Censorship Authorities Research Articles

The Film Ivan by Oleksandr Dovzhenko in the Light of the Soviet Intelligence Services

A set of archival documents of the Soviet secret services (agent messages, reports, summaries, etc.) related to Dovzhenko’s work on the film Ivan in 1931–1932 is analyzed in the article. Ivan is just the film that has the largest number of documents of this kind among the works. The agents have informed the secret services about the work on the script, its passage through the censorship authorities, and the filming period in their reports. The criticism of the author has started in Ukraine after the completion of the film. During this period the agents have recorded the artist’s difficult moral and psychological state, his negative statements against the Ukrainian party leadership and representatives of the literary and artistic intelligentsia, and the measures taken by the leaders of the Ukrainian and Soviet cinematographers to level the negative assessment of the film in the press. Relevant experts have been engaged to write reviews to obtain more complete information about the film. The director has been forced to move to Moscow because of the considerable pressure and negative attitude in Ukraine. He is introduced to Joseph Stalin there. The dictator has liked the movie. Following Stalin, official criticism also has changed its mind about Ivan, and the film was allowed to be shown. Dovzhenko was saved from seemingly certain death. The director has soon started work on his next film, called Aerograd. But the Soviet secret services did not let the artist out of their sight in Moscow. In general, the surveillance of O. Dovzhenko during his work on the film Ivan was part of a much wider range of operational activities of the special services to obtain compromising materials about the artist’s “anti-Soviet” activities and continued until his death.

Foreign military journalists in Manchuria in 1904-1905: features of daily activities

The author examines some aspects of the daily activities of foreign war correspondents who accompanied the Manchurian army in the Russian-Japanese War of 1904-1905. The article is based on texts published by journalists, materials from foreign periodicals, documentation from military and foreign ministries. Attention is paid both to the everyday peculiarities of the professional conditions of accredited journalists in Manchuria, and to the characteristics of the social environment, which had a significant impact on the process of collecting information in the theater of military operations. The issues of interaction of foreign correspondents with representatives of the Russian army, the local Chinese population and other reporters are touched upon, which is closely related to their possession of relevant foreign language competencies. The dynamics of the number of foreign military personnel in the theater of war and its connection with the course of hostilities are analyzed. The use of the historical and comparative method made it possible to identify common and special features in the situation of foreign reporters and other guests of Manchuria. The differences revealed in the characteristics of daily activities between foreign war correspondents and representatives of the Russian press, as a rule, were associated with a language barrier for foreigners and greater distrust of them on the part of censorship authorities. In comparison with military attaches, correspondents noted the complete independence of the journalistic corps in solving everyday issues in Manchuria. In the course of the study, several stages were identified in the dynamics of the number of foreign reporters in the theater of war. The correlation of the pace of correspondents' accreditations with events at the front has been revealed and demonstrated. It has been established that the 1904 campaign, especially its summer and autumn events, received the most attention from foreign journalists. For the first time, a range of issues is outlined for the study of which the legacy of foreign war correspondents may have the greatest scientific and cognitive value.

Книжная серия «Есть стать в строй!» как образец советской военно-патриотической пропаганды

The article considers the history of the military-patriotic book series Est’ Stat’ v Stroy! [Back in lines! - Yes, sir!]. This series was published in 1967-1986 in the Molodaya Gvardiya [Young Guard] publishing house of the Central Committee of the Komsomol. The authors of the article set three research objectives: (1) to examine the composition of the studied book series; (2) to study the sociopolitical conditions of its occurrence: (3) to analyze the features of the subject of books and forms of presentation of the material, and to consider the stages of prepress preparation of these publications. The books of the book series were used as sources. Archival materials from the funds of the Russian State Archive of SocioPolitical History (RGASPI) were also involved. The latter are the documents of the Molodaya Gvardiya publishing house, the so-called author’s files for published products. They included author’s applications, publishing agreements between authors and editors, fee sheets, reviews of manuscripts, and correspondence with authors, reviewers, censorship authorities. A significant part of the documents are introduced into scholarly discouse for the first time. The study resulted in the following. The series Est’ Stat’ v Stroy! was the outcome of a political order, as evidenced by the revealed correspondence between the publishing house and political bodies of various types and branches of the armed forces. But the editorial staff also worked on these publications willingly and proactively. Unlike other “custom-made” ideological publications, which were not sold out and occupied the shelves of Soviet bookstores for years, the books of the series very quickly became scarce and inaccessible even in libraries. The work on compiling the collections of the series was a difficult organizational task. It was necessary to coordinate the activities of the authors of sections and essays, reviewers and designers, to obtain visas of political organizations and censors. In some cases, work on books was delayed due to the author’s unreliability or the unsatisfactory quality of the materials. The editors of the publishing house very carefully approached the issue of reviewing the books of the series and involving specialists from leading higher military educational institutions of the relevant profile in this procedure. The books to a certain extent reflected their era, the level of development of both book production technology and propaganda techniques. The books in this series may be of interest to researchers in a number of aspects: as a source on the history of book publishing, on the order of prepress preparation, design of publications; as a source on the forms and methods of military-patriotic propaganda, methods of ideological work in the 1960s and 1970s; and as a source of a general historical nature. The authors declare no conflicts of interests.

Power dynamics in Egypt’s censorship of Gibran’s The Prophet

Abstract After more than seventy years, when Kahlil Gibran’s 1923 masterpiece The Prophet had circulated freely in Egypt, censorship authorities banned the book in 1999 and 2011. This article explores the sociopolitical context surrounding the censorship of The Prophet and its Arabic translations, with a particular focus on the power play between censors and different agents and the strategies employed by the latter to revoke the ban on the book. The extent and intensity of power intervention speak to this case study’s significance. Qualitative analysis of English and Arabic press material is utilized to gain insights into the censors’ reports and the responses of different sociopolitical agents. This is paired with compiling and analyzing a dataset of bibliographical information on the editions of The Prophet’s Arabic translations published in Egypt between 1999 and 2022. The findings point to a decentralized system of censorship exercised by several ministries and religious institutions with competing interests. It is argued that the survival of The Prophet in the face of multiple bans can be attributed to shifting sociopolitical conditions, discordant politics of powerful agents, and international pressure.

The Politics of Industry and the Wave of Nationalism: Exploring the Shanghai Film Guild, 1927–1930

In the mid to late 1920s, the Chinese film industry experienced a severe setback. Driven by the Ming Xing Film Company and the ‘Merchant Movement’, the Shanghai Film Guild was established in September 1927. It was the first filmmaking industry guild in the history of China. It was relatively outgoing in safeguarding the interests of the industry. It played an important role in maintaining the image of the industry, forcing the film censorship authority to revise its policies, and resisting those foreign films that insulted China. However, it did not form effective industry regulations to address industry autonomy. It did not change the vicious competition in the industry significantly, either. The establishment and operation of the guild was obviously affected by the wave of nationalism at the time, which caused it to perform more intensely in some situations.

Слідча справа історика Олексія Маркевича і репресивні заходи проти розгортання українського національного руху в Одесі на зламі ХІХ–ХХ ст.

The purpose of the article is presentаеd in detail the facts from the life of the Odesa historian and public fi gure of the 19th century Oleksii Markevych, through the coverage of the circumstances of the scientist’s life. In particular, the events related to the criminal prosecution for the attempt to smuggle illegal literature show how such repressive measures hampered the development of the Ukrainian movement in Odesa. This research is based on sources are stored in the Central State Historical Archives of Ukraine in Kyiv. The research methodology: the synchronous method was used, which made it possible to compare episodes of biographical history with the contexts of the formation and development of the Ukrainian movement; thanks to the comparative method, it was shown how the defeat of the Ukrainian movement in the 1870s negatively aff ected the socio-political processes in Odessa in the 1890s, and the circumstances in which scientists had to work are compared – between the liberalization of public life in the Habsburg Empire, where the free publication of books including literature in the Ukrainian language was allowed, and the strengthening of the repressive actions in the Russian Empire, where such literature was considered prohibited. Scientifi c novelty: the documents stored in the Central State Historical Archives of Ukraine in Kyiv about the prosecution of O. Markevych for attempting to transport literature prohibited by the censorship authorities have signifi cant scientifi c value. In the investigative and pre-trial materials of the case, there is a lot of biographical data, both collected during the proceedings by gendarmerie offi cials, and given personally by the scientist during the testimony. Documents contain important information from diff erent periods of the O. Markevych life and give an opportunity to see the social and political background in which he lived. The analysis of documents stored in the funds of the Gendarmerie Department of Odesa and the Prosecutor of the Odesa Judicial Chamber also shows the cultural life of Odesa and the social life of university circles of that time, through the prism of the historian biography. Correspondence with M. Hrushevsky is an important evidence of connections not only between the scientists themselves, but also between various centres of the Ukrainian movement. Conclusions: the information presented in the article complements our knowledge about the social and scientifi c activities of O. Markevych as a prominent representative of the Odesa community in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The information presented in the article is of great importance for the study of the history of Odessa University and the scientists who worked there. In a broader context, the article shows the state of development of the Ukrainian movement in Odesa at the end of the 19th century, the role and place of this center for formulating the political tasks of the movement, and through the personal connections of Professor O. Markevich – the connection with representatives of the Ukrainian movement in Chernihiv, Kyiv and Galicia.

Practices of Censorship of Statistical Works in Pre-reform Russia (late XVIII – first half of XIX centuries)

The object of the study is the history of the relationship between state power and statistical science in the Russian Empire in the second half of the XVIII – first half of the XIX centuries. The author examines the practices of censorship supervision over the publication of research papers in the field of state studies – an early descriptive direction of statistical science. The article analyzes the main stages of the development of legislation in the field of the civil press and highlights the key claims that the censorship authorities had against the authors of statistical works. Special attention is paid to the study of the social and political context in which the evolution of censorship restrictions on the dissemination of statistical data took place. It is noted that the tacit ban on the publication of any statistical information, which existed in the middle of the XVIII century, was replaced by the liberalization of censorship legislation at the beginning of the Alexander reign. In the future, with the formation of statistics-state studies as a political science, the attention of the state to the content of these works became more and more intense. The growth of conservative tendencies in domestic politics led to the fact that the government increasingly suppressed the free interpretation of statistical materials. The formation of the institution of departmental censorship in the mid-1820s gave rise to the problem of the plurality of censorship authorities, which became a serious barrier to the development of state studies. It is concluded that a broad interpretation of the norms of censorship statutes made it possible for interested ministries to delay the publication of statistical works for a long time, or not to allow them to be printed at all under the pretext of inaccuracy or secrecy of data.

Prohibited Press in the Central State Bookshop in 1919–1940

This article analyses the issues of collecting and storing illegal publications and those confiscated by censorship authorities in the Central State Bookshop. It describes the structure of the military and other general censorship institutions, which sent the prohibited press to the Central State Bookshop. The aim of the study is to establish the approximate date of commencement of the activities of the department that stored confiscated by censorship or illegally issued publications, and several lists of publications prohibited by censorship and transmitted by the CSB are discussed. It is worth noting that until the 1940s, libraries were also called bookshops. In 1936, after the promulgation of the Law on Public Libraries, the Central State Bookshop became the Central State Library, and its departments became state public libraries. Between 1919–1922, under the management of Eduardas Volteris, the collection and storage of illegal and censored publications at the Central State Bookshop became a matter of interest. The legal deposit was the key and constant source of acquisition of the collections of the Central State Bookshop. In 1919 and 1935, the press laws stipulated how many mandatory copies had to be delivered to county governors or simply to state institutions. However, illegal and confiscated publications were not included in the legal deposit. The main aim of the library was to collect and store all publications published in Lithuania and by Lithuanian publishers abroad. Therefore, it was important for the library to compile a complete set of the current press. To obtain prohibited titles, the library cooperated with the structural units of the Ministry of National Defense and the Ministry of the Interior responsible for the supervision of the press. In various historical periods, unequal attention was paid to the compilation of censorship-restricted press in the Central State Bookshop. Until the 1930s, there was an intensive correspondence between war censors and the Press and Societies Division of the Department of Civil Protection about sending and collecting prohibited press in the Central State Bookstore. During c. 1920–1921, illegal and confiscated publications began to be collected in a separate office called the “secret division”. In the 1940s, censorship institutions sent lists of prohibited press of various volumes to the library. After reviewing the publications on these lists, no signs of censorship could be found. Records of censorship office provenances and censorship officers were found in individual publications that were not included in the lists of prohibited books. Although the publications confiscated by censorship authorities were stored in the library of the University of Lithuania, and in the library of Vytautas Magnus University since 1930, CSB was the only library in the interwar period in which special attention was paid to the issues of collecting prohibited press. Use of the prohibited press was restricted. These titles were not open to general public; only employees of ministries and members of the Seimas could read it. The prohibited press could serve scientific research and press statistics.

Mutual Deception and Disguise

The Iranian theatre practitioner is always already part of an ongoing investigation, and they have to negotiate different notions of deception. They constantly undertake strategies to deceive and distract censors from their art while revealing it to their audience. To do so they bargain various components of their work with the censorship authorities. On the other side of the table, the censorship regulations for guiding the authorities are vague. One can best describe the censorship system as multiple layers of authority, each in fear of the other. Those who have to decide on a piece before it goes on stage can never be certain if they would face consequences from higher authorities. Therefore, much of what goes on in negotiations between the artist(s) and her censor is improvisatory, face to face, and on the spot. It is in part both the imagination of the artists and the censors that finally settle on a version of the performance. Censorship can be understood as a complex process that does not necessarily put an end to that which it is trying to regulate. This article theorizes censorship as a negotiation between the artist and her censor. It studies different strategies that artists utilize for the survival of their work such as creating a coding and decoding system in their art. It shows how these strategies contributed to the creation of unique, complex, and fluid works of art.

Soviet Secrecy: Toward a Social Map of Knowledge

Abstract This article offers a framework to model the epistemological terrain of the circulation and regulation of knowledge in late-period Soviet society. It proposes that secrecy and openness operated in a mutually constitutive “social map of knowledge” that was constantly shifting due to the inability to maintain secrecy as a stable category. Investigating the domain of Soviet science, this article sheds light on the work of institutions such as Glavlit, the state censorship authority, which supported the state’s goal to maintain the contours of secrecy as a static category by repeatedly issuing edicts and restructuring the apparatus of secrecy in the face of constant and destabilizing social, cultural, and technological pressures. This stable but volatile condition encouraged a common language of “speaking in secret” that cut across the Soviet social order. The “social map of knowledge” was one with high peaks, where valuable knowledge was placed in the hands of those with power, even as these peaks were under intense pressure to collapse from a parallel market of speculation marked by rumor, suspicion, and conspiracy theories. This form of “stable volatility” became impossible to maintain in the 1980s, when a deluge of information flooded Soviet society.

The first private newspaper of the Taurida Governorate– "Crimean Leaflet"

This article examines the establishment of private periodical press of the Taurida Governorate in the late XIX century. The object of this research is the first private newspaper – “Crimean Leaflet”. The author explores the socioeconomic processes and censorship conditions, which affected the emergence of the Crimean private periodicals. An overview is given to the historiography and sources used in this work. The first part of the article studies the sociopolitical and cultural-historical prerequisites for the emergence of mass media in the governorate. The second part examines the process of opening and operation of the newspaper, its outline, biography of the publisher, as well as composition of the editorial board. The third part reveals the subject matter of the published materials and the peculiarities of interaction of the newspaper with the provincial administration and censorship authorities. The author also analyzes the reasons why the newspaper was shut down. In conclusion, the author reviews the role of the newspaper in formation of private provincial press, and its impact upon public relations in the Taurida Governorate. The scientific novelty consists in introduction into the scientific discourse of previously unstudied archival materials, as the historiography virtually had no records on the newspaper and the personality of the publisher. This work contributes to studying the development of private press in the Taurida Governorate, as well as reveals certain details of state policy with regards to provincial press in the late XIX century.

Oleksandr Lototsky and Borys Hrinchenko: concerning cooperation on the publication of Ukrainian-language books (1900–1908)

The relations and cooperation of the famous Ukrainian scientist, writer, publicist, publisher Oleksandr Lototskyi and the family of the Ukrainian writers — Borys and Maria Grinchenko are analyzed in the article. The publishing peculiarities of the Ukrainian-language books in the early twentieth century through the prism of the activity of Oleksandr Lototskyi — secretary of the “Charitable Society for Publication of Generally Useful and Cheap Books” (St. Petersburg) are highlighted in the article. The epistolary heritage of Oleksandr Lototskyi‘s located in the fund of the III Institute of Manuscripts of V.I. Vernadsky National Library of Ukraine was used by authors. The principles of historicism, scientific objectivity and systematics, as well as problem-chronological, comparative-historical and descriptive methods are used in writing the article. A study of Oleksandr Lototsky’s correspondence with Borys Grinchenko enables to find out that they had been actively cooperated even after 1900 when Oleksandr Lototskyi moved from Kyiv to St. Petersburg. Archival materials are published for the first time, revealing little-known details of Oleksandr Lototskyi’s persistent and painstaking work on the promotion of Borys Grinchenko’s Ukrainian-language manuscripts through censorship authorities. Such cooperation consisted of mutual discussion and editing of the manuscripts of Borys and Maria Grinchenko, which were to be published under such brands as “Vik” and “Charitable Society for Publication of Generally Useful and Cheap Books“. In particular, Oleksandr Lototskyi discussed with B. Grinchenko the issues of his Maria Grinchenko’s membership in the “Charitable Society for Publication of Generally Useful and Cheap Books“, cooperation with the “Ukrainian Vestnik“ magazine, as well as the terms of payment for their stories. Information about important historical events are involved in the scientific review, some facts from the history of book publishing development in Ukraine are specified, cultural and publishing networks of Ukrainian figures are defined. Important information has been found that opens up new perspectives for further in-depth study of their lives. It has been revealed that behind the cooperation in the field of literary and publishing during 1900–1908 the relations of both cultural leaders were creative, attentive, friendly and based on mutual assistance.

National Socialist Medical Literature and the Censorship Practices in the Soviet Occupation Zone and Early East German State.

This study examines how medical discourse and culture were affected by the denazification policies of the Soviet occupation authorities in East Germany. Examining medical textbooks in particular, it reveals how the production and dissemination of medical knowledge was subject to a complex process of negotiation among authors, publishers, and censorship officials. Drawing on primary-source material produced by censorship authorities that has not been rigorously examined to date, it reveals how knowledge production processes were structured by broader ideological and political imperatives. It thus sheds new light on a unique chapter in the history of censorship.

Recipe for Compromise? The Negotiation of East German Foodways

This article argues that the dynamics of negotiation processes between the GDR population and the regime’s institutions can be identified in East German cookbooks. These negotiations were the result of a persistent orientation towards West German consumer standards, strongly influenced by the territorial and cultural proximity of the two German states. These processes have been examined more closely by using the example of cookbooks edited by the state-owned publisher Verlag für die Frau. Its audience and publisher, in addition to the censorship authorities and the Institute for Nutrition, were identified as negotiating agents. The present study is based on a quantitative analysis of cookbooks, interviews with former staff members and documents from both the publishing house and the censorship authorities.

Władza i cenzura w Polsce Ludowej (1944–1989): powiązania, relacje, wpływy. Garść uwag i refleksji

Researchers into censorship in communist Poland have often analysed the relations existing between the censorship authorities and creatorsor publishers, but have more rarely examined the relationship between the state political authorities and the Central Office of Control of the Press, Publications and Performances (later the Central Office of Control of Publications and Performances). The author of this article considers the strength of the controlling influence of the authorities on censorship, reaching the conclusion that the impact of the communist party and state on censors’ decisions was smaller than has generally been thought. The author believes that the censors had a certain degree of independence. This was the result of, among others insufficient personnel and organizational connections between the party and censorship, and faulty provisions regarding the regulation of censorship. Therefore, although censorship was an integral part of a totalitarian state, it probably did not always support its decisions, despite the party’s strenuous efforts to make it so. Partly because of this, many publications have appeared in Poland that would not see the light of day in other countries, so-called communist block.

Psychiatric textbooks from National Socialism and the censorial practice in the Soviet Occupation Zone and early GDR

The Allied Forces policy of denazification and demilitarization during the early post-war period has had alasting impact on medical disciplinary cultures in all occupation zones of Germany. By means of various control procedures, the conceptuality and linguistic design, the style and normative horizon of medical literature were reconstituted. This article examines this change using the example of psychiatry and neurology in the Soviet Occupation Zone. It deals with the neurological psychiatric textbook as acentral medium of disciplinary communication and reconstructs how the knowledge in this field was processed and prepared in complex negotiation processes between authors, publishers and censors. The focus is on institutionalized filters of limited production of discourses and thus the archival holdings of censorship authorities, which have not yet been evaluated. The evaluation results are presented here with afocus on psychiatry and neurology and illustrated with selected case studies.

A Critical Inquiry into the Arguments over Administrative Organ with Censorship Authority

A Critical Inquiry into the Arguments over Administrative Organ with Censorship Authority

الخداع التسویقی کما تدرکه ربة الأسرة وعلاقته بالسلوک الاستهلاکی

يهدف البحث الحالي بصفة رئيسية إلى دراسة ادراک ربة الأسرة للخداع التسويقي بمحاوره ( الخداع في الترويج، الخداع في السعر، الخداع في السلعة ) وعلاقته بالسلوک الاستهلاکي بأبعاده ( المجال المعرفي، مجال أذواق وعادات الشراء، مجال الغذاء) ، وتم اعداد أدوات البحث المتمثلة في استبيان الخداع التسويقي، استبيان السلوک الاستهلاکي وتم التطبيق علي 210 من ربات الأسر بمحافظة الغربية من مستويات اجتماعية واقتصادية مختلفة وتم اختيارهن بطريقة صدفية غرضية. اتبع البحث المنهج الوصفي التحليلي و بعد تصنيف البيانات وتبويبها تمثلت الأساليب الإحصائية المتبعة في حساب الأعداد ، والنسب المئوية ، والأوزان النسبية ، والمتوسطات الحسابية ، والإنحراف المعياري ، ومعامل ارتباط بيرسون ، والفروق بين المتوسطات باستخدام اختبار T. test وتحليل التباين في اتجاه واحد باستخدام اختبارANOVA ، واختبار Tukey للمقارنات المتعددة ، واستخدام معامل الانحدار ( الخطوة المتدرجة للأمام ) لمعرفة درجة تأثير المتغيرات المستقلة على المتغير التابع . ومن أهم النتائج: لا توجد علاقة ارتباطية ذات دلالة احصائية بين مجموع محاور استبيان الخداع التسويقي ومجموع ابعاد استبيان السلوک الاستهلاکي، عدم وجود فروق ذات دلالة إحصائية بين ربات الأسر العاملات وغير العاملات في کل من إجمالي الخداع التسويقي کما تدرکه ربات الأسر ، اجمالي السلوک الاستهلاکي ، لا يوجد تباين دال احصائيا بين ربات الأسر عينة البحث في الخداع التسويقي ککل کما تدرکه ربات الأسر تبعا لکل من عدد الأبناء، العمر ، المستوى التعليمي، الدخل الشهري للأسرة، ويوجد تباين دال احصائيا بين ربات الأسر عينة البحث في السلوک الاستهلاکي ککل تبعا للعمر لصالح ربات الأسر اللاتي تتراوح اعمارهن من31- 40سنة ، ويوجد تباين دال احصائيا بين ربات الأسر عينة البحث في السلوک الاستهلاکي ککل تبعا للمستوى التعليمي لصالح المستوى التعليمي المرتفع ، لا يوجد تباين دال احصائيا بين ربات الأسر عينة البحث في السلوک الاستهلاکي ککل تبعا لکل من عدد الأبناء، ، الدخل الشهري للأسرة ، والمستوى التعليمي لربة الأسرة من أکثر العوامل تأثيرا علي السلوک الاستهلاکي بنسبة مشارکة0.042 ، ويليه ادراک الخداع التسويقي في السعر بنسبة مشارکة0.021. وتوصي الباحثة بضرورة أن يکون هناک تعاون بين قوى المجتمع المدينة وجمعية حماية المستهلک والجهات الرسمية ممثلة، بالهيئات الرقابية لنشر الوعي والثقافة لدى ربات الأسر بأساليب الخداع التسويقي وتزويدهن بالمعلومات والأفکار لکشف الخداع التسويقي وذلک لرفع مستوى معيشتهن مما يؤثر بالإيجاب على سلوکهن الاستهلاکي واعداد وتنفيذ برامج لتنمية الوعي الاستهلاکي لربات الأسر من خلال وسائل الإعلام المختلفة أو عن طريق وسائل الاتصال الحديثة. Abstract : The current research aims mainly at studying the realization of housewives of the marketing deception with its three axes ( promotion deception – price deception – product deception ), and its relation to the consumption behavior with its dimensions ( cognitive domain – shopping taste and custom domain – food domain ). The research tools include the marketing deception questionnaire , and the consumption behavior questionnaire. The research has been applied on 210 housewives from different social and economic classes in Al-Gharbeya Governorate who were chosen randomly with a purpose. The research followed the descriptive analytical approach. After classifying the data , we used many statistical methods such as the percentage, relative weights, arithmetic means, standard deviation , Pearson correlation coefficient , T-test , ANOVA test , tukey test and regression coefficient to measure the effect of the independent variables on the dependant variable. The most important findings are : there is no statistically significant correlative relation between all axes of the marketing deception questionnaire and all the dimensions of the consumption behavior questionnaire as a whole , there is no statistically significant difference between working housewives and jobless housewives concerning the marketing deception as realized by housewives , and the consumption behavior as a whole. There is no statistically significant variation between the housewives in the research sample concerning marketing deception according to number of children , the age , educational level and monthly income . There is statistically significant variation between the housewives in the research sample concerning the consumption behavior according to the age for the women in the age area 31 – 40 . There is a statistically significant variation between the housewives in the sample concerning the consumption behavior according to the educational level for the higher education . the educational level is the most effective factor on the consumption behavior with participation degree 0.042 , followed by realizing the marketing deception in the price with participation degree 0.021. The researcher recommend the necessity of the cooperation between the civil society , consumer protection association , and the governmental bodies represented in the censorship authority to spread awareness and culture among housewives concerning the marketing deception ways and giving them the information and ideas to discover it. this will raise their standard of living which affects positively on their consumption behavior. Preparing and making program for developing the consumption awareness for housewives through different mass media or via social media .

“Der Klagen über das verdorbene Christenthum” : Om interessekonflikter og censurprocedure vedrørende oversættelsen af et teologisk skrift i 1739

Jesper Jakobsen: Censorship of “Der Klagen über das verdorbene Christenthum”. In the summer of 1739, the manuscript of a Danish translation of Philip Jacob Spener’s (1635–1705) anti-separatist polemical text, Der Klagen über das verdorbene Christenthum, was submitted to the General Church Inspection Committee (Committee of the Church) that, according to laws then in effect, was to decide whether it could be published. During the 1730s, Spener’s “Halle” evangelical exegesis of pietism was elevated almost to the level of a State religion in Denmark and the Committee of the Church endeavoured to disseminate it. The translation had, as required, previously been scrutinised and approved by the bishop in Viborg, the town in which the translator, Johannes Treschow (1691–1751), lived. The Committee of the Church would not, however, allow the translation to be published without reservations, and the article examines the factors and agendas underlying the reserved opinion. The article is based on the case documents stored in the archives in the Committee of the Church, the Faculty of Theology and the Diocese of Viborg. The case confirms the general perception among Danish historians that the bishops’ role in the censorship process was to relieve the censorship authorities in Copenhagen. Bishop Andreas Wøldike’s (1687–1770) correspondence with the Committee of the Church provides evidence that he had read the document thoroughly before he sent the manuscript to Copenhagen. However, Wøldike also had personal interests at stake in the case. His ill-concealed enthusiasm for the translation of Spener’s text was connected partly to the fact that he knew the translator personally and partly to the fact that he, by promoting a text by Spener, could improve his relationship with the Church’s highest authorities, since he previously had been ambiguous in his attitude towards pietism. The Committee of the Church’s reservations relative to the translation were not based on theological disagreements but on the practical consideration that the Viborg diocese had quite recently been witness to separatist unrest. The Committee of the Church, out of fear of new unrest, would probably have preferred to do without the text altogether, but it could not ban a text by a theologian around whom, at the same time, attempts were being made to unite the church. It could, however, prohibit the translation from including the interpretations and commentaries to Spener’s intention with the text that Treschow had added. It could thereby reduce the risk of new religious conflicts and best serve the interests of the State church.

Hardesty, Von and Grinberg, Ilya. Red Phoenix Rising: The Soviet Air Force in World War II (review)

REVIEWS 387 any case, Finland was a side-feature of a wider bluff. After two more wars to try in vain to get its lost lands back, Finland had to settle for a recognition of its independence. This was more than the Baltic States were accorded. Sander’s work on the Winter War is to a significant degree a compendium both of Russian and Finnish material. In his treatment of the sleeplessness of both armies, the key is the lack of reserves. The utter weariness of the Finnish troops defending the last days in the Mannerheim Line as it began to break down makes Sander write in anger that the Finnish High Command would simply have done better had it taken the men out of the trenches. And while in general Sander is on the side of the Finns, there is plenty he finds critical in the behaviour of some of the Finnish brass. In particular, he notes that, in contrast to the situation in Moscow, the censorship authorities were antagonistic to foreign newsmen. As to newsmen, there were also newswomen. One was Martha Gellhorn, Hemingway’s girlfriend. Another was her friend, Virginia Cowles. Undoubtedly, theformerlady’sstatement,‘Ilikethosewhofight’,appliedtoherfriend’soutlook, too. In their reportage, they did not flinch. Gellhorn’s reporting had already been noted by Eleanor Roosevelt, but the President himself was not to be drawn into the battle, though his financial help for Finland raised a US loan (sic) from four million dollars to ten million dollars. With respect further to FDR, Sander has an interesting piece of news from the New York Times of 11 February 1940 when FDR was heckled by a student mob. Were the youngsters calling for Finland? No they were not: their voices rang for the Soviet Union. Sander could equally well have found such sentiments in Britain or France. TheburdenofthisworkisnonethelessoftheclumsyruthlessnessoftheSoviet system. If you were hesitant when the advance was on, the politruk might shoot you in the back. Of the 5,600 prisoners-of-war returned by Finland to Russia, 500 were executed in their homeland for voluntarily surrendering to the Finns. Others got hard labour. Turku George Maude Hardesty, Von and Grinberg, Ilya. Red Phoenix Rising: The Soviet Air Force in World War II. Modern War Studies. University Press of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, 2012. xix + 428 pp. Illustrations. Appendices. Notes. Bibliography. Index. $34.95. In 1982, Von Hardesty of the Smithsonian Institution produced Red Phoenix, a landmark study of the air war between Stalinist Russia and Nazi Germany. An excellent book in its own right, Red Phoenix proved all the more remarkable for its ability to penetrate the clouds of Soviet propaganda that surrounded SEER, 93, 2, APRIL 2015 388 its subject and to reconstruct that subject’s history without access to primary sources. Since the USSR’s collapse, archival revelations have transformed the Soviet-studies field, and several fine studies have dealt specifically with the aviation history of the Lenin and Stalin eras. But as a standard work on the Soviet-German air war, nothing written in English during the post-Soviet years managed to supersede Hardesty’s work. That is, not until the 2012 publication of Red Phoenix Rising, an updated and extensively revised version of Red Phoenix. Although Red Phoenix Rising retains the basic structure of the original, it is substantially longer and more lavishly illustrated. Its text has been fleshed out with more narrative vignettes and case-studies. Most important, Hardesty and his new co-author, Ilya Grinberg, have enlisted the aid of numerous Russian researchers, thereby incorporating a massive wealth of new facts and findings, all drawn from key archives. The end result has been to radically extend the academic usefulness of an important book that deserves a continued readership. The book’s title sums up its main story. Like the mythical bird it is compared to, the Soviet Air Force (VVS) arose from the ashes of near-destruction in the summer of 1941, gained strength during the titanic struggles of 1942–43, and used its fully-fledged might to wrest victory from the once-superior Luftwaffe in 1944–45. Seven chapters guide the reader through this tale. The first discusses the early days of Operation...