Cent Of Sulfur Research Articles

Characterization of Mulberry Stalk Biochar and its Impact on Soil Nutrients Release

An incubation study was conducted with graded levels of biochar to know the soil nutrients release till 120 days after incubation at Department of Soil Science and Agricultural chemistry, University of Agricultural Sciences, GKVK, Bengaluru during 2021. The experiment consisted of 4 treatments replicated five times and was laid out in a completely randomized design. The mulberry stalk biochar was characterized and recorded a pH of 8.53 and Electrical conductivity of 0.39 dS m-1. The physical properties like bulk density (0.32 Mg m-3) and maximum water holding capacity (93.14 %) were measured. Mulberry stalk biochar had 69.37 per cent of total carbon, 0.89 per cent Nitrogen, 0.22 per cent Phosphorus, 0.65 per cent Potassium and secondary nutrients like Calcium of 0.96 per cent, 0.48 per cent Magnesium and 0.18 per cent sulphur and micronutrients like Iron (493 mg kg-1), Zinc (34.59 mg kg-1), Manganese (94.1 mg kg-1), copper (20.55 mg kg-1) and boron (33.5 mg kg-1) were recorded. It was observed that with increased levels of biochar application to soil from 5 to 10 t ha-1 positively influenced the nutrient release pattern in the soil. Higher primary, secondary and micronutrients were recorded with application of biochar @ 10 t ha-1 (T3) at 60, 90 and 120 days after incubation and lower values were recorded in control treatment (T4).

Model and analysis of the effect of China’s potential domestic emission control area with 0.1% sulphur limit

Purpose The purpose of this study is to analyze the effect of China’s potential domestic emission control area (DECA) with 0.1 per cent sulphur limit on sulphur emission reduction. Design/methodology/approach The authors calculate the fuel cost of a direct path within the DECA and a path that bypasses the DECA for ships that sail between two Chinese ports in view of the DECA. Ships adopt the path with the lower cost and the resulting sulphur dioxide (SO2) emissions can be calculated. They then conduct sensitivity analysis of the SO2 emissions with different values of the parameters related to sailing distance, fuel price and ships. Findings The results show that ships tend to detour to bypass the DECA when the distance between the two ports is long, the ratio of the price of low sulphur fuel and that of high sulphur fuel is high and the required time for fuel switching is long. If the time required for fuel switching is less than 12 h or even 24 h, it can be anticipated that a large number of ships will bypass the DECA, undermining the SO2 reduction effect of the DECA. Originality/value This study points out the size and shape difference between the emission control areas in Europe and North America and China’s DECA affects ships’ path choice and SO2 emissions.

Shipping sulphur regulation, freight transportation prices and diesel markets in the Baltic Sea region

Purpose– Purpose of this research is to shed light on the changes caused by shipping sulphur regulation, which will globally take off during years 2015 and 2020. It has significant effects on diesel markets globally, but especially in regions, where demanding 0.1 per cent level is required. One of these regions is the Baltic Sea. It is relatively undealt issue, how this forthcoming change will affect these specific sub-regions of stiff 0.1 per cent sulphur level demand and their transportation modes with different tax obligations.Design/methodology/approach– The authors use second-hand data from various different sources, earlier research as well as simulation to estimate the effects on the diesel markets and transportation prices in the Baltic Sea region. Different transportation modes have diverging taxation treatment on diesel oil use, which complicates analysis further.Findings– Based on research findings, it is rather probable that diesel markets for sulphur-free diesel oil shall face price spike in the beginning of 2015 in the Baltic Sea region. This is mostly explained with needed large-scale scrubber investment and short-time span to complete these (there are both technical and financial challenges). Therefore, numerous ships shall enter sulphur-free diesel oil market. Based on the simulation study, freight transportation will mostly be hurt in shipping, whereas road and rail shall face smaller price increases. Results are mostly explained with taxation treatment, where shipping is still using tax-free diesel oil, and no fixed taxes are hedging this transportation mode from sudden price changes.Research limitations/implications– Analysis concerns only Baltic Sea region, and effects and changes in the entire Europe from sulphur regulation change in 2015 are unknown. This would mean to extent study to North Sea. In addition, taxation system harmonization is not yet complete in Europe, and differences exist between member states. Research work was completed with diesel oil tax treatment regarding different transportation modes in Finland.Practical implications– Based on this study, short sea shipping will be hurt by regulation change in 2015. However, in the future, this transportation mode shall face additional cost increases, as most probably, tax harmonization in diesel markets shall lead to fixed taxes added on shipping diesel. So, transportation mode shall face difficult and challenging times ahead.Originality/value– Research is seminal study from possible sulphur regulation change implications in transportation mode level. It takes into account taxation treatment, cost share of diesel in transportation mode level and possible diesel price change. Until today, no other study exists in this detailed level.

Contribution of liquid fertilizers to improve productivity of late sown wheat in western plain zone of Uttar Pradesh

The field experiments were conducted in Muzaffarnagar districtof Uttar Pradesh in winter of 2011-12 and 2012-13 to estimate the effect of liquid applied nutrients on the yield of late sown wheat at ten farmer’s fields. The wheat variety PBW-373 was grown in both the year experiments. Soil of the experimental site was physico-chemically analyzed before sowing of experiments. Nutrient solution were prepared for liquid application as one per cent sulphur solution prepared from 80 per cent W.P. sulphur, 1 per cent iron solution prepared from 19 per cent ferrous sulphate, 0.5 per cent zinc solution prepared from 21 per cent zinc sulphate and 0.5 per cent manganese solution prepared from 30.5 per cent manganese sulphate commercially available from the market. These solutions were sprayed on standing crop at tillering and boot stage (30 and 60 days after sowing). All the liquid applications were in addition of farmer used fertilizer. Farmers in Muzaffarnagar district generally using NPK 145:80:40, as 5 bag NPK (12:32:16) and 5 bag of urea (46 % N) in one hectare of wheat production.The maximum grain yield (41.4 q/ ha) was recorded from zinc application and lowest (39.0 q/ ha) from control treatment. Grain yield 40.08 q/ ha had been obtained from sulphur application and 39.6q/ ha from iron 40.3q/ ha application and 39.6q/ ha from manganese treatment in Rabi 2011-12. It was also noted that zinc application was significantly increased yield over control.The maximum yield (39.6 q/ ha) was observed from zinc application followed by sulphur application (39.2 q/ ha) which was significant over control treatment in Rabi 2012-13. Lowest yield (38.0 q/ ha) was found from control treatment, 38.5 q/ ha from iron application and 37.8 from manganese treatment. Straw yield 50.1 q/ ha recorded from zinc application, followed by sulphur (49.6 q/ ha), iron (48.6 q/ ha) and 48.1 q/ ha from manganese treatment. It was observed that number of tillers, grain and straw yield were significantly increased over control fromliquid application zinc both the year of experiments.

Costs and benefits of reducing SO2 emissions from shipping in the Greek seas

A future designation of the Mediterranean Sea as a Sulphur Emission Control Area will mandate the use of low-sulphur fuels by all shipping within the Mediterranean basin, or it will necessitate the application of SO2 abatement technologies with equivalent effects. To this effect, the Greek seas make a suitable point of reference for examining the economic consequences of such a designation, because of the heavy ship traffic within this region and its high sensitivity as a receptor of SO2 exhaust emissions from shipping. According to the results of this work, it is found that international shipping within the Greek seas produces higher external (SO2 emission) costs per unit of private (fuel) cost, in comparison to domestic shipping. It is further shown that the application of the 1.5 per cent and 1.0 per cent sulphur limit to marine fuels used by all shipping within the Greek seas will lead to reductions of SO2 emission costs which outweigh the increase in fuel costs. This was found to be most evident in the case of international shipping, since its current fuel use within the Mediterranean is limited by the IMO global sulphur cap of 4.5 per cent, allowing for sizeable desulphurization of fuel with significant impact on the private and external costs relationship. On the contrary, the impact of sulphur capping on the private and external costs associated with the domestic shipping within the Greek seas is found to be less significant, because the passenger ships which dominate domestic operations are already restricted to fuel use with 1.5 per cent sulphur by the relevant EU legislation. Finally, it is shown that for maximum reduction of SO2 emission costs from domestic (passenger) shipping within the Greek seas, the application of seawater scrubbing offers a substantially lower private cost alternative than that of using ultra-low (0.1 per cent) sulphur fuel.

Gross thermodynamics of two-component core convection

We model the inner core by an alloy of iron and 8 per cent sulphur or silicon and the outer core by the same mix with an additional 8 per cent oxygen. This composition matches the densities of seismic model, Preliminary Reference Earth Model (PR-EM). When the liquid core freezes S and Si remain with the Fe to form the solid and excess 0 is ejected into the liquid. Properties of Fe, diffusion constants for S, Si, 0 and chemical potentials are calculated by first-principles methods under the assumption that S, 0, and Si react with the Fe and themselves, however, not with each other. This gives the parameters required to calculate the power supply to the geodynamo as the Earth's core cools. Compositional convection, driven by light O released at the inner-core boundary on freezing, accounts for half the entropy balance and 15 per cent of the heat balance. This means the same magnetic field can be generated with approximately half the heat throughput needed if the geodynamo were driven by heat alone. Chemical effects are significant: heat absorbed by disassociation of Fe and 0 almost nullify the effect of latent heat of freezing in driving the dynamo. Cooling rates below 69 K Gyr(-1) are too low to maintain thermal convection everywhere; when the cooling rate lies between 35 and 69 K Gyr(-1) convection at the top of the core is maintained compositionally against a stabilizing temperature gradient; below 35 K Gyr(-1) the dynamo fails completely. All cooling rates freeze the inner core in less than 1.2 Gyr, in agreement with other recent calculations. The presence of radioactive heating will extend the life of the inner core, however, it requires a high heat flux across the core-mantle boundary. Heating is dominated by radioactivity when the inner core age is 3.5 Gyr. We, also, give calculations for larger concentrations of O in the outer core suggested by a recent estimation of the density jump at the inner-core boundary, which is larger than that of PREM. Compositional convection is enhanced for the higher density jumps and overall heat flux is reduced for the same dynamo dissipation, however, not by enough to alter the qualitative conclusions based on PREM. Our preferred model has the core convecting near the limit of thermal stability, an inner-core age of 3.5 Gyr and a core heat flux of 9 TW or 20 per cent of the Earth's surface heat flux, 80 per cent of which originates from radioactive heating.

Interdisciplinary Development of Eels Compositional Mapping

Abstract Historically, electron energy-loss spectroscopy (EELS) in the electron microscope has evolved from work performed in biological as well as materials science and physics laboratories. The task of developing EELS compositional imaging for biological applications has been particularly challenging for two reasons. First, biological structures are radiation-sensitive and second, elements and compounds of interest are distributed sparsely in a multi-component matrix. For example, the physiologically important element, calcium, is typically present in cells at only 10-100 atomic parts per million.3,5 Even, when individual molecular components of a cell are isolated, elemental concentrations can still be low. Thus, double-stranded DNA contains only six phosphorus atoms per nanometer of its length; and protein molecules typically contain less than 0.5 per cent sulfur. This demand for high sensitivity in biological applications has provided an impetus to improve electron optics, to develop flexible image acquisition methods and to optimize spectral processing.

Sulphur-induced polioencephalomalacia in lambs.

An outbreak of polioencephalomalacia affected 16 of 46 Swaledale lambs and five of 25 Scottish blackface lambs 15 to 32 days after they were introduced to an ad libitum concentrate ration containing 0.43 per cent sulphur. The clinical signs were acute and included depression central blindness and head-pressing, but no hyperaesthesia, nystagmus, dorsiflexion of the neck or opisthotonos were observed. Treatment of the affected lambs with vitamin B1, dexamethasone and antibiotics was associated with a prolonged recovery period, though no further cases were identified after vitamin B1 had been given parenterally to all the lambs at risk.

Maturity assessment and characterization of Big Horn Basin Palaeozoic oils

Fifty oils from the Big Horn Basin plus three from the adjoining Wind River Basin were analysed to (1) look for the possible presence of different oil types and subtypes, (2) assess the thermal maturity of the oils and (3) determine occurrence and extent of oil alteration. Oils from all productive formations throughout the basin were analysed by gas chromatography (GC) and combined GC-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) to obtain molecular parameters. Bulk parameters, such as API gravity, per cent sulphur, the vanadium/nickel ratio and stable carbon isotope ratio were also included. Previous studies had shown that Big Horn Basin Palaeozoic oils are generally similar in composition and originated primarily in organic-rich phosphatic shales in the Permian Phosphoria Formation. The source rocks now lie mostly outside the basin to the west. Bulk parameter measurements and GC analyses showed a general similarity among oils analysed in this study and tended to confirm that they originated in the same or similar sources. The GC-MS analyses indicate the presence of five oil subtypes. Most oils constitute two of the subtypes; it is suggested that one originated in the Meade Peak Member and the other in the Retort Shale Member of the Phosphoria Formation. The other three subtypes represent single-field occurrences and may be derived, at least in part, from local sources. The most useful maturity indicator for Big Horn Basin Palaeozoic oils was found to be extent of thermal cracking of triaromatic steroid wide chains. It indicated considerable variation in oil maturity, not directly related to present reservoir depths. The GC analyses showed varying degrees of biodegradation and water washing among oils from shallower reservoirs. Biodegradation was not necessarily accompanied by water washing, and vice versa. Aromatic compound and sulphur compound distributions indicate significant alteration, not believed to be due to biodegradation, but rather to reservoir lithology. The presence of appreciable anhydrite in the reservoir rock appears to be an important factor.

Crystallisation of anhydrite-bearing magmas

ABSTRACT:Anhydrite has been identified as a phenocrystic phase in some silicic volcanic magmas, but it is not commonly described in plutonic rocks. Anhydrite-bearing magmas tend to form in arc environments and to contain hydrous, low-temperature, oxidised mineral assemblages. Phenocrystic anhydrite coexists with sulphur-enriched apatite and sometimes with pyrrhotite, in silicate melt that contains from 50 ppm to 1 wt% S, depending on temperature and conditions. Vapour coexisting with anhydrite- and water-saturated magma may contain from a few tenths of a mole per cent to a few mole per cent sulphur gases (SO2 and H2S), with the exact composition and gas speciation depending on temperature and oxygen fugacity. Samples of one anhydrite-bearing magma, the 1991 Pinatubo dacite, have been experimentally crystallised to determine whether the magma retains its characteristic sulphur-rich mineral phases during solidification. Results show that anhydrite and sulphur-rich apatite are retained throughout crystallisation and vapour phase evolution. This suggests that anhydrite-bearing intrusive equivalents of the Pinatubo dacite should be present in arc plutonic complexes.

Role of thiamine status in sulphur induced polioencephalomalacia in sheep

The effects of excess dietary sulphur were studied in sheep supplemented and unsupplemented with thiamine. The diets contained either 0·19 per cent sulphur ( LS) or 0·63 per cent sulphur ( HS) in combinations with 14 mg kg −1 thiamine ( LB 1) or 243 mg kg −1 thiamine ( HB 1). A total of 56 two-month-old lambs were used. Groups consisting of nine, nine, 22 and 16 lambs were fed LS-LB 1, LS-HB 1, HS-LB 1 and HS-HB 1 diets, respectively for 14 weeks. Out of 22 lambs fed the HS-LB 1 diet, seven lambs developed neurological signs between the third and eighth week of the trial. Two of these lambs died, three that were in extremis were euthanased, and two recovered completely. All clinically affected animals had extensive malacic lesions in the cerebral cortex, midbrain and brainstem. None of the lambs from the LS groups or HS-HB 1 group developed clinical signs. Several clinically normal lambs from the HS-LB 1 group had necrotic lesions in their brains at gross and microscopic examination. Supplementation with dietary thiamine prevented development of clinical signs, but did not totally prevent development of microscopic brain lesions. Brain thiamine concentration, transketolase activity and thiamine pyrophosphate ( TPP) effect were not different (P>0·05) among groups. There was a strong effect (P<0·0001) of dietary thiamine supplementation on blood thiamine concentration and TPP effect. Blood thiamine concentration was higher whereas TPP effect was lower in the thiamine supplemented sheep. Blood and tissue thiamine concentrations in sheep exposed to high dietary sulphur did not indicate either systemic or local thiamine deficiency per se. Increased TPP effect in sheep fed the HS-LB 1 diet indicated mild to moderate metabolic thiamine deficiency. Thiamine inadequacy may be an effect of an increased requirement for thiamine in animals exposed to excess dietary sulphur.

Preparation and characterization of carbon-sulfur surface compounds

Carbon-sulfur surface compounds ( C χ S), in which sulfur is chemically bound, have been prepared with a sulfur content greater than 30 wt.%. X-Ray diffractometry and electron microscopy show that the structure of the material is similar to that of disordered carbons. C χ S compounds are chemically stable in base and after an initial loss of several per cent of sulfur, they are stable in strong acids such as HCl and HNO 3. In inert atmosphere, no measurable loss of sulfur was detected after being heated to 700°C. The XPS spectra (C 1s,: 284.3 eV; S2p3/2: 163.7 eV) and the Fourier transform IR absorption spectra (1180,1550 cm −1) of CχS materials indicate no significant charge separation in carbon-sulfur bonds. Furthermore, these results suggest that, on CχS, carbon-sulfur surface groups exist in the form of thiocarbonyls, ▪C and thiolactones, ▪C, analogous to carbonyls and lactones existing on activated carbons.

Economic and market potential for SRC-II products

The SRC-II process being developed by Gulf Oil Corporation under a contract with the Fossil Fuel Division of the United States Department of Energy has shown considerable promise in pilot plant work, and plans are now being made to demonstrate the process using commercial size equipment in a 6000 tons/day (T/D) plant to be located near Morgantown, West Virginia. the products (both liquid and gas) from a future large-scale commercial plant are expected to have an overall selling price of $3·50-4·00 per million Btu (fourth quarter 1978 basis). The major product of the primary process is distillate fuel oil of less than 0·3 per cent sulphur for use at the outset largely as a non-polluting fuel for generating electrical power and steam, especially in the east where utilities and industry are presently using petroleum products. In such applications, SRC-II fuel oil is expected to become competitive with petroleum-derived fuels within the next decade. During this period, SRC-II fuel oil should be economically attractive compared to coal combustion with flue gas desulphurization in electric utility and industrial boilers, particularly in the major metropolitan areas. For the longer term, the major growth opportunity for SRC-II fuel oil in the generation of electric power will probably be through advanced combustion turbine units with heat recovery boilers (combined cycle units). The light liquid fractions (naphtha and middle distillate) produced by the SRC-II process can be upgraded to a high octane unleaded gasoline blending stock to supplement petroleum-derived supplies. Significant quantities of pipeline gas are also produced at a cost which should be competitive with SNG from direct coal gasification. Light hydrocarbons (ethane, propane) from the process may be effectively converted to ethylene in conventional cracking plants to offset ethylene demand from petroleum-derived naphtha and gas oil, both of which could otherwise be used for other refinery products. In addition, certain fractions of the fuel oil might also be used in medium speed diesel engines and automotive gas turbines. For many of these applications, the fuel oil and other products from the SRC-II process would displace high quality petroleum fractions, which could then be used for production of diesel fuels, jet fuels, home heating oil, and gasoline by conventional refinery processes.

Response by cattle grazing sorghum to salt-sulphur supplements

An experiment is reported in which cattle grazed fertilized sorghum x sudangrass. The sodium content of the forage was 0.006-0.014 per cent and sulphur 0.08-0.12 per cent (dry matter basis). Liveweight gain was increased by approximately 200 g head-1 day-1 by the provision of salt blocks containing 18 per cent sulphur (P &lt; 0.01) and to a lesser extent by salt alone.

SULPHUR, CARBON, AND NITROGEN CONTENTS OF ORGANIC FRACTIONS FROM ACETYLACETONE EXTRACTS OF SOILS

SummaryUltrasonic dispersion of acid‐pretreated soils in aqueous acetylacetone at pH 8, and at a solvent: soil ratio of about 45: I, extracted from 61 to 97 per cent of the organic sulphur from five Scottish soils. Narrowing the ratio to about 9:1 reduced the proportion extracted but was more convenient for the subsequent isolation of the organic components. Gel permeation chromatography of the extracts yielded materials containing from 14 to 60 per cent of the soil organic sulphur. Most of the soils gave four distinct fractions which contained from 21 to 38 per cent carbon, 0.2 to 2.1 per cent nitrogen, and 0.1 to 0.8 per cent sulphur. There was no consistent similarity between corresponding fractions of the various soils. Considerable amounts of iron and aluminium were extracted, presumably incorporated in organic complexes. Since they were obtained under very mild conditions, the fractions should provide useful starting materials for qualitative investigations on the nature of soil organic sulphur.

Sulphur-impregnated concrete, SIC.

The impregnation of hardened, dry specimens of Portland cement concrete with melted elemental sulphur increases the compressive strength by a factor of 2.7. The compressive strength of sulphur-impregnated concrete (SIC) with 8.4 per cent sulphur by weight is 174 MN/m 2 (25,300 psi). Due to the large surplus of sulphur and the low price, SIC might be a useful alternative to polymer-impregnated concrete, PIC.

Effects of soils, fertilizers and stocking rates on pastures and beef production on the Wallum of south-eastern Queensland. 3. Relation of liveweight changes to chemical composition of blood and pasture

During the concluding phase of a six-year grazing trial a study was made of the steers and the pasture material from paddocks annually fertilized with 125 kg ha-1and 250 kg ha-1of superphosphate. Plucked pasture samples from the low and high superphosphate treatments contained 0.11 and 0.15 per cent phosphorus, 0.83 and 0.91 per cent nitrogen and 0.12 and 0.12 per cent sulphur, respectively. The N: S ratio of these samples were 6.8 and 7.6 and the in vitro digestibilities were 41.6 and 44.9 per cent. There were marked seasonal patterns in the concentrations of all components with minimum values in the winter months when liveweight gain was lowest. Greater superphosphate application increased mean liveweight gain (0.29 to 0.41 kg head-1day-1), mean plasma concentrations of both urea-nitrogen (6.3 vs 5.0 mg 100 ml-1) and of inorganic phosphorus (6.7 vs 6.3 mg 100 ml-1). The mean blood sulphate-sulphur concentration of 28 �g ml-I was not influenced by treatment. Comparisons of the levels of nutrients in pasture and blood with published requirements indicated that neither sulphur nor phosphorus were deficient in either treatment. However, the between treatment differences in both nitrogen and phosphorus levels could not be ignored as possible reasons for the difference in animal production between the two levels of superphosphate application. Improved animal performance associated with increased application of superphosphate was probably influenced more by the induced changes in the organic components rather than the mineral levels of the pasture material.

Equilibrium Phases in the Lithium‐Sulfur System

Equilibrium phases in the lithium‐sulfur system on the sulfur side of (the only compound observed in this system) were determined using an unusual vapor transport technique. In this method, equilibrium compositions of the melts at various temperatures can be obtained by utilizing the transport of sulfur vapor from one melt to a second one. The lithium‐sulfur phase diagram exhibits a large miscibility gap which extends from the monotectic composition, 65.5 mole per cent (m/o) sulfur, to almost pure sulfur (0.035 m/o lithium) at the monotectic temperature, . The melting point of lithium sulflde was found to be . The results are also presented as the lithium sulfide‐sulfur phase diagram, in which the miscibility gap extends from the monotectic composition, 73.7 m/o sulfur, to nearly pure sulfur (0.0175 m/o lithium sulfide). A comparison of the liquidus at the region of the system with those constructed using Temkin's model indicates the probable existence in these melts of sulfide species such as , , and , in addition to S2−.

Flue Gas Scrubbing with Limestone Slurry

A scrubbing process for flue gas desulfurization, based upon naturally occurring carbonate rocks, has been developed from laboratory to pilot plant scale. Calcitic limestones are better sulfur dioxide absorbents than dolomitic ones when used in the slurry form. The process was tested on a 200-cfm pilot plant on a coal-fired boiler. Various types of scrubbing equipment were evaluated. Up to 80 per cent sulfur dioxide removal was feasible. The consumption of limestone ranged between 20 and 30 per cent more than the stoichiometric requirements.

The effect of nitrogen intake, sulphur intake and dietary nitrogen source on the performance of the early weaned calf

An experiment was conducted with 40 male Friesian calves between five and eleven weeks of age to estimate their nitrogen and sulphur requirement. The basal diet contained 2.2 per cent nitrogen which was supplemented with urea or meat meal to 3.1 per cent nitrogen. The urea was added both with and without sodium sulphate. The weight gain and efficiency of feed conversion ratio of the calves fed the diet containing 2.2 per cent nitrogen was lower than that of the calves fed the diets containing 3.1 per cent nitrogen, but they were not affected by the nature of the nitrogen supplement or by the addition of sulphur to the urea supplemented diet which already contained 0.11 per cent sulphur. The apparent digestion of organic matter, dry matter, and nitrogen was greater at six weeks of age than at ten weeks of age. The excretion of nitrogen in the urine was greater in the calves fed the diets containing urea, but there was no difference in nitrogen retention. The retention of sulphur was 0.47 g a day for the calves fed the diet containing 0.11 per cent sulphur compared with 0.85 to 1.75 g a day for the calves fed the other diets. The concentration of urea in the blood plasma was higher in the calves at five weeks of age than at ten weeks of age and increased with increased nitrogen intake. The concentration of urea in the blood plasma was higher in the calves whose diet included urea than in the calves fed the meat meal supplemented diet.