stainless steel. The precipitation of the secondary phase must be controlled to optimize of the corrosion resistance of SDSS. Anyone not studied the precipitation condition of secondary phase and the effect of secondary phase with volume fraction on corrosion behavior of SDSS.

UV background fluctuations traced by metal ions at z ≈ 3

ABSTRACT Here we investigate how LyC-opaque systems present in the intergalactic medium at $z$ ≈ 3 can distort the spectral shape of a uniform UV background (UVB) through radiative transfer (RT) effects. With this aim in mind, we perform a multifrequency RT simulation through a cosmic volume of 10 h−1 cMpc scale polluted by metals, and self-consistently derive the ions of all the species. The UVB spatial fluctuations are traced by the ratio of He $\,\small {II}$ and H $\,\small {I}$ column density, η, and the ratio of C $\, \small {IV}$ and Si $\, \small {IV}$ optical depths, ζ. We find that: (i) η spatially fluctuates through overdense systems (Δ) with statistically significant deviations δη &amp;gt; 25 per cent in 18 per cent of the volume; (ii) same fluctuations in ζ are also present in 34 per cent of the enriched domain (only 8 per cent of the total volume) and derive from a combination of RT induced effects and in-homogeneous metal enrichment, both effective in systems with Δ &amp;gt; 1.5.

Do brands compete or coexist? How persistence of brand loyalty segments the market

PurposeThis study aims to question the conventional wisdom that brands compete for customers, especially in mature industries such as soft drinks. Rather than engaging in price wars or promotion wars, brands coexist in the markets by focusing on their own brand loyal customers.Design/methodology/approachConsumer panel data of carbonated beverages are examined using Markov chains to measure switching between two brands: Coke and Pepsi. Switching rates are conducted for all Coke households (n = 10,474) and Pepsi households (n = 7,227). This is further examined with respect to heavy half (upper median) consumers of each brand who make up approximately 86 per cent of volume purchases.FindingsHouseholds that made a majority of their purchase volume in either Coke or Pepsi products stayed with their preferred brands in subsequent quarters: 85 to 97 per cent of households. These findings are validated at all levels of the brand architecture (family brands, product brands and modified brands), even though both brands engage in similar marketing mix tactics (advertising, price cuts, distribution, product offerings). Loyalty was even higher among the heavy user households.Research limitations/implicationsThe research was conducted using two well-known brands in a mature industry. Services or non-mature markets may exhibit different loyalty patterns.Originality/valueThe study extends prior research on competition, loyalty and branded offerings to show that brand loyalty remains high despite marketing efforts to switch the brand buying behavior.

Improving Thermal Insulation Properties for Prefabricated Wall Components Made Of Lightweight Aggregate Concrete with Open Structure

Porous concrete is commonly used in civil engineering due to its good thermal insulation properties in comparison with normal concrete and high compression strength in comparison with other building materials. Reducing of the concrete density can be obviously obtained by using lightweight aggregate (e.g. pumice). The concrete density can be further minimized by using specially graded coarse aggregate and little-to-no fine aggregates. In this way a large number of air voids arise. The aggregate particles are coated by a cement paste and bonded together with it just in contact points. Such an extremely porous concrete, called ‘lightweight aggregate concrete with open structure’ (LAC), is used in some German plants to produce prefabricated wall components. They are used mainly in hall buildings, e.g. supermarkets. The need of improving thermal insulation properties was an inspiration for the prefabrication plant managers, engineers and a scientific staff of the Technical University of Kaiserslautern / Germany to realise an interesting project. Its aim was to reduce the heat transfer coefficient for the wall components. Three different wall structure types were designed and compared in full-scale laboratory tests with originally produced wall components in terms of load-carrying capacity and stiffness. The load was applied perpendicularly to the wall plane. As the components are not originally used for load-bearing walls, but for curtain walls only, the wind load is the main load for them. The wall components were tested in horizontal position and the load was applied vertically. Totally twelve wall components 8.00 × 2.00 × 0.25m (three for every series) were produced in the prefabrication plant and tested in the University of Kaiserslautern laboratory. The designed and tested components differed from each other in the amount of expanded polystyrene (EPS), which was placed in the plant inside the wall structure. The minimal amount of it was designed in the original wall component type. Besides, two improved types of prefabricated wall had built-in steel lattice girders. The failure mode was the same for all the tested components: diagonal cracks occurred on the sides of each component due to their insufficient shear-force-capacity. The span deflection was measured during all the tests by means of LVDTs. Load-carrying capacities obtained in the tests were for all wall structure types similar and much higher (many times) than internal forces (i.e. bending moments and shear forces) calculated for a wind load acting on a typical hall building according to the German codes. An increased amount of EPS (up to 30 per cent in volume) did not influence significantly the wall structural strength. The use of the steel lattice girders caused some technological problems and led to a quality loss of the produced components. The future use of the lattice girders would require a change in the production process: it would have to be more labour consuming.

Effect of legume supplementation on physical and textural characteristics of ready to eat cereal bars

The present study was carried out to find the effect of legume supplementation on Physical and textural characteristics of ready to eat cereal bars. Therefore, physical and textural parameter of ready to eat cereal bars was analyzed. Results showed that the length, width and thickness of the bars ranged between 9.69±0.29 to 10.02±0.01 cm, 4.52±0.02 to 4.90±0.05 cm and 0.85±0.04 to 0.99±0.01cm. Whereas spread ratio, per cent spread, volume, weight and density was found to range between 4.90±0.11 to 5.30±0.30, 92.43±1.03 to 100.00per cent, 38.63±2.23 to 47.85± 1.18 cm3, 24.76 to 25.14g and 0.52±0.00 to 0.67±0.00 (g/cm3) respectively. Hardness of selected RTE cereal bar varied from 4901.13±2.08 to 13800.79 (g force). Significant difference was observed between control (CCB) and among all the other treatments (RCCB, PCCB, RSCB, PSCB and DSCB) due to increase in the incorporation level of legume flour.

Phytofilter – environmental friendly solution for purification of surface plate from urbanized territories

Its proved, that phytofilters are environmental friendly solution of problem of purification of surface plate from urbanized territories. Phytofilters answer the nowadays purposes to systems of purification of land drainage. The main problem of it is restrictions, connecter with its use in the conditions of cold temperature. Manufactured a technology and mechanism, which provide a whole-year purification of surface plate and its storage. Experimentally stated optimal makeup of filtering load: peat, zeolite and sand in per cent of volume, which provides defined hydraulic characteristics. Stated sorbate and ion-selective volume of complex filtering load of ordered composition in dynamic conditions. Estimated dependences of exit concentrations of oil products and heavy metals on temperature by filtering through complex filtering load of ordered composition. Defined effectiveness of purification at phytofiltering installation. Fixed an influence of embryophytes on process of phytogeneration and capacity of filtering load. Recommended swamp iris, mace reed and reed grass. Manufactured phytofilter calculation methodology. Calculated economic effect from use of phytofiltration technology in comparison with traditional block-modular installations.

Tribological performance of low blend decanter cake biodiesel

PurposeThis paper aims to investigate the tribological performance of the decanter cake feedstock biodiesel which was blended in 5 and 10 per cent volume with petroleum diesel.Design/methodology/approachThe tribological performance of the decanter cake biodiesel was tested using the modified ASTM D4172 standard with temperature range from 300°C to 750°C and load range from 392 to 981 N while spindle speed is at 1,200 rpm.FindingsAt 5 per cent volume of biodiesel, friction reduced ranging from 10 to 45 per cent at all temperature and load ranges, whereas specific wear rate reduced ranging from 22 to 29 per cent at low load and 4 per cent to 15 per cent at high load for all temperature ranges. Addition up to 10 per cent volume of biodiesel reduced friction ranging from 10 to 35 per cent at all temperature and load ranges, whereas specific wear rate reduced ranging from 15 to 29 per cent only at low load for all temperature ranges.Practical implicationsThe standardised test may not represent the actual condition of a real running diesel engine.Originality/valueBecause the lubricity of biodiesel was difficult to determine in a real running engine, this paper provided a standardised test for simplification.

Experimental studies on magnetorheological brake containing plane, holed and slotted discs

PurposeThis study aims to design an ideal magnetorheological (MR) brake that exerts negligible frictional torque in the off-state condition and controllable frictional torque in the on-state condition.Design/methodology/approachSilicone-based MR fluid, containing 9 per cent volume carbonyl iron particles, has been synthesized and used. The synthesized MR fluid is advantageous in maintaining low friction losses in off-state conditions. A magneto-rheometer has been utilized to characterize the off-state viscosity of the MR fluid at variable shear rates and shear stress of MR fluids at various magnetic fields. A mechanism to enhance the braking torque in the on-state condition has been designed and developed. An experimental test rig has been developed to capture the torque characteristics of the developed MR brakes. Three different designs of MR discs have been experimented under a magnetic field varying from 0 to 375 kA/m. Experimental results of braking torque under shear and compression modes have been presented.FindingsSlotted disc MR brake gives much better torque performance.Originality/valueThe braking torque results motivate to use the slotted disc MR brake for high torque application.

Comparison of retinal nerve fiber layer and macular thickness for discriminating primary open‐angle glaucoma and normal‐tension glaucoma using optical coherence tomography

PurposeThe aim of this study was to evaluate the discrimination capabilities of macular and peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (pRNFL) thickness parameters as measured using spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD‐OCT) between primary open‐angle glaucoma (POAG) and normal‐tension glaucoma (NTG).MethodsA total of 90 subjects were enrolled: 30 healthy subjects, 30 subjects with POAG and 30 subjects with NTG, consecutively. Retinal nerve fiber layer thickness, macular thickness and volume measurements were obtained with circular and radial SD‐OCT scans. All parameters were compared between groups using an analysis of variance test. Areas under receiver‐operating characteristic (AROC) curves with sensitivities at specificities greater than or equal to 90 per cent were generated to compare discrimination capabilities of various parameters between POAG and NTG.ResultsMacular thickness and volume measurements were the highest in normal subjects, followed by NTG and POAG (p < 0.05). Average retinal nerve fiber layer thickness had perfect discrimination for normal‐POAG (AROC: 1.000; sensitivity: 100 per cent) and near perfect discrimination for normal‐NTG (AROC: 0.979; sensitivity: 93 per cent) as well as NTG‐POAG pairs (AROC: 0.900; sensitivity: 60 per cent). Inferior outer macular thickness (IOMT) and total volume were the best macular thickness and volume parameters having similar AROCs and sensitivities between normal and POAG (IOMT, AROC: 0.987; sensitivity: 92 per cent and total volume, AROC: 0.997; sensitivity: 97 per cent), normal and NTG (IOMT, AROC: 0.862, sensitivity: 47 per cent and total volume, AROC: 0.898, sensitivity: 67 per cent) and also between NTG and POAG (IOMT, AROC: 0.910, sensitivity: 53 per cent and total volume, AROC: 0.922, sensitivity: 77 per cent). In each comparison group, there was no statistically significant difference in AROCs between average retinal nerve fiber layer and inferior outer macular thickness, as well as total volume.ConclusionsThe macular parameters offer comparable performance to pRNFL parameters for the discrimination of NTG and POAG. Average retinal nerve fiber layer thickness, total macular volume and inferior outer macular thickness were the best SD‐OCT parameters with superior discriminating capabilities.

Indian agro input industry

India requires a robust, modernized agriculture sector to ensure the food security to its population. In order to meet the food grain requirements, the agricultural productivity and its growth needs to be sustained and further improved. It is imperative to manage critical inputs and resources like cultivable land, irrigation, agro-chemicals includes; pesticides and fertilizers as also plasticulture for higher food production. The past year witnessed reasonably good minimum support prices and open market prices for several crops. All these factors point to reasonably good growth prospects for agriculture and by logical extension, for the agro-input industry. The global crop protection market is estimated to have grown at 25 per cent, reaching $41 billion with nearly 10 per cent volume growth. The level of agricultural output depends on the availability of quality inputs at an affordable price. Agri input industry which consist of seeds, fertilizers, agro-chemicals and farm machineries are comparatively better organized and Government policies helped in the growth of seed industry, inability competitor among the companies.

Experimental analysis for rheological properties of aluminium oxide (Al2O3)/gear oil (SAE EP-90) nanolubricant used in HEMM

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to experimentally investigate the effect of aluminium oxide (Al2O3) nanoparticles on gear oil (SAE EP 90) as a lubricant in heavy earth moving machinery (HEMM). Design/methodology/approach – Particle size distribution, viscosity, density, stability and other rheological properties have been measured. The variations in rheological properties with varying nanoparticle volume fraction and temperature have been investigated at atmospheric pressure over a temperature range of 15-40°C. Classical as well as modified Krieger – Dougherty models have been used for finding out viscosity variation and a new empirical model has been presented. Findings – Dynamic light scattering data confirm the presence of large agglomeration of about 5.5 times of primary nanoparticles in nanofluid. Nanofluid starts behaving as a non-Newtonian fluid with increasing nanoparticle volume fraction. Viscosity of nanofluid is enhanced by 1.7 times of base fluid with 2 per cent volume fraction of Al2O3 nanoparticles, while it significantly decreases with increase in temperature. The stability of nanofluid decreases with increase in nanoparticle volume fraction due to settling down of nanoparticles. It has also been observed that shear thinning increases with increasing nanoparticle volume fraction. Practical implications – It is expected that these findings will contribute towards the improvement in rheological and thermal properties of the conventional lubricants used in HEMM. The outcome may help the designers, researchers and manufacturers of the HEMM. Originality/value – Most of the previous research in this field is confined with base fluid as water, ethylene glycol, transformer oil, etc. Gear oil in HEMM performs under high mechanical and thermal load. The Al2O3/gear oil nanofluid is expected to have better cooling and lubrication properties.

Flammability of emulsions on hot surfaces

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to establish the influence of oil concentration in oil-in-water emulsions on their flammability on hot surfaces and on their viscosity. The interest in fire test systematization is obviously developing due to many grades and applications of fluids and new design solutions asking for higher parameters in exploitation, including pressure and temperature. Higher temperature and pressure have a synergic effect on fire risk; thus, a special attention has to be given to selecting fluids based on fire tests. Design/methodology/approach – This test simulates a hazardous event when a fluid drops on a hot surface: 10 ml of fluid is dropped during 40-60 seconds on a manifold kept at a constant temperature, from a distance of 300 ± 5 mm above the surface. Tests were done under the procedure of SR EN ISO 20823:2004, with an original equipment. The apparent viscosity of the tested fluids was determined using a rheometer Rheotest 2. The tests were done for the fully mineral oil (Prista MHE-40) and for emulsions with different oil volume in water: 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80 and 90 per cent, respectively. Findings – The mineral oil MHE 40 Prista does not burn repeatedly for manifold temperature lower than 440°C, but it burns at 450°C on the clean surface and at 425°C on dirty surface, as obtained after testing the same oil, but at a temperature for which the oil burns. The emulsions do not burn even at 90 per cent oil in water, but the apparent viscosity of the emulsion is too high and unstable, above 20-30 per cent (volume) oil in water. No evident relationship was found between the apparent viscosity of the emulsions and their behavior on hot surface. Research limitations/implications – The hydraulic fluids were ranked, taking into account the flammability characteristics determined with the help of this test. Practical implications – This paper aims to reduce the risk of fire in hazardous environments using fire-resistant fluids. Social implications – Testing hydraulic fluids under the procedure of SR EN ISO 20823:2004 is required by European and national regulations to avoid large-scale accidents produced by the ignition of hydraulic fluids. Originality/value – As far as the authors have known, the test procedure was only used for establishing whether a certain fluid passes or does not pass this test. The authors did not find any references for establishing the influence of oil concentration on the flammability characteristics. Also, the equipment has an original design, allowing for a good repeatability and a high protection of the operator.