Cement Rock Research Articles

Tensile strength and failure mechanism of rock–cement sample: Roles of curing temperature, nano-silica and rock type

Understanding the tensile strength and failure mechanism of rock–cement interfacial transition zone (ITZ) is of vital significance to the sealing integrity of cement sheath under downhole condition. Taking advantage of multiple techniques, i.e., digital image correlation (DIC), nano-indentation, XRD-Rietveld analysis, 29Si MAS solid NMR, and SEM-EDX, this study is devoted to investigating the impacts of curing temperature, rock type, and the addition of nano-silica (NS), on the tensile strength and failure mechanism of rock–cement sample. The experimental results show that both the curing temperature and the addition of NS leads to the formation of more C-S-H, which densifies the ITZ microstructure and responsible for high tensile strength of rock–cement samples; the tensile strengths of shale-cement samples are consistently higher than those of sandstone-cement sample; the crack velocities for rock–cement samples under three-point bending tests are approximately 1 mm/s, the crack velocities for rock–cement samples are slowed down when the NS is incorporated in cement paste, but they are independent on the rock type and curing temperature.

Experimental and numerical investigations of bending mechanical properties and fracture characteristics of cemented tailings-waste rock backfill under three-point bending

The bending mechanical properties and fracture characteristics of cemented tailings-waste rock backfill (CT-WRB) have a significant impact on efficient mine production. In this study, the effects of waste rock content (WRC) and waste rock size (WRS) on the bending mechanical properties and macroscopic failure characteristics of CT-WRB were investigated through experiments. Concurrently, PFC3D numerical simulation software was used to establish a three-point bending numerical model of CT-WRB with actual waste rock shapes to explore the crack evolution law and microscopic damage characteristics. Results showed that adding appropriate waste rock improved the initial stiffness, flexural strength, and modulus of the backfill, with optimal WRC and WRS at 40 % and 4–6 mm, respectively. Simulations indicated that under load, the displacement field of CT-WRB formed a vortex, with tensile stress in the middle and lower parts and compressive stress in an upper arch. Cracks started at the bottom and extended upward, leading to failure. Compared to OCTB (without waste rock incorporation), CT-WRB had more total cracks and tension-shear composite failure of internal particles. Waste rock altered stress distribution and crack paths, resulting in curved, bifurcated, and discontinuous main cracks. These findings provide a reference for efficiently recycling tailings, waste rock and ensuring safe mine production.

Water-rock interfacial softening model of cemented soft rock: An experimental and numerical study

Cemented soft rock is prone to softening when exposed to water, and its mechanical properties deteriorate rapidly, which is an important reason to induce the instability and failure of engineering soft rock mass. The softening mechanism of soft rock is essentially the deterioration of microstructure caused by the change of water-rock interface. Considering the general characteristics of soft rock, the microstructural evolution characteristics and element loss over varying immersion time are then compared and analyzed. The Interfacial Cemented Bonding (ICB) structure is proposed to describe the evolution of water-rock interface. Based on the diffusion theory, the theoretical equation describing the evolution of water-rock interface is derived and compared with the experimental results. The meso-softening damage factor (MSDF) of soft rock is proposed and introduced into a numerical method to establish a strength degradation discrete element method (SD-DEM) model. The results show that the softening process of soft rock is accompanied by the shedding and suspension of particles and the dissolution of soluble substances. Besides, the softening of soft rock has obvious nonlinear dynamic characteristics. The fitting degree between the theoretical values and the experimental results is relatively high, which verifies the reliability and rationality of the dissolution-diffusion interfacial softening model. The numerical results are in good agreement with the experimental ones. This study provides a new idea for understanding the mechanism of water-induced softening characteristics and strength degradation of soft rock.

Convective Heat Transfer Analysis of Supercritical CO2 in Artificial Rock Fractures

Geothermal energy has emerged as a promising renewable and sustainable resource. This research article explores the utilization of supercritical CO2 and convective heat transfer in porous rock to enhance geothermal extraction. Artificial cement rock with a smooth and manmade slotted surface fracture was used as a working sample for heat transfer source in the test. Heat transfer characteristics under various flow rates, fluid inlet temperature and pressure, rock initial temperature are analyzed. The results indicate that the geometry characteristics of fracture surface impact the overall heat transfer intensity to a certain extent, whereas lithology has little influence on the heat transfer intensity. In addition, it is found that increasing injection pressure affects the operating temperature and density of the injected fluid, which helps to improve the production effect, to obtain more heat. However, limited by the heat transfer area, low injection flow is required. The maximum error of the heat transfer coefficient model is 7.05% compared with the empirical value and less than 10% compared with the experimental results. By examining the interaction between fluid and porous fractures, we aim to provide insights into the potential of these techniques for maximizing energy efficiency and tapping into deep geothermal resources.

Damage analysis of cement sheath and rock subjected to electrohydraulic shock waves under the perforation completion

Damage analysis of cement sheath and rock subjected to electrohydraulic shock waves under the perforation completion

Experimental study on mechanical and microstructure properties of cemented tailings-waste rock backfill with continuous gradation

To reduce the risk of engineering disasters and improve the comprehensive utilization rate of solid waste from mines, cementitious tailings-wasted rock filling as a green and safe technology has been widely used in mines. Mechanical properties and microstructural characterization of cementitious tailings-wasted rock backfill (CTWRB) prepared with gradation coefficients (n) of 0.3–0.7 and waste rock contents (e.g., 10 %, 20 %, 30 %, 40 %, and 50 %) were investigated by using UCS (unconfined compressive strength) tests (e.g., peak strength, stress-strain curves, and damage modes), surface strain field analysis and SEM micro-graphs. The results indicate that the UCS value shows an overall “increasing and then decreasing trend” with increasing gradation factor n and waste rock dosage. The UCS value of CTWRB is maximum at 3.94 MPa when n = 0.5 and waste rock admixture is 30 %. The UCS has increased by 17.96 %. The compacting stage of CTWRB is more pronounced under loading. In the post-peak stage, CTWRB has superior resistance to deformation damage. The destruction form of backfill is dominated by the tension destruction parallel to the loading direction. The waste rock constrains the expansion path of cracks inside the specimen, which can effectively improve the UCS of backfill. The grayscale of the strain field in CTWRB shifts towards higher gray levels. The proportion of peaks in the strain field gray histogram changes slowly at first and then rapidly, with the peak stress serving as the boundary. Ettringite/CSH gel are the main hydration products in the backfill material. An overvalue of n leads to worse densification of the specimen and increased voids, which causes the UCS of CTWRB to decrease. The study's results could be a significant guide for ensuring safe mining production.

A New Method for Constructing the Protection and Seepage Control Layer for CSGR Dam and Its Application

Effective seepage control is crucial for maintaining the structural integrity of Cemented Sand, Gravel and Rock (CSGR) dams. Traditional methods using conventional concrete (CVC) or grout-enriched roller-compacted concrete (GERCC) are costly and disruptive. This paper presents a novel technique for constructing the protection and seepage control layer in Cemented Sand, Gravel and Rock (CSGR) dams. The method involves grouting and vibrating the loosened Cemented Sand, Gravel and Rock (CSGR) material to create vibrated grout-enriched Cemented Sand, Gravel and Rock, which performs similarly to concrete. A new surface water stop structure has also been developed for the structural joints. Laboratory tests revealed that Cemented Sand, Gravel and Rock (CSGR) with a vibrating–compacted (VC) value of 2–6 s and a compressive strength of 4 MPa meets design requirements for medium and low dams when the slurry addition rate is 8–12%. The T-shaped surface water stop demonstrated a bonding strength of over 1.8 MPa, withstanding a water pressure of 1.6 MPa. This method, integrated with dam body construction, reduces material costs by about 50% and eliminates construction interference. Specialized equipment for this technique has been developed, with a capacity of 12 m2/h. Implemented in the Minjiang Navigation and Hydropower Qianwei Project and Shaping I Hydropower Station, it has shown significant economic, environmental and safety benefits, promoting sustainable dam construction.

Study on delamination characteristics and mechanical properties of cemented waste rock backfill with rubber aggregation

Since some phosphorus mines use raw ore as a product and do not conduct beneficiation around the mines. This makes it difficult for the amount of waste rock to prepare enough backfill for the filling of underground mined-out areas. Using rubber particles made of waste tires to replace part of the waste rock aggregate (WRA) can not only solve the problem of insufficient WRA, but also improve the environmental problems caused by the large accumulation of waste tires. However, due to the small density of rubber and high density of waste rock, the phenomenon of segregation delamination may occur in the cemented backfill, thus affecting the mechanical properties of cemented waste rock backfill (CWRB). To this end, the effect of rubber aggregate (RA) on the segregation delamination of CWRB was determined by using the section image analysis method of specimens, and the quantitative index of segregation delamination of cemented waste rock backfill with rubber (CWRB-R) was constructed. The mechanical properties and failure characteristics of CWRB-R were studied by acoustic emission (AE) test under uniaxial compression condition. The experimental results showed that the segregation delamination characteristics of CWRB-R were related to the mass concentration. The higher the mass concentration, the weaker the degree of segregation stratification of the aggregate, the more uniform the distribution of the aggregate, and the less the strength loss of CWRB caused by the incorporation of RA. The incorporation of RA in CWRB not only reduced the uniaxial compressive strength (UCS) of the backfill, but also caused more cracks to be produced during the failure process of the backfill, and the failure form changes from brittle failure to ductile failure.

The interplay between dolomitizing fluids, tectonically-controlled saddle dolomite and calcite cements in lower Cambrian to Furongian strata in the Tazhong Uplift

The interplay between dolomitizing fluids, tectonically-controlled saddle dolomite and calcite cements in Lower-Cambrian to Furongian strata in the Tazhong Uplift, Tarim Basin were interpreted from petrography, geochemistry and fluid inclusions microthermometry. Stochiometric replacement dolomites (RD1, RD2 and RD3) and saddle dolomite (DC) cement were identified. Equant-drusy calcite (ECAL) and blocky-to columnar calcite (LCAL) cements were identified. Weak relationships exist between δ13C, δ18O, 87Sr/86Sr, Mg/Ca versus Mn/Sr ratios, which are tools used to evaluate the impact of diagenetic environment on C–O–Sr isotope composition of the carbonates. The replacement dolomites and DC with high Mg/Ca ratios (0.97–1.21) have low depleted δ18O, δ13C values, compared to the ECAL and LCAL with more depleted δ18O, δ13C values, indicating that the C–O–Sr isotope composition suffered diagenetic alteration by higher-temperature and equilibrium isotopic fractionation. The carbonates fluid system is characterized by negative shift in C–O-isotopic composition with hypersaline signatures compared to Early Paleozoic evaporative seawater. Moreover, the increasing trend in (Cl, Br, I)/(CaO + MgO) ratios with Mg/Ca ratios, couple with positive relationship between Cl and Br, suggests fluids contamination by halogen-rich inclusions. The RD1, RD2 and RD3 were precipitated by relatively higher-temperature saline fluids at depth during shallow-deep burial dolomitization. The DC have average Th-values (141.5–199.2 °C) mostly higher than the estimated ambient temperatures (165 °C) of the studied strata, meaning their growth in fractures resulted from higher-temperature Mg-enriched saline basinal fluids conveyed by hydrothermal convection and short-lived geothermal squeegee-type flow. The LCAL were precipitated by Ca/Mg-enriched basinal brine fluids diluted by influx of meteoric water, cementing fractures in host rocks, as dolomite was replaced by calcite (i.e., calcitization). The conceptual model reveals that dolomitizing fluids and calcitization fluids were conveyed through permeable horizons resulting from strong extensional tectonics and weak compressional tectonics, forming irregular networks of saddle dolomite and calcite cement in host rocks.

Integrity Experiments for Geological Carbon Storage (GCS) in Depleted Hydrocarbon Reservoirs: Wellbore Components under Cyclic CO2 Injection Conditions

Integrity of wellbores and near wellbore processes are crucial issues in geological carbon storage (GCS) projects as they both define the confinement and injectivity of CO2. For the proper confinement of CO2, any flow of CO2 along the wellbore trajectory must be prevented using engineered barriers. The effect of cyclic stimuli on wellbore integrity, especially in the context of GCS projects, has been given less attention. In this study, the effect of pressure- and temperature-cycling on two types of wellbore composites (i.e., casing-cement and cement-caprock) have been investigated experimentally in small- and large-scale laboratory setups. The experiments have been carried out by measuring the effective permeability of the composites under pressure and thermal cyclic conditions. Furthermore, the permeability of individual samples (API class G and HMR+ cement and caprock) was measured and compared to the permeability of the composites. The results indicate that the permeability of API class G cement when exposed to CO2 is in the order of 10−20 m2 (10−5 mD) as a result of the chemical reaction between the cement and CO2. In addition, the tightness of the composite cement–rock has been confirmed, while the permeability of the composite casing–cement falls within the acceptable range for tight cement and the CO2 flow was identified to occur through or close to the interface casing–cement. Results from thermal cycling within the range −9 to 14 °C revealed no significant effect on the integrity of the bond casing–cement. In contrast, pressure cycling experiments showed that the effective pressure has a larger influence on the permeability. The potential creation of micro-cracks under pressure variations may require some time for complete closing. In conclusion, the pressure and temperature cycling from this study did not violate the integrity of the casing–cement composite sample as the permeability remained low and within the acceptable range for wellbore cement.

A logging evaluation method for shale and calcium-bearing reservoirs based on the effective medium HB resistivity model—a case study on the Sartu Formation and Putaohua Formation West of the Daqing Placanticline

Abstract To solve the problems of low logging interpretation accuracy and fluid identification in shale and calcium-bearing formations in the study area, this paper uses the effective medium theory and electric double layer theory, combined with artificial core technology, to carry out the first quantitative study of the influence of calcareous on rock resistivity, and establishes a conductive model for the evaluation of the oil and gas properties of shale and calcium-bearing formations. First, considering the salt exclusion effect of clay pore water and its dispersion distribution, an improved Berg model was established. Compared with the original Berg model, the improved Berg model achieved a higher interpretation accuracy. Second, artificial cores with different calcium and clay content were designed and prepared using artificial core technology. A quantitative formula describing the relationship between the cementation exponent m and the calcium and clay content was established and combined with the improved Berg model to build an effective medium HB resistivity model suitable for shale and calcium-bearing formations. Finally, the hierarchical decomposition crossplot approach was used to identify the calcareous cemented rock layers, then the reservoir parameters were calculated. The new model is applied to the quantitative evaluation of reservoir logging, and the comparison with the oil test results indicates that the new model established in this paper can be applied to the quantitative evaluation of reservoir logging in this area, and the corresponding evaluation techniques provided a good reference for logging interpretation and evaluation in other corresponding areas.

Nano-computed tomography analysis of downscaled cement sheath samples: Insights into porosity distribution

Mitigating greenhouse gas emissions from hydrocarbon wells is an industrywide challenge, with microstructural variations in the cement sheaths lining the wells recognized as key factors in forming leakage pathways. To better understand the microstructural variations in cement sheaths and the corresponding mechanisms, downscaled samples simulating rock–cement–casing and casing–cement–casing cement sheaths were prepared and then scanned using nano-computed tomography at resolutions of 11.93 μm and 6.80 μm, respectively. Both the radial and axial porosity of regions of interest were quantified and analyzed. The results showed that radial porosity distributions were quite different between the rock–cement–casing and casing–cement–casing samples. In the rock–cement–casing samples, the radial porosity decreased from the cement–rock to the cement–casing interface due to cement migration, while in the casing–cement–casing samples, the highest radial porosities occurred in both the cement–casing interfaces due to the influence of an interfacial transition zone. The axial porosity distribution was similar in all the rock–cement–casing and casing–cement–casing samples because the porosity decreased from the top to the bottom due to the particle settling phenomenon. These findings enhance our understanding of the factors affecting gas leakage pathways from wells, and the proposed methodology can be used to optimize cement blends to produce effective wellbore barriers.

Geology and Geochronology of Magmatic–Hydrothermal Breccia Pipes in the Yixingzhai Gold Deposit: Implications for Ore Genesis and Regional Exploration

Magmatic–hydrothermal breccia pipes are widespread in numerous major porphyry and epithermal gold deposits globally, representing significant repositories of metal resources and serving as potential indicators for exploration targeting. More than ten breccia pipes occur in the Central Taihangshan District (CTD) of the North China Craton. Some of these breccia pipes host gold mineralization and are proposed to be related to the adjacent lode gold mineralization. However, the lack of detailed geological constraints make this hypothesis ambiguous. To address this, the present study conducted comprehensive field observations, drill core logging, an in situ sulfur isotope analysis of pyrite, and the 40Ar/39Ar dating of adularia along a 1400 m section of the Tietangdong breccia pipe at Yixingzhai. Three distinct breccia facies were identified at Tietangdong, exhibiting variable proportions across the entire section, including a massive skarn breccia; polymictic, skarn matrix-supported breccia; and polymictic, intrusive rock cement chaotic breccia. Furthermore, adularia 40Ar/39Ar dating indicates a syn-/post-gold mineralization age of 136 ± 1.5 Ma, coinciding with the age of post-breccia felsite dike. The deepest sampled pyrite displays δ34S values of ~2.7‰, strongly indicating a magmatic–hydrothermal signature. These results, when combined with the geological, geochronological, and isotopic studies on the adjacent lode gold mineralization, further suggest a close genetic relationship between the breccia pipes and the lode Au mineralization, paving the way for their utilization as effective indicators for gold targeting within the CTD.

Numerical Analysis for Shear Behavior of Binary Interfaces under Different Bonded Conditions

The shear performance of the binary interface formed by mortar and rock cementation is a key factor influencing the stability and safety of basic engineering projects related to livelihood and economy since concrete has become one of the most widely used materials in engineering. Therefore, it is an urgent practical problem to further explore and clarify the shear failure mechanism of the mortar–rock binary interface. In response to the current research objective focused on fully bonded interfaces, this paper constructed binary interface models with different bonded conditions to perform direct shear experiments using numerical simulation methods, and the effect of bonded conditions on the shear behavior of the mortar–rock binary interface was analyzed. The results indicate that the bonded conditions have a significant influence on the shear mechanical behavior of the mortar–rock binary interface, which is mainly reflected in the stress-displacement curve characteristics, the shear strength, the fracture development and the stress distribution state. The research findings are of great theoretical significance for the further study of shear mechanics at the mortar–rock binary interface and of great practical significance for safe construction, resource conservation and disaster warning.

Study on Identification Method of Sand Production Type in Unconsolidated Sandstone Reservoir

Sand production refers to the phenomenon in the production process of an oilfield where sand grains from the formation flow into the wellbore and block the flow channels due to excessive production pressure differential, loose cementation of rocks, and other reasons. The sand production from formations is influenced by various factors and exists in multiple forms simultaneously: based on the microstructure of weakly cemented sandstone, the rock particles of sandstone are classified into skeletal sand and loose sand. However, existing research methods can only study the mechanism of sand production from loosely cemented sandstone from a macroscopic perspective. In order to achieve a refined classification of sand production types from loosely cemented sandstone during water flooding processes, this study proposes an experimental method for identifying the types of sand production from loosely cemented sandstone reservoirs. While quantitatively calculating the types of sand production from loosely cemented sandstone reservoirs, this method also fundamentally reveals the microscopic mechanism of sand production from loosely cemented sandstone reservoirs, obtaining accurate analytical results of sand production types.

Rock structural changes monitored by fibre Bragg Grating sensors and Nuclear magnetic Resonance during static and dynamic carbonated brine core flooding experiments

One proposed solution to reduce greenhouse gas emissions is the capture and storage of carbon dioxide (CCS) in geological formations such as depleted oil and gas reservoirs. Injected carbon dioxide (CO2) forms carbonic acid once dissolved in the formation water, which can lead to dissolution of certain types of rock minerals. This may weaken rock geomechanical properties that can jeopardize the safety of long-term storage. In this work, the use of Fibre Bragg Grating (FBG) sensors associated with Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) was investigated to measure the change in rock strain during core flooding experiments. Optical fibres were glued onto two synthetically calcite cemented sandstone rock samples (called CIPS). The samples were saturated with dead brine followed by live brine.The FBG sensors accurately monitored a change of approximately −30 µstrain during dead brine migration at a fast rate within 10–20 min, and then the FBG strain became constant when the sample reached 100% saturation. Exposing the CIPS to live brine induced up to −1000 µstrain in a dynamic injection exercise and – 250 µstrain in the static condition, these changes occurred after 5 h exposure, which was interpreted as the result of fluid-rock interactions occurred within the sample. Those changes continued to increase over the next 35 h, albeit at lower rate. The NMR T2, spatial T2 and FBG data confirmed structural changes within the rock samples. X-ray Computer Tomography (CT) imaging also supported the structural change at certain locations in the sample while featuring good agreement with FBG results.Overall, FBG sensing technology associated with NMR can accurately measure the changes in rock strain during core flooding experiments, while allowing it to monitor the reservoir’s geo-mechanical strength which is a key factor to ensure the long-term safety of CO2 storage.

Strength distribution of cemented waste rock backfill: a similarity simulation experiment

Backfill of cemented waste rock into underground mined-out areas is an effective way to eliminate solid wastes and potential hazards in mines. To understand the backfill strength distribution law throughout the stope, similarity simulation experiments were conducted for direct-irrigating cemented waste rock backfill, and OpenCV and neural network were employed to analyze particle segregation and the spatial distribution of backfill strength. Results show that distinct gravitational segregation leads to an uneven and heterogeneous distribution of natural graded waste rocks in a similar model. Backfill strength near sidewalls and bottom of the model surpasses that of other areas. In the vertical direction, the average backfill strength increases with depth, ranging from 1.15 MPa at the topmost layer to 1.91 MPa at the bottommost layer. Horizontally, the average backfill strength near model boundaries is consistently higher than that at the model center, irrespective of the layer depth and orientation. Neural network prediction on spatial backfill strength proves reliable, exhibiting an average relative error of 4.12%, compared to the traditional surface fitting with a 10.20% error. Verification tests affirm the capability of the neural network model to accurately predict the anisotropic and nonlinear distribution of backfill strength in a large stope.

Influence of Mineral Composition on Rock Mechanics Properties and Brittleness Evaluation of Surrounding Rocks in Soft Coal Seams

Influence of Mineral Composition on Rock Mechanics Properties and Brittleness Evaluation of Surrounding Rocks in Soft Coal Seams

Theoretical Simulation of the Resistivity and Fractured–Cavernous Structures of Carbonate Reservoirs

Recently, theoretical modeling based on rock physics has emerged as a pivotal approach to studying the resistivity of complex fractured–cavernous microstructures. In this work, to study the effects of fractured–cavernous structures on carbonate reservoir resistivity, electrical conductivity models were developed based on the effective medium theory and Ohm’s Law, and theoretical simulations were performed to examine how the porosity and resistivity of the rock matrix, the formation water resistivity, and the parameters of the fractured–cavernous microstructure affect the resistivity of rocks saturated with petroleum or water. Furthermore, the modeling results revealed the specific relationships between these factors in petroleum-saturated and water-saturated rocks. For vuggy reservoirs, a significant negative correlation between throat diameter and resistivity was revealed when variations in the rock matrix and formation water resistivity were negligible. Furthermore, the pore shape—especially the extension of pores in the direction of the current—severely reduced the resistivity of petroleum-saturated rocks. For fractured reservoirs, the porosity and resistivity of the rock matrix were the primary factors affecting resistivity, with the fracture inclination angle and width also exhibiting pronounced effects on the resistivity of water-saturated rocks. The rock cementation exponent was much smaller when the matrix pores were interconnected through fractures than when they were interconnected through throats. The findings reveal that the effects of the structural parameters of fractured–cavernous carbonate reservoirs on reservoir resistivity differ between petroleum-saturated and water-saturated rocks. The conventional Archie’s equation is insufficient for evaluating fluid saturation in carbonate reservoirs. A saturation evaluation model with a variable rock cementation exponent tailored to the specific reservoir type should thus be developed.

Rock Mineralogy Analysis of Airbenakat Formation to Map the Characteristics of the Reservoir Rocks in each Depositional Environment

The Airbenakat Formation is a sandstone reservoir which is one of the oil reservoirs located in Sumatra and is part of the South Sumatra Basin. The mineral composition of the sandstone reservoir in the Airbenakat Formation consists of quartz minerals as rock grains, clay as matrix and is often identified as cement, while carbonate as rock cement. Based on lithofacies observations, the depositional environment of the Airbenakat Formation consists of: Volcanic Alluvial Fan, Lake, Braid Bar, Braided Channel, Braid Deltaic Environment, Mud Flat, Tidal Sand Bar, Tidal Environment, Shallow Sea, and Deep Sea. This research was conducted on 2 (two) oil fields, namely MRP dan TPN which have different depositional environments but are included in the Airbenakat Formation as part of the South Sumatra Basin.The analyzes used in this study include X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) analysis, petrography, and Scanning Electron Microscopy with Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (SEM/EDX). Analysis of the mineralogical content of the Airbenakat Formation will assist to determine the performance of chemical injections such as injection of anionic surfactant. The anionic surfactant used for chemical injection in Airbenakat Formations will be optimal if the content of smectite and calcite minerals can be ascertained. The presence of smectite and calcite minerals will affect the results of anionic surfactant injection. This research shows the results of anionic surfactant injection on the presence of smectite and carbonate in the injected core.