Census-based Analysis Research Articles

Can We Bring Culture into the Large-Scale Study of Gentrification? Assessing the Possibilities Using Geodemographic Marketing Data

Despite advances in quantitative methodology, many quantitative gentrification scholars rely on under-theorized and speculative presumptions about who gentrifiers are. This study uses Claritas Potential Rating Index for Zip Marketers (PRIZM), a geodemographic marketing data source on the lifestyles and consumer habits of U.S. households, to augment a Census-based analysis of Chicago neighborhoods that gentrified from 2000 to 2017. PRIZM data reveal that the households moving into gentrified neighborhoods represent a range of lifestyles, calling into question the attribution of “gentrifier” to any particular social group or demographic category. In some cases, despite having the same social class positions, gentrifiers pursue varying interests, suggesting they have different effects on neighborhoods. Once lifestyle is accounted for, many assumptions about gentrifiers on which quantitative studies are built become inadequate. The article’s conclusion not only proposes ways in which scholars can integrate geodemographic marketing data into future gentrification research, but it also outlines reasons to be cautious when using the data.

Do socioeconomic factors really have an impact on early detection of hepatocellular carcinoma and colorectal cancer?

60 Background: Improving surveillance in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and colorectal cancer (CRC) is an important topic in the field of gastroenterology and oncology due to significant benefit associated with early detection and better outcomes. Multiple studies have been undertaken to assess the association between the socioeconomic status of the population and adherence to HCC/CRC screening. Most of these studies used self-reporting surveys and faced limitations due to reporting bias. We aimed to assess the relevance of socioeconomic factors in the diagnosis of HCC and CRC in Jackson County, Missouri by means of a census-based survey. Methods: We retrospectively studied 190 HCC and 690 CRC cases at our institution using a census-based analysis, which consisted of geocoding home addresses of patients and then attaching block level census variables for household occupancy, education level and household income. Statistical analysis was performed using Cox proportional hazard model and ordinal logistic regressions. Results: We did not find a statistically significant association between socioeconomic factors and adherence to surveillance guidelines for HCC and CRC. USPSTF-2019 guidelines for CRC and AASLD-2018 guidelines for HCC screening were taken into account. Variables that were analyzed included high school education or better (p = 0.5), four-person households with one or more workers (p = 0.08) and income less than 25 thousand dollars (p = 0.58). Study results were risk adjusted for age, race, and gender. Separate ordinal logistic regression analysis was done to also adjust for the stage at the time of eventual cancer diagnosis, no statistically significant result was obtained. Conclusions: Our study showed no association between demographic variables and participation in HCC or CRC surveillance. The study is limited by a relatively small sample size confined to local patients seen at our institution. Multicenter census-based surveys and meta-analyses need to be conducted to determine whether socioeconomic factors really have an appreciable impact on early screening and detection of HCC and CRC.

2842 Do Socioeconomic Factors Really Have an Impact on Early Detection of Hepatocellular Carcinoma and Colorectal Cancer?

INTRODUCTION: Improving surveillance in Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC) and Colorectal Cancer (CRC) is an important topic in the field of Gastroenterology and Oncology due to significant benefit associated with early detection and better outcomes. Multiple studies have been undertaken to assess association between socioeconomic status of the population and its impact on HCC/CRC screening and survival after diagnosis. Most of these studies used self-reporting surveys and faced limitations due to reporting bias. We aimed to assess the relevance of socioeconomic factors in diagnosis of HCC and CRC in Jackson County, Kansas City, Missouri by means of a census-based survey. METHODS: We retrospectively studied 190 HCC and 690 CRC cases at our institution using a census-based analysis, which consisted of geocoding home addresses of patients and then attaching block level census variables for household occupancy, education level and household income. Survival was assessed using time of last contact at our facility. Statistical analysis was performed using Cox proportional hazard model and ordinal logistic regression. RESULTS: We did not find a statistically significant association between socioeconomic factors and adherence to surveillance guidelines for HCC and CRC leading to improved overall survival. Variables that were analyzed included high school education or better (P = 0.5), four-person households with one or more workers (P = 0.08) and income less than 25 thousand dollars (P = 0.58). Study results were risk adjusted for age, race and gender. Separate ordinal logistic regression analysis was done to also adjust for stage at time of eventual cancer diagnosis, no statistically significant result was obtained. CONCLUSION: Our study showed no association between socioeconomic variables and participation in HCC or CRC surveillance. The study is limited by a relatively small sample size confined to local patients seen at our institution. Multicenter census-based surveys and meta-analyses need to be conducted to determine whether socioeconomic factors really have an appreciable impact on early screening and detection of HCC and CRC.

Future Demands for Vascular Care: A Census-Based Analysis

Future Demands for Vascular Care: A Census-Based Analysis

Socioeconomic Factors in Hepatocellular Carcinoma: The Impact of Being Poor or an Immigrant

Introduction: Evaluation of factors affecting Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) surveillance in cirrhotic patients is an important topic that has been neglected for several years. Our study aimed to assess the relevance of socioeconomic factors in surveillance and diagnosis of HCC. Methods: We retrospectively studied 233 HCC cases at our institution using a census-based analysis, which consisted of geocoding the home addresses of the individuals in the study, and then attaching the block level census variables for household occupancy, education level and household income. Statistical analyses were performed using logistic regressions on dichotomous variables and linear regressions on continuous variables. Results: We found no association between demographic variables and diagnosis of HCC through surveillance program, clinical features such as tumor size at diagnosis, receiving curative therapy, or being alive at one year following HCC diagnosis. Overall, patients living in household occupancy of 2 or more, or with more households living below the federal poverty level were diagnosed with HCC 3 and 6 years earlier (p=0.03 and p < 0.0001, respectively). Those living in block groups where the percent of residents with high school graduates was lower than the statewide average were diagnosed with HCC 5 years later on average (p=0.001). In the immigrant population (N=63), those with lower income were diagnosed 14 years earlier on average, p < 0.0001, and those with lower levels of education were diagnosed 12 years later on average, p=0.001. Interestingly, foreign-born patients residing in an area with lower level of education were 1.8 times less likely to receive curative treatment (p=0.03). We found no significant differences in terms of risk factors for liver disease or length of stay in the country and diagnosis of HCC via surveillance in this population. Conclusion: Our study showed no association between demographic variables and the receipt of HCC surveillance. Those with lower socioeconomic status were diagnosed earlier, and those with lower education were diagnosed later. Being an immigrant did not impact HCC surveillance, but socioeconomic variables within immigrants seem to affect therapy in this population.

Future Demands for Vascular Care: A Census-Based Analysis

Future Demands for Vascular Care: A Census-Based Analysis

The Changing Transitions to Adulthood across Southeast Asia

Using data from the national censuses of five Southeast Asian countries, this article examines entropy-based measures of the heterogeneity in a set of five markers of the transition to adulthood. Our results suggest that the transition to adulthood is becoming increasingly complex over time in all five countries; complexity is greatest for females, and important cross-national differences in heterogeneity levels and timing persist when underlying patterns of economic transformation are considered. In light of these persistent cross-national differences, we suggest that our census-based analysis should be complemented with case studies of these countries that focus on cultural or institutional influences. Results related to the importance of schooling suggest that cross-national comparisons of educational institutions would be fruitful.

Disparities in vascular surgery: Is it biology or environment?

Disparities in health care are well documented for several racial, ethnic, and gender groups. In peripheral arterial disease, differences in prevalence, treatment selection, treatment outcomes, and resulting quality of life have negative effects on some minority groups and women. It may be easy to document disparities, but it is harder to understand their underlying causes. Are there biologic differences between members of racial and ethnic groups that influence disease presentation and outcomes? Or is the socioeconomic environment that surrounds them the true driver of observed differences? This article reviews the evidence for racial and gender disparities in vascular surgery and presents some potential mechanisms that may explain the disparities.

Urban–Rural Differences in Commuting in England: A Challenge to the Rural Sustainability Agenda?

While housing affordability and homelessness worsen in rural England, sustainability concerns are being used to reinforce the 60-year-old goal of urban containment. Yet there are claims that the evidence for rural communities being intrinsically unsustainable in terms of their carbon emissions remains weak. This paper aims to improve the evidence base through a focus on commuting behaviour. Following a review of recent studies of commuting that have included a rural dimension, it presents the results of new census-based analyses of differences between places in the distance that residents travel to work. Both indicate that a more nuanced approach is needed towards new development than a simple urban–rural dichotomy.

Are Northern Ireland's Communities Dividing? Evidence from Geographically Consistent Census of Population Data, 1971–2001

There is an extensive literature on various aspects of segregation in Northern Ireland (NI). However, there are no census-based analyses of population change and residential segregation that cover the entire 1971–2001 period using consistent geographical units through time for all NI. This shortcoming is addressed in this paper by an analysis of changes in (i) the spatial distribution of population and (ii) residential segregation between 1971 and 2001 using the NI Grid-Square Product comprising data for a set of 1km2 cells that cover all populated areas in NI. The substantive issue of whether NI has become more segregated through time is addressed as are questions about measuring change through time using the census and the importance of spatial scale. One important conclusion is that NI indeed became more residential^ segregated between 1971 and 2001, but that residential segregation in 2001 remained approximately at its 1991 level according to most indicators.

Invited commentary

In 2001, the Institute of Medicine1Committee on Quality of Health Care in America, Institute of MedicineCrossing the Quality Chasm; A New Health System for the 21st Century. National Academies Press, Washington DC2001Google Scholar recommended a reorganization of health care in the United States, specifically proposing the provision of equitable care regardless of gender, ethnicity, geographic location, and socioeconomic status. Six years after that report, these current data continue to document a persistent disparity in amputation rates based on race and socioeconomic inequality. Optimistically, this study demonstrates that the overall rate of nontraumatic amputation is declining, even though there has been a rise in obesity and diabetes, coronary artery disease, and kidney disease. As such, the data seem to support the supposition that aggressive medical intervention in the diabetic population can reduce the incidence of amputation; conversely, it may also imply that such efforts have not been afforded to minority populations. Ultimately, these data should prompt a critical appraisal of how we, as practitioners, deliver health care. The authors have previously shown2Ebaugh J.L. Feinglass J. Pearce W.H. The effect of hospital vascular operation capability on outcomes of lower extremity arterial bypass procedures.Surgery. 2001; 130: 1561-1567Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF Scopus (20) Google Scholar that well equipped, high volume centers and providers can produce better outcomes in patients with peripheral arterial disease. These centers have the full array of vascular, cardiac, and wound care specialists with the resources necessary to retain providers. In our present health care system, these centers of excellence must also draw patients from higher socioeconomic areas for financial viability. This study, along with others, also strongly supports the need for a consolidated research effort to identify those factors that predispose minority patients to the increased risk of amputation. This effort will need to cut across multiple specialties. There will need to be continued research into the basic science of vascular disease; racial and ethnic differences, if present, may provide clues to new therapeutic approaches for all populations. Clinical researchers, social scientists, and epidemiologists will need to assess potential disparities in the availability and access to primary and specialty medical care, the quality of care, and patient compliance with care recommendations. Once seen by a provider, are there racial and ethnic biases in care processes, referral recommendations and treatment decisions? Do variations in primary or specialty care influence the mitigation or control of risk factors promoting vascular disease, such diabetes, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and smoking? Ultimately, minority populations need to receive aggressive preventative care, with timely referrals to wound care and vascular surgery centers and with heightened attention to foot and wound care regardless of comorbidities. Unfortunately, these disparities in treatment and outcomes will most likely remain until the elimination of the hypersegregated, socially-isolated, high-poverty neighborhoods. In the end, implementing improvements in the most basic care for these populations has the potential to result in a profound social and economic impact, with an improved life expectancy and quality of life and decreased long-term nursing care costs. A census-based analysis of racial disparities in lower extremity amputation rates in Northern Illinois, 1987-2004Journal of Vascular SurgeryVol. 47Issue 5PreviewGiven improvements in care for peripheral vascular disease and diabetes over the last two decades, it was of interest whether racial disparities in lower extremity amputation rates had changed. Full-Text PDF Open Archive

A census-based analysis of racial disparities in lower extremity amputation rates in Northern Illinois, 1987-2004

Given improvements in care for peripheral vascular disease and diabetes over the last two decades, it was of interest whether racial disparities in lower extremity amputation rates had changed. Hospital data for 18 years (1987-2004) were used to compute above, below, and through foot amputation rates for over eight million people living in the Chicago metropolitan area. Three areas were created from zip code level census data. Differences in amputation rates were compared between residents of zip code areas that were >50% African American, 10% to 50% African American, or <10% African American. The largely African American area of the South and West sides of Chicago, with less than 15% of the area population, accounted for 27% of all amputation discharges (n = 33,775) over the 18 years. For all residents of northern Illinois, major (above and below knee) amputation rates declined to 17 per 100,000 residents over the last decade, and both inpatient mortality and length of stay fell throughout the period. However, residents of largely African American zip codes had over five times higher per capita amputation rates than residents of primarily white zip codes. Racial disparities have remained remarkably constant, despite progress in reducing the overall major amputation rate in northern Illinois. Addressing these disparities will require that low income, medically complex patients at risk of limb loss receive timelier, high performance care, combined with community-based public health and preventive medicine interventions that address the social determinants of health.

Social inequality in premature mortality among polish urban adults during economic transition

Rates of premature mortality among adults are important measures of the economic and psychosocial well-being of human populations. In many countries, such rates are, as a rule, inversely related to the level of attained education. We examined changes in educational group-specific mortality rates among urban adults in Poland during the country's rapid transition in the 1990s from a socialist command economy to a free market system. Two census-based analyses of individual death records of urban dwellers aged 35-64 years were compared. We utilized all records of death, which occurred during the 2-year periods 1988-89 and 2001-02. Population denominators were taken from the censuses of 1988 and 2002. The age-specific mortality rates were used to evaluate absolute differences in mortality. To assess relative differences between educational levels, mortality rate ratios (MRRs) with 95% CI (confidence interval) were calculated using Poisson regression. A regular educational gradient in mortality persisted in each 10-year age group throughout the period covered by our data. Moreover, age-specific mortality rates declined steadily in all educational groups, and this decline was most marked in the two oldest age groups (45-54 and 55-64 years). The trend was accompanied by widening of educational differences in mortality as expressed by MRRs. Systemic political transformation in Poland has brought a mixture of beneficial and detrimental effects on the well-being of society. With regard to the changes in rates of premature mortality among adults, the benefits have prevailed, although individuals with the lowest educational level benefited less than those with the highest education.

Estonia 1989-2000: enormous increase in mortality differences by education.

Having regained its political autonomy in 1991, Estonia experienced major changes in political, economic, and social realities. We aimed to analyse mortality changes by education from 1989 to 2000 in order to assess the impact of recent changes in Estonia, as well as the delayed effects of pre-transitional developments. Two census-based analyses were compared. Individual cause-specific death data for those aged 20+ for 1987-1990 (72 003 deaths) and 1999-2000 (35 477 deaths) came from the national mortality database. Population denominators came from the population censuses of 1989 and 2000. Mortality for all causes combined and for selected causes of death were analysed for high, mid, and low educational groups. The absolute differences in mortality were evaluated through life expectancy at age 25 and age-standardized mortality rates. To assess the relative differences between educational levels, mortality rate ratios with 95% CI were calculated using Poisson regression. Educational differences in mortality increased tremendously from 1989 to 2000: over the 10-year period life expectancy improved considerably for graduates, and worsened for those with the lowest education. In 2000, male graduates aged 25 could expect to live 13.1 years longer than corresponding men with the lowest education; among women the difference was 8.6 years. Large differences were observed in all selected causes of death in 1989 and in 2000 and the trends were invariably much more favourable for the higher educated. Educational differences in total mortality increased in all age groups. Social disruption and increasing inequalities in wealth can be considered main recent determinants; however, causal processes, shaped decades before recent reforms, also contribute to this widening gap.

A MODEL FOR IDENTIFYING GENTRIFIED AREAS WITH CENSUS DATA

Empirical research on gentrification suffers from a dichotomy between richly detailed neighborhood case studies and macro-scale, census-based analyses, perpetuating uncertainty over the extent and timing of gentrified areas in American cities. We develop a model relating tract-level census statistics to the results of a detailed field survey of 24 census tracts in Minneapolis-St. Paul. We use stepwise and canonical discriminant analysis to select nine variables distinguishing gentrified neighborhoods and to classify all central-city tracts for each decade between 1960 and 1990. Results indicate a moderate level of overall accuracy, and the model is more than 90% accurate in distinguishing areas of heavy reinvestment from stable, middle-class districts. Compared with other techniques, our approach more accurately distinguishes gentrification from other types of inner-city redevelopment, providing a useful tool for identifying the phenomenon with a measurable degree of precision.

The pooling of impoverishment from 1980 to 1990 in inner-city neighborhoods: A census-based analysis of upstate New York metropolitan areas

The pooling of impoverishment from 1980 to 1990 in inner-city neighborhoods: A census-based analysis of upstate New York metropolitan areas

A census-based analysis of the economic status of older indigenous Australians

The focus of this paper is the educational and economic status of indigenous Australians aged 50 years and over as reported in the 1991 Population Census. These indigenous people were less likely to be in employment than other Australians in the same age group and were more likely to be in unskilled occupations. Although there was no evidence of an improvement in the relative individual incomes of indigenous people in this age group between 1986 and 1991, there was some evidence of gains relative to other Australians in the share of the population in employment. This probably reflects the expansion of the Community Development Employment Projects (CDEP) scheme and as such should not be taken as an indicator of growth in indigenous employment independent of government support.

Measuring the occupational segregation of Australia's indigenous workforce: A census-based analysis

This purpose of this paper is to describe the occupational status of Australia's indigenous population and measure the extent to which this differs from that of all other Australians. For this purpose, inter- and intra-occupational segregation indexes are calculated using 1986 Census data. This reveals for the first time the precise occupational mix which characterises the indigenous workforce. At the broad level of major occupations, there is some indication that the degree of employment segregation between indigenous and other Australians has decreased over time, although the lack of time series data based on consistent occupational classification renders this analysis inconclusive. At the more disaggregated occupational unit level, clear patterns of relative employment concentration and exclusion in particular occupations are in evidence with gender as a major differentiating factor. Australian Standard Classification of Occupations (ASCO)-linked occupational prestige scores are applied to the employment distributions as a basis for comparing socioeconomic status.

Geographic location and Aboriginal economic status: a census-based analysis of outstations in the Northern Territory

The demographic and economic characteristics of Aboriginal people in Australia's remotest locations are examined from 1986 Census data. There are three objectives: first to argue the case for examining Aboriginal society in spatial context: second, to demonstrate how census data can be manipulated to isolate meaningful spatial sub-categories; third to consider the extent to which extreme remote location is associated with distinct social and economic characteristics. The conclusion is that on the whole, remote location is reflected in lower economic status but not in demographic structure.