Census Materials Research Articles

Референдум о независимости Черногории 2006 года: этноязыковые аспекты

The purpose of the study is to determine the influence of the factor of ethnolanguage identification of the population of Montenegro on the results of the 2006 independence referendum. The article presents arguments pointing to a stable territorial split of Montenegro, confirmed by census materials, the results of referendums in 1992 and 2006, as well as the course of parliamentary and presidential elections. Montenegrins, Serbs and representatives of other ethnic communities have completely different assessments of the geopolitical situation of the republic and have their own vision of the further development of Montenegrin statehood. The scientific novelty of the study consists in an attempt to show a clear correlation of the voting results in each community with the ethnocultural identity of the local population, due to the historical conditions of residence of a particular region within the Montenegrin state. As a result of the study, it was determined that the Orthodox majority of the republic is in a state of deep division into two approximately equal groups – Serbs and Montenegrins. Their separation on the issue of maintaining a unified state entity with Serbia was noticeable even during the collapse of greater Yugoslavia, and finally took shape in the late 1990s and early 2000s in connection with the new course of the political leadership of Montenegro to achieve full independence from Serbia.

ЭТНИЧЕСКИЙ СОСТАВ НАСЕЛЕНИЯ ДИВНОГОРСКОГО ГОРОДСКОГО ОКРУГА В 1970–1989 гг.

The paper examines the dynamics of changes in the ethnic composition of the population of two settlements of the Divnogorsk urban District: Divnogorsk itself and the workers' village of Ovsyanka in the period from 1970 to 1989 based on census materials of the corresponding years. Divnogorsk and the Divnogorsk urban District appeared in the Krasnoyarsk Region in 1963. Their emergence was associated with the construction of the Krasnoyarsk hydroelectric power station. Its construction was truly of an all-Union nature. The construction of the Krasnoyarsk hydroelectric power station, like Divnogorsk, was called an all-Union project, so it was assumed that specialists from all over the country took part in it. But, despite this, according to the 1970 census, the majority of the population, both in the city of Divnogorsk and in the working-class village of Ovsyanka, considered themselves Russians, followed in number by Ukrainians, Belarusians and Germans. Over the next 26 years, the structure of the local population has undergone virtually no changes. The most noticeable dynamics was the increase in the proportion of Russians in relation to all other ethnic groups, which was a consequence of the development of mixed marriages, the children of which most often identified themselves as Russians, who were perceived in the eyes of society as the titular Soviet nation. Moreover, according to the 1989 census, the proportion of the Russian population in Divnogorsk was even higher than the average for the Krasnoyarsk Region, which destroys the idea of an all-Union construction project.

The professional composition of the population of the Kalmyk steppe of the Astrakhan province based on the materials of the 1897 census: source analysis

Currently, researchers are paying special attention to one of the branches of historical science — historical professionology. Research in this area is devoted to the study of the historical development of various types of occupations, professions, the main sources of which are the results of population censuses. This study is devoted to the source analysis of the materials of the First general population census of pre-revolutionary Russia. The subject of the research of the scientific article is the study of the professional structure of the population on the example of the Kalmyk steppe of the Astrakhan province. The research object is the materials of the First General Population Census of the Russian Empire in 1897, since the population census of 1897 became not only the first informative source in the history of the Russian state about the entire population, but also the basis for new promising studies of socio-economic and statistical-demographic conditions. The research methodology includes conducting a source study, within the framework of which one of the stages of source analysis was carried out — an analysis of the content of census materials for the Astrakhan province, providing for the use of structural and functional analysis, historical and comparative method and classification method, which allowed to identify the information potential for studying the occupations of the population of the Kalmyk steppe. The novelty of this scientific article lies in the fact that for the first time in Russian historiography, a critical analysis of the professional composition of the population of the Kalmyk steppe of the Astrakhan province was carried out at the end of the XIX century. The author came to the conclusion that the Astrakhan province has been in economic development since the beginning of its successful colonization in the XVI century. It became an agricultural and cattle-breeding region of Russia, in which the migrant population from virtually agricultural provinces, while continuing to preserve the traditional type of their occupations, was reorganized, adapting to local types of management in the new conditions of the capitalistically transforming All-Russian market. This could not but influence nomadic farming, in particular the Kalmyks, which contributed to the transition to a pastoral and agricultural form of farming in the Kalmyk steppe, and subsequently to a sedentary lifestyle. The research was carried out through the implementation of the project of the Russian Scientific Foundation No. 23-18-20019 "Between East and West: the civilizational and cultural development of Kalmyk society as part of pre-revolutionary Russia" (https://grant.rscf.ru/project/23-18-20019 /).

ETHNOCULTURAL COMPLEXITY OF THE POPULATION OF CHUVASHIA ACCORDING TO THE 2020 CENSUS

The relevance of the study is determined by new approaches in the official accounting of the nationality of Russian citizens. A decreasing number of representatives of the main ethnic groups both in Russia and in its individual regions increases the attention paid to the problems of ethnocultural development and interethnic relations. The publication of the 2020 census materials caused a mixed reaction to its organization and individual results. The purpose of the article is to analyze the census materials on the national composition of the population, an attempt to count citizens who have declared their difficult ethno–cultural choice. The reasons for the noticeable difference between the materials of sociological surveys and population census data are considered. Materials and methods. The article analyzes the published data of the 2020 population census, in particular, the data contained in the fifth volume of the national census 2020 results “National composition and language proficiency” for Russia in general and for the Chuvash Republic in particular. In addition, the “Methodological explanations” to the census materials were studied, as well as a number of regulatory documents. According to the table “Population’s answers to the question “Your nationality”, information was calculated on the number of people who chose a difficult answer to the question of nationality. Study results. The census materials showed that the number of individual ethnic groups of Chuvashia, representing the old-age population (except the Russians), decreased during the inter-census period. This process was determined not by the natural and mechanical movement of the population, but by the change of ethnic identity. The increase in the number and proportion of persons who did not indicate their ethnicity occurred both due to refusal to answer the question and due to a negative answer about specific nationality. In addition, in Chuvashia, the proportion of citizens whose information was obtained from administrative documents (gender and age) has increased significantly. The number of citizens who declared a complex ethnic identity was about 0.2% of those who named their ethnicity. This indicator lags far behind the data obtained in the course of sociological surveys. Conclusions. It follows from the above materials that the residents of Chuvashia were more loyal to the issue of their nationality compared to the citizens of Russia. The choice of a complex variant of ethnicity was not massive, but it also differed from a similar process in Russia as a whole. For example, in the republic, more often than in the country, the Russians, the Tatars, the Mordvins and the Ukrainians chose a difficult variant of nationality. The opposite picture was typical for the Chuvash; the Tatars living in Russia and Chuvashia had the same indicators of ethnocultural complexity. For the majority of the population, the definition of their ethnic identity did not cause any particular difficulties, but at the same time, both difficulties and a desire to distance themselves from such self-determination were noted in this process.

Poverty, old age and outdoor relief in late-Victorian England

ABSTRACT While studies dedicated to the extent of poverty in old age under the New Poor Law in nineteenth-century England have grown, gaps still exist in terms of a detailed examination of outdoor relief compared with workhouse populations. Using rarely consulted outdoor relief application and report books for three Poor Law Unions in the early 1880s (Alton Union, Hampshire; Hertford Union, Hertfordshire; and Ripon Union, Yorkshire West Riding), this article provides estimated proportions of older people on outdoor relief by linking the report books with census materials. It also examines variations in allowances prescribed to single and married individuals. Firstly, older people in southern England were more likely to receive outdoor relief compared with their northern counterparts, consistent with the extant literature outlining a ‘north–south’ divide of welfare provision. Secondly, allowances were surprisingly generous in Ripon Union. For married couples, allowances were double the average documented elsewhere and reflect those granted under the Old Age Pensions Act of 1908. In conclusion, continuity in the treatment of older-age applicants between the later years of the New Poor Law and the start of the Old Age Pensions Act is emphasised, especially in the context of northern Poor Law Unions such as Ripon.

The consequences of the famine of 1921-1923 in Kazakhstan: demographic analysis

This article is devoted to the study of historical and demographic aspects of famine in Kazakhstan in 1921-1923. The victims of the famine numbered in the thousands and caused irreparable losses. The purpose of the article is a historical and comparative analysis of the demographic consequences of famine. The comparative analysis of famine using archival documents, census materials and statistical data, as well as the application of the method of demographic analysis of the consequences of famine, the scale of damage and their impact on the lives of the indigenous population of the republic are defined as research tasks. A feature of the research methodology is the systematization of statistical data on famine in various dimensions and modules. The results of the study showed that the use of a comparative method to study the demographic consequences of famine contributes to a deeper study of this topic. The results obtained through qualitative analysis using statistical data served as an empirical basis for compiling a more complete demographic picture of famine in the 20s of the 20th century in Kazakhstan.

The population of the cities of Tobolsk province (based on the materials of the 1917 census)

On the basis of archival sources introduced into scientific circulation for the first time, the issues of preparation, the peculiarities of conducting the census of the urban population of the Tobolsk province in 1917 are revealed, and its results are analyzed. The census materials were in demand to coordinate the food issue, supply the population with food, the urban economy as a whole, and prepare for elections to the Constituent Assembly and local authorities. In the study of the processes of formation of urban settlements and their transformation, various methodological approaches are traced. In this regard, the modernization theory of social development is of interest, where, according to the concept, urbanization is considered through the prism of demographic processes primarily in cities. The work is based on the materials of the 1917 urban census in the Tobolsk province. To analyze documentary sources, a set of statistical methods was used, as well as historical-genetic, historical-comparative, historical-typological research methods, methods of graphical representation of the obtained statistical data. Based on newly introduced and published sources of population statistics. The author made the following conclusions: despite the presence of general instructions, there are specific features in the preparation and conduct of the census associated with tight deadlines, lack of qualified personnel and other reasons; the results obtained, although they had a number of drawbacks, suggest an increase in the proportion of the alien population, a decrease in the number of males due to mobilization to the front. The author made the following conclusion: despite the presence of general instructions, there are specific features in the preparation and conduct of the census associated with tight deadlines, lack of qualified personnel and other reasons.

Information potential of the database on the 1959 All-Union Population Census as a source for historical and demographic studies of the urban environment

The purpose of this database is to create an electronic source that focuses on the socio-demographic characteristics of the Ural City based on materials from the All-Soviet Population Census of 1959, using the example of Arti, a town-type settlement in the Sverdlovsk Region. The selection of this particular object is due to its ability to record the transformation processes from a rural factory settlement to a town, against the backdrop of a relatively homogenous ethnosocial environment. The appeal to the original census materials is justified by their higher information content, as compared to published data that has undergone editing. The discovered Artinsky district archive file contains information on the town of Arti alone and represents a sample with an unclear formation process, similar in nature to a natural process. The study of methods for organizing and conducting a census indicates a relatively high level of reliability in its primary data. Historical and genetic methods, methods of source analysis, and mathematical statistics are used. A study of the distribution of data by gender and social groups, conducted using mathematical statistical methods in comparison to published data, allows us to conclude that the sample of materials formed from the census of Arti's urban-type settlement accurately reflects the properties of the entire population covered by the survey. The database created based on the materials of the 1959 All-Union Population Census is similar in content to the original source, with the addition of aggregated information about the composition and structure of families, as well as information about housing conditions. The features of both the source and database are focused, to a greater extent, on historical and demographic research, particularly family history. Due to its informative nature, the database can become a useful tool for researchers in this field.

Különböző nominális források összekapcsolásának módszertani lépései

The study aims to introduce the steps of creating a database based on historical nominal sources. Two individual level census materials (from 1857 and 1869) and an online genealogy based on vital registers were linked in case of Bonyhád. While the censuses provide a particularized but static picture of the population, creating a database with linking them to the genealogical records offers a dynamic analysis on a broader spectrum

Население Хоринского наслега в конце XIX – начале ХХ вв.

The main source of socio-economic development of the regions and Russia as a whole in the period from the late XIX to the early XX centuries are the materials of population censuses, primarily the First General Census of Population of 1897 and the Agricultural Census of 1917. The aim of our study is to characterize the popula-tion of one Yakut nasleg according to census materials. The tasks set before us: to consider the population by age categories, to determine the national and class composition, its religion, literacy of the population, to con-duct a comparative analysis of two censuses; consider the changes that have taken place in the activities of the population; analyze family and marital relations. The Khorinsky nasleg we have chosen is one of the character-istic settlements of central Yakutia at the late XIX – early XX centuries, where the entire population is Yakuts. The census lists contain information on administrative and territorial changes in it, on the number of population, on the state of farms, on the class division of residents, on the main types of activities, on family and marriage relations. As a result of the analysis of archival and statistical data, the changes that occurred in the population of the legacy over the 20 years that passed between the censuses were revealed.

The composition and structure of the population of the Tyumen Districtbased on the materials of the 1926 census

This paper analyzes the socio-demographic processes that occurred in Tyumen Okrug in the first decade of Soviet power, recorded by the materials of the All-Union Population Census of 1926. The object of the study was the population of the Tyumen Okrug. The subject of the study is the composition and structure of the population of the specified district. Census materials provide a representation of the composition of the population, characteristics of the population by age and gender, urbanization processes, and contain data on literacy and the main occupations of citizens. The census results showed that the previous period of revolutionary upheavals and the Civil War led to changes in the population size and socio-professional composition of the population of the Tyumen Okrug. The methodological basis of the study is the principles of historicism, integrity, objectivity, and comprehensiveness. Both general scientific and traditional historical research methods are used: systematic, historical-comparative, problem-historical. In addition to traditional historical methods, the work used the method of statistical analysis, which makes it possible to assess quantitative indicators to identify the level of urbanization of the population and the dynamics of changes in gender, age, social, and professional composition. The relevance of the study is determined by the fact that demographic statistics of individual territories make it possible to study the characteristics in the size and social composition of the population, as well as to study their impact on the nature of socio-economic development of both a separate territory and the region as a whole.

Пространственно-временны́е изменения территориальных общественных систем в Ямало-Ненецком автономном округе

The Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Area is an Arctic resource-producing region, where oil and gas resources have been extracted for a long time. The study purpose is a spatial assessment of changes in territorial social systems on the basis of population census materials. With this aim, the author has completed sequentially 4 tasks: 1) assessment of the current network of the of settlement organization; 2) study of the historical parameters of the environmental management in the pre-oil-gas period; 3) identification of priority diversifying areas in the historical context; 4) determination of mechanisms for planning balanced long-term development. The data sources are the materials of the state population censuses of 1926, 1989, 2002, 2010 and 2021. Research methods: mathematical, geoinformation, historical. While solving the first task, the author has applied the Zipf rule to estimate the ratio of the urban population in the Autonomous Area in 1989, 2002, 2010, 2021. For the tasks 2-4, he has carried out a comparative spatial assessment of the development of economic subdistricts in 1926. Due to the Arctic conditions, the implementation of full-fledged socio-economic development of each of the directions requires the participation of state regional structures, including at the administration level for the safe traditional environmental management. Regulatory state management, first of all, is necessary in the field of reindeer herding and fishing. Mechanisms are proposed for the formation of certain types of environmental management as diversifying the economy of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Area.

Voting from Abroad in the Postcommunist World: Elections and Labour Migration in Kyrgyzstan

Using census materials, electoral laws and voting results from polling stations [uchastki] abroad, this study reveals the ways in which the Kyrgyzstani experience with expatriate voting aligns with, and diverges from, that of other labour-exporting countries, including those in the postcommunist world. A central concern of the article is explaining how and why Kyrgyzstan exhibited significant variation from 2010 to 2021 in rules and behaviour relating to voting from abroad (VFA). The study also illustrates that the electoral behaviour of the Kyrgyzstani diaspora is far from uniform across space as well as time.

THE ALBANIAN POPULATION IN THE KINGDOM OF YUGOSLAVIA: DEMOGRAPHIC AND STATISTICAL ANALYSIS

The paper analyzes the size and structure of the Albanian population in the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. The population censuses of 1921 and 1931 are the main source for the research. The statistical and census materials are compared to a number of studies from the fields of historiography, ethnography and anthropogeography. A number of papers raising doubts about how objective the census results are in regard to the number of Albanians in the Kingdom of Yugoslavia are also critically addressed.

Socio-economic situation in Kazakhstan in the 1990s - early 2000s (using the example of regions of northern Kazakhstan)

In the history of independent Kazakhstan, the first decade was a difficult period. The country carried out economic reforms aimed at creating a new development model. The transition period was accompanied by large-scale crisis. In the northern region of Kazakhstan, gnation in economic development was reflected in a decrease in agricultural and industrial production. The reforms carried out had negative consequences for the social life. Unemployment and fall of living standards have become the main indicators of the socio-economic situation. The government’s attempts to re-establish economy did not show positive results. To provide social support of the population various measures were taken. The population was actively involved in new areas of labor activity. The emergence of women entrepreneurship was a new phenomenon of that time. The entire period of the socio-economic situation in northern Kazakhstan was difficult. The socio-economic history of northern Kazakhstan is an integral part of the history of modern Kazakhstan. Works on local context are rare and the proposed work is one of the first studies in this direction. Information about that important period in the life of the country can be obtained from collections of statistical data, census materials and reports on the socio-economic development of the country. These archival materials are being introduced into scientific circulation for the first time.

Socio-economic situation in Kazakhstan in the 1990s - early 2000s (using the example of regions of northern Kazakhstan)

In the history of independent Kazakhstan, the first decade was a difficult period. The country carried out economic reforms aimed at creating a new development model. The transition period was accompanied by large-scale crisis. In the northern region of Kazakhstan, gnation in economic development was reflected in a decrease in agricultural and industrial production. The reforms carried out had negative consequences for the social life. Unemployment and fall of living standards have become the main indicators of the socio-economic situation. The government’s attempts to re-establish economy did not show positive results. To provide social support of the population various measures were taken. The population was actively involved in new areas of labor activity. The emergence of women entrepreneurship was a new phenomenon of that time. The entire period of the socio-economic situation in northern Kazakhstan was difficult. The socio-economic history of northern Kazakhstan is an integral part of the history of modern Kazakhstan. Works on local context are rare and the proposed work is one of the first studies in this direction. Information about that important period in the life of the country can be obtained from collections of statistical data, census materials and reports on the socio-economic development of the country. These archival materials are being introduced into scientific circulation for the first time.

SOCIAL COMPOSITION OF THE POPULATION AND DYNAMICS OF DEVELOPMENT OF RURAL SETTLEMENTS OF THE REGION OF THE BELGOROD LINE (BY THE MATE RIALS OF THE CENSUS BOOKS OF THE VORONEZH DISTRICT 1646 and 1716)

The article is devoted to the history of the colonization of the historical territory of the Belgorod line on the example of the study of settlements and population. This issue has been increasingly raised in the historiography of recent years. The work is based on a comparative analysis of two fiscal sources: the 1646 census book and the 1716 landrat book. The purpose of the article is to trace the dynamics of the increase or decrease of big and small villages, to analyze the quantitative composition of the local population. The importance of mass sources in the study of economic and social processes is shown separately. It is shown as a percentage how reliable these sources are. The author comes to the conclusion that the development of the vast territories of the Central Chernozem region was largely associated with the construction of military defense structures of the Belgorod line. As a result of comparing two mass sources, namely the census book of 1646 and the landrat book of 1716 of the Voronezh district, one can understand the general specifics of the development of settlements. However, census materials that fulfilled their narrow fiscal goals and objectives are inherently incomplete sources. This is only an auxiliary source, which must be handled with extreme caution.

Genetic-Demographic Analysis of Differential Mortality and Differential Fertility as Components of Natural Selection (Based on Russia’s Population Census Materials)

Genetic-Demographic Analysis of Differential Mortality and Differential Fertility as Components of Natural Selection (Based on Russia’s Population Census Materials)

Naselenie KASSR v 1920–1926 gg.

The article examines the peculiarities of the formation of the population of the Kyrgyz Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (KASSR) formed in August 1920 in the period between the population censuses of 1920 and 1926. At that time, administrative borders were being actively redrawn, new national-state associations were emerging, which significantly complicates the study of the population in a comparable territory. The famine of 1921-1922 also had a serious impact on the population of KASSR. The authors come to the conclusion about the reliability of the census materials of1926, which in general adequately reflected the number and national composition of the population of the KASSR after the shocks of the first half of the 1920s.

Urban Censuses in Post-Reform Russia: Analytical Traditions and Practices

This article analyses the historiography of using late Imperial Russian city censuses. The past three decades of historical urban studies in Russia have made such an urban census data study necessary. The city census materials are a more reliable source than the official statistics comparable with national census data. The authors analyse publications related to the urban census history and the implied original methodological solutions for using city census data. The article reconstructs the chronology of historiographic trends, highlighting the regional research traditions. The classification of publications according to thematic and methodological characteristics makes it possible to determine the main directions of the development of source studies. The authors argue that the disciplinary focus of specific studies with reference to census results gradually shifted from purely demographic to historical. The research proves that the country’s history conditioned the development of historiography and its research problems. The pre-revolutionary tradition focused on the practical use of census results and the description of the methodological component. Academic generalising historiography was just emerging. Due to the communist ideology that did not encourage local studies during Soviet times, the use of urban censuses decreased, but source studies reached a qualitatively new level of analysis. The main trend of current historiography is the increased attention to censuses of provincial cities. Specific historical work based on city census data, including such unique components as spatial referencing, has become a notable practice. The historiographic tradition of studying city censuses was formed in both capitals and Western Siberia, while the Crimean school is currently forming.