Cement Shade Research Articles

Masking ability of CAD-CAM resin-matrix ceramics with different translucencies and thicknesses combined with four cement shades against varying background colors when facing veneer restorations

BackgroundTo evaluate the comprehensive effect of translucency, thickness, cement shades, and background color on the masking ability of resin-matrix ceramic veneer restorations.MethodsResin-matrix ceramic specimens with 2 translucencies (LT, HT) and 3 thicknesses (0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 mm) were made of Upcera Hyramic (A2 shade). Cement specimens were made of Variolink N in 4 shades (yellow, white, transparent, and bleach XL). Five background specimens were made of IPS Natural Die Material in 5 shades (ND1, ND2, ND3, ND4, and ND5). Color coordinates of 120 subgroups (n = 5) of combined specimens composed of different ceramic, cement, and background specimens were obtained using a spectroradiometer. Color difference (ΔE00) compared with a 4-mm thick specimen of LT and HT ceramics was calculated and four-way ANOVA was used for statistical analysis (α = 0.05).ResultsTranslucency, thickness, cement shade, background color, and their interaction had significant effects on ΔE00 (p < 0.001). ΔE00 values of HT groups were always higher than that of LT groups and were greater than 1.8 against all background colors. ΔE00 values of LT groups could be achieved to be less than 1.8 with appropriate thickness and cement shade. ΔE00 value decreased with increasing ceramic thickness. The effect of cement shade on ΔE00 had no obvious regularity, but ΔE00 values of bleach XL cement shade group were always lower than other cement shade groups under ND3 and ND5 background color.ConclusionsThe masking ability of CAD-CAM resin-matrix ceramics can be simultaneously affected by translucency, thickness, cement shade, and background color. Resin-matrix ceramics with low translucency has a better masking ability than that with high translucency. The masking ability of CAD-CAM resin-matrix ceramics increase with increasing thickness. Cement shade has less impact on the final color of resin-matrix ceramic restorations.

Impact of Substrate Material, Esthetic Material Thickness, and Cement on Color Reproduction in Implant-Supported Fixed Restorations.

Purpose This study aimed to evaluate the impact of substrate material, esthetic material type and thickness, and cement shade on the final color reproduction of implant-supported fixed restorations. The goal was to identify optimal combinations for achieving clinically acceptable esthetic outcomes. Material and methods An in vitro study was conducted using four substrate materials, hybrid polyetherketoneketone (PEEK)-based ceramic-reinforced polymer (BioHPP), chromium-cobalt alloy (CrCo), grade 5 titanium (Ti), and white zirconium oxide ceramic (WZirCAD), and three esthetic materials, lithium disilicate ceramic (e.max CAD), polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), and zirconia oxide ceramic (e.max ZirCAD), at five different thicknesses (0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, and 2.5 mm). Color differences (ΔE*) were measured using a spectrophotometer, both with and without cement application. Statistical analysis was performed using the Kruskal-Wallis test and Bonferroni correction to assess the effects of material combinations on color reproduction. Results The study found that a 1 mm thickness of e.max CAD on BioHPP and CrCo substrates provided the best color matching, with ΔE* values closest to clinical acceptability. PMMA showed higher ΔE* values, indicating lower color stability compared to e.max CAD and e.max ZirCAD. Cement shade had a near-significant influence on final color perception, particularly with e.max ZirCAD on CrCo substrates. Conclusions The study suggests that using e.max CAD at 1 mm thickness on BioHPP or CrCo substrates provides superior esthetic results, underscoring the need for careful material selection in clinical practice. Further in vivo research is recommended to validate these findings and explore long-term outcomes.

Zirconia-Reinforced Lithium Silicate Ceramic in Digital Dentistry: A Comprehensive Literature Review of Our Current Understanding.

Zirconia-reinforced lithium silicate (ZLS) ceramic is a new innovative dental material with unique a chemical composition that is designed to combine harmoniously with the appropriate optical properties of lithium disilicate and the enhanced mechanical strength of zirconia. A thorough understanding of ZLS materials is essential for both clinicians and dental technicians. At present, the mechanical behavior and optical properties of the ZLS ceramic system have not been extensively researched, and there is still a lack of consensus regarding the fabrication process and clinical behavior of ZLS all-ceramic restorations. The aim of the present study was to present a selection of comprehensive information concerning zirconia-reinforced lithium silicate ceramics and their optical and mechanical properties, as well as to assess data regarding cementation procedures and clinical outcomes for ZLS all-ceramic restorations. Three electronic databases (PubMed, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library) were used for the research by two independent reviewers. The search was limited to articles published in the English language, as well as clinical and in vitro studies of color and studies on mechanical behavior and the cementation procedures of ZLS restorations. The exclusion criteria comprised abstracts, questionnaire-based studies, case reports, literature reviews, and studies that were not available in English. Zirconia-reinforced lithium-silicate-based ceramic presents a unique and complex microstructure that increases mechanical resistance but decreases aesthetic appearance, especially its translucency, due to tetragonal zirconia content. A material's thickness, the color of the underlying tooth structure, and the resin cement shade are important factors that influence the final shade and aesthetic appearance of ZLS restorations. Mechanical properties, which are defined by the fracture toughness, flexural strength, elastic modulus, and hardness of ZLS ceramic are higher compared to feldspathic, lithium disilicate, and hybrid ceramics, as well as resin nanoceramics; however, they are lower than translucent or high-translucency zirconia. Acid etching, sandblasting, and laser etching represent the most used methods to prepare the ZLS restoration surfaces for proper bonding procedures.

Evaluation of shade correspondence between high-translucency pre-colored zirconia and shade tab by considering the influence of cement shade and substrate materials

Statement of problemThe relation between cement color and abutment substrate material and the corresponding effect on the color accuracy of high-transparency pre-colored zirconia (HT-Zr) remains unclear. PurposeThis in-vitro study aimed to investigate the difference in color accuracy when the HT-Zr is bonded to different materials-based substrates with differently colored resin cement. Materials and methodsVita A1 shade HT-Zr with 1 mm thickness was used as the testing sample. The samples were first placed on zirconia (ZR), tooth color resin (CR), and metallic (MT) abutment substrates. Subsequently, four differently colored cements (translucent (TR), bleach, opaque, and A2 shade (A2)) were used for bonding HT-Zr onto the substrate, and the non-bonded group was used as the control group (CG). There were 15 groups in total (n = 10 per group). A digital colorimeter was used to obtain Commission Internationale de l’Eclairage (CIELab) color parameters. The translucency parameter (TP00) of the substrate and sample, as well as color difference (ΔE00) and chroma (C) between the different groups were calculated. Additionally, the ΔE00 and TP00 were compared with the moderately unacceptable match of ΔE00 = 3.6. The statistical analysis was conducted using ANOVA and Tukey HSD post-hoc test (α = 0.05). ResultsHT-Zr exhibited high translucency (TP00 = 11.02 ± 0.18), and the mean ΔE00 of the testing samples ranged between 2.18 ± 0.20 and 13.14 ± 0.31. The ZR-CG and MT-A2 groups showed the highest and lowest lightness separately. The CR-CG group exhibited the highest C, and the ΔE00 was lower than that of 3.6. The MT-TR group showed the lowest C and the highest ΔE00. The inter-group comparison revealed that the ΔE00 for different cement is mostly lower than the acceptable color match of 1.0; moreover, the ΔE00 for all the substrates, excluding the CG group, is higher than 3.6. ConclusionsThe abutment substrate materials and the cement color should be considered with caution when using HT-Zr, with the effect of abutment substrate materials being more apparent in color accuracy. HT-Zr restorations are not recommended for discolored or bleached abutments but only for natural-colored abutments to achieve the optimal color appearance.

The capacity of conservative preparations for lithium disilicate glass-ceramic laminates luted with different resin cements to mask different substrate shades: A minimally invasive esthetic approach.

Demonstrate the ability of 0.5 mm thickness lithium disilicate laminates associated with resin cement to mask different substrate saturations. 60 specimens (n = 5) were prepared with CAD/CAM lithium disilicate glass-ceramic IPS e.max CAD, 0.5 mm thick, in three degrees of translucency (HT, MT and LT); cemented by Variolink Esthetic LC Light+ (L) and Neutral (N) on composite resin substrates A1 and A4 shades. Color measurements were performed by a spectrophotometer (CM-3700d -Konica Minolta). The L*, a*, b* parameters of the tri-layer structure (laminate/ resin cement/ substrate) were used to calculate color difference ( ) by CIEDE2000 formula and Translucency Parameter ( ). This study adopted = 0.8, as perceptibility threshold (PT), and = 1.8, as acceptability threshold (AT). Statistical analyses were performed by one-way ANOVA and Tukey tests (a = 0.05). Color difference between resin cement shades showed statistical differences (p < 0.0001) and > 1.8 for all groups. Color difference between substrates saturations showed a significant statistical difference (p < 0.0001) and values above AT for all groups. The demonstrated significant statistical differences (p < 0.0001). The LTL combination, the opaquest set, showed the smallest values between substrate shades differences, however, above AT. The translucency of the lithium disilicate, the substrate saturation and the resin cement opacity influenced final color of restoration. The ceramic translucency impact on final color was reduced by opaque resin cement. Furthermore, the LT lithium disilicate and the Light+ resin cement reduced the translucency of the restoration, contributing to mask saturated substrate. This study shows the influence of conservative lithium disilicate laminates with different degrees of translucency associated with resin cement on final color of saturated substrate restorations. A minimally invasive esthetic protocol for masking substrates is demonstrated by associating low translucency ceramic laminates and opaque resin cement.

Masking Ability of Monolithic CAD/CAM Laminate Veneers Over Different Resin Cement Shades and Substrate Colors.

To compare the masking ability of monolithic CAD/CAM veneers placed over different resin cement shades and substrate colors. Veneers were milled from four different monolithic CAD/CAM restorative materials: feldspathic ceramic (VMII), lithium disilicate ceramic (Emax CAD), zirconiareinforced lithium silicate ceramic (VS), and high-translucency zirconia ceramic (YZ-XT). Veneers were luted on natural tooth-colored (ND1) or discolored substrates (ND3 or ND5) using two different resin cement shades (opaque white or translucent). Each CAD/CAM material, resin cement shade, and substrate combination comprised 9 sample veneers (N &#61; 216). Color parameters were obtained using a dental spectrophotometer before and after luting. Color differences (ΔE00) were calculated using CIEDE2000 formula and compared to perceptibility (P &#61; .81 ΔE00 units) and acceptability (AT &#61; 1.77 ΔE00 units) visual thresholds. Color variation data were statistically analyzed using Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U tests with Bonferroni-Holm correction (α &#61; .05). The highest ΔE00 value was obtained in the VMII group placed over a discolored substrate, followed by the Emax CAD, YZ-XT, and VS groups. The effect of material types on ΔE00 values was significantly observed when the veneers were luted on discolored substrates using translucent resin cement (P < .05). Restorative material type, substrate color, and resin cement shade affect the masking ability of monolithic CAD/CAM laminate veneers.

Efficacy of try-in paste and resin cement shades in prediction of the Final Color of multilayer Zirconia Veneers (An In-Vitro Study).

Efficacy of try-in paste and resin cement shades in prediction of the Final Color of multilayer Zirconia Veneers (An In-Vitro Study).

The effects of cement thickness and cement shade on the final color of lithium disilicate crowns.

The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of resin cement color, cement thickness, and thermocycling on the final color of monolithic lithium disilicate crowns. A total of ninety prepared central incisors of typodont teeth were restored with lithium disilicate crowns which have different cement thicknesses (40 µm, 80 µm, and 120 µm) and cement shades (clear, yellow, and white). Color parameters of restorations were measured with a spectrophotometer in three different steps 1) before cementing 2) after cementing and 3) after thermocycling with 10000 cycles. Color differences (ΔE00) were calculated with the CIEDE2000 formula and evaluated according to perceptibility (0.8) and acceptability (1.8) thresholds. The ΔE00 data were analyzed by using two-way ANOVA before and after thermocycling (α = .05). There was no interaction between the cement shade and the cement thickness factors. After cementation, the mean ΔE00 was under the perceptibility threshold in the group of 40 µm cement thickness and clear cement while it was between the perceptibility and acceptability thresholds (0.8 < ΔE00 < 1.8) for all other groups. After thermocycling, the ΔE00 values were between the perceptibility and acceptability thresholds for all experimental groups. Although there were no significant differences among the groups, thermocycling increased the color difference values. The cementation of restorations with clear, yellow, and white resin cements resulted in color differences with uncemented restorations except for the group cemented with clear cement in 40 µm cement thickness. All study groups revealed perceptible color change after thermocycling.

Influence of ceramic thickness, background and cement shade on the translucency of zirconia reinforced lithium silicate and lithium disilicate ceramics.

Although, the influence of cement and background shade on the final color and translucency of zirconia reinforced lithium silicate (ZLS) and lithium disilicate (LDS) ceramics has been previously investigated, there is still little data on the translucency of LDS and ZLS ceramics in decreased thickness (0.4 and 0.6 mm). The aim of this study was to investigate ceramic thickness', background and cement shades' effects on the zirconia reinforced lithium silicate (ZLS) and lithium disilicate (LDS) ceramics' translucency. Totally 160 square-shaped A1 shade LDS and ZLS samples produced in 0.4 and 0.6 mm thicknesses were cemented with light and neutral shade resin cement on A2 and A3 shade composite resin backgrounds. The color notations of specimen were measured and translucency parameter (TP) values were calculated. Factorial ANOVA and Tamhane's T2 multiple comparison statistical analyzes were used. Highest TP values (11.82±0.97) were obtained in ZLS specimens that were 0.4 mm in thickness, cemented on A2 background with light shade resin cement. While, the lowest TP values (9.60±0.55) were calculated in LDS samples that had 0.6 mm thickness, cemented on A3 background with neutral shade resin cement. Material type, thickness, and background shade affected TP values of specimens. The cement and background shade used might change the final translucency of ZLS and LDS ceramics that had 0.4 and 0.6 mm thickness. Key words:Ceramics, lithium disilicate, spectrophotometry, zirconia, dental materials.

Effect of abutment types and resin cements on the esthetics of implant-supported restorations.

The aim of the study was to evaluate the optical properties of new generation (3Y-TZP) monolithic zirconia (MZ) with different abutment types and resin cement shades. A1/LT MZ specimens were prepared (10 × 12 × 1 mm, N = 30) and divided into 3 groups according to cement shades as transparent (Tr), yellow (Y) and opaque (O). Abutment specimens were obtained from 4 different materials including zirconia (Group Z), hybrid (Group H), titanium (Group T) and anodized yellow titanium (Group AT). MZ and abutment specimens were then cemented. L*, a*, and b* parameters were obtained from MZ, MZ + abutment, and MZ + abutment + cement. ΔE001* (between MZ and MZ + abutment), ΔE002* (between MZ and MZ + abutment + cement) and ΔE003* (between MZ + abutment and MZ + abutment + cement) values were calculated. Statistical analyses included 2-way ANOVA, Bonferroni, and Paired Sample t-Tests (P < .05). Abutment types and resin cements had significant effect on L*, a*, b*, ΔE001*, ΔE002*, and ΔE003* values (P < .001). Without cementation, whereas zirconia abutment resulted in the least discoloration (ΔE001* = 0.68), titanium abutment caused the most discoloration (ΔE001* = 4.99). The least ΔE002* = 0.68 value was seen using zirconia abutment after cementation with yellow shaded cement. Opaque shaded cement caused the most color change (ΔE003* = 5.24). Cement application increased the L* values in all groups. The least color change with/without cement was observed in crown configurations created with zirconia abutments. Zirconia and hybrid abutments produced significantly lower ΔE002* and ΔE003* values in combination with yellow shaded cement. The usage of opaque shaded cement in titanium/anodized titanium groups may enable the clinically unacceptable ΔE00* value to reach the acceptable level.

Investigation of Color Change of Different Restoration Thickness, Background Color and Resin Cement Shade on CAD/CAM Glass Ceramic Materials

The aim of this study is to investigate the color change of different restoration thicknesses, backgrounds and resin cement colors on lithium disilicate and zirconium reinforced lithium silicate materials in vitro. In this study, IPS emax CAD (LT C14) and Celtra Duo (LT C14) are used as full ceramic materials, and Variolink Esthetic LC (warm, neutral) used as resin cement and Tokuyama Estelite Sigma Quick (A3, A2) is used as composite materials. A total of 160 samples in the form of 40 pieces of 5 × 5 0.4 mm thick 40 pieces of 5 × 5 0.6 mm thick square discs from each of the all-ceramic materials in block form were obtained using a water jet device (DWJ1525-FA; Dardi International Corporation, Nanjing, China). Glass ceramic samples produced in 2 different thicknesses were cemented on 2 different backgrounds with 2 different resin types of cement. Color measurements of the samples before and after cementation were performed on a grey background with spectrophotometer Vita EasyShade V (Vita Zahnfabrik, Bad Sackingen, Germany) and color parameters (L*, a*, b*, ΔE) were calculated according to the CIE Lab (Commission Internationale de L’Eclairage) system. Average values for each group (ΔE) were not affected by ceramic type, material thickness, background color, resin cement color, and the interaction of these four variables (p > 0.05). When the triple interactions between the groups were examined, there were no statistically significant differences (p > 0.05). In the evaluation of pairwise interactions between two groups (material type-material thickness, material type-background color, and thickness of material-background interactions) statistically significant differences (p 0.05).

Influences of luting cement shade on the color of various translucent monolithic zirconia and lithium disilicate ceramics for veneer restorations.

The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of resin cement shade on the color of different novel ultratranslucent monolithic zirconia and lithium disilicate veneer materials. For a total of 40 specimens, flat cylindrical discs with a 9-mm diameter and 0.5-mm thickness were created using CAD/CAM technology. The specimens were divided into five groups according to their material (n = 8) (e.max, Prettau, Aidite, Shofu and Dima) using A1 shade. Resin discs with the same diameter and shade as the specimens served as tooth-colored substructures. Three shades (neutral, light and warm) of resin cement try-in pastes (Variolink Esthetic LC) were used as the luting cement material. The color of each material group was measured before and after cementation using the three cement shades, and the CIE L*a*b* coordinates were obtained with a spectrophotometer. Values for the translucency parameter (TP) and color change delta E (E) before (baseline) and after cementation of each specimen were determined. To compare differences among the material groups within each shade of cement and among various shades of cement within each material, the data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and post hoc testing. Color coordinates L*, a* and b* significantly changed after the application of try-in pastes relative to baseline values, with a noticeable decrease in lightness (L*) (P < .05). A significant color change (ΔE) was observed in all tested materials after cementation, with ΔE values exceeding 3.3 (P < .05). Although TP changed after cementation for most materials tested, these changes were not statistically significant (P > .05). Shofu and Dima ceramics showed the lowest TP values, while Aidite and Prettau showed the highest TP values. For e.max, translucency decreased after cementation with neutral and warm shades, and it significantly increased after cementation with a light shade. The shade of cement significantly altered the final color of the ceramic veneer material to a level above the threshold at which the clinical perception of color change occurred (> 3.3). The TP was not influenced by the cement shade. The translucency levels of the novel ultratranslucent multilayer monolithic zirconia ceramics Aidite and Prettau were higher than that of the lithium disilicate e.max material.

The effect of thickness and cement shade on the color match of different CAD-CAM glass-ceramic materials

Aim: This study aimed to assess the impact of the type and thickness of the ceramic and cement color on the targeted shade of glass-ceramics with various chemical compositions. Methodology: Thirty ceramic specimens were prepared from leucite-reinforced (GC Initial LRF, GC Group) and lithium-disilicate (IPS e.max CAD, EM Group) materials in three different thicknesses (0.5 mm, 0.7 mm, and 1 mm). Four 4-mm-thick substrates were then made from A3-shaded composite resin material to mimic tooth structure and be utilized for cement application. Four shades (Variolink II: transparent, white, yellow, and bleach) of 0.2-mm-thick resin cement were polymerized over these substrates. Next, the specimens were placed over these substrates, and color measurements were applied with a spectrophotometer (VITA Easyshade V) leading to 24 group combinations (n=5). The color difference (∆E) readings were obtained in the spectrophotometer's reference shade verification mode by selecting the A2 shade standard. Three-way mixed ANOVA, Tukey HSD, and Bonferroni tests were used for statistical analysis (α=0.05). Results: The main effects of material, cement, and thickness were found to be statistically significant (p &lt; 0.05), as were the interactions of cement×material, cement×thickness, and material×thickness (p &lt; 0.05). However, the material×cement×thickness interaction was not found to be statistically significant (p = 0.568). Regardless of thickness or cement shade, the GC group had a lower mean ∆E value than that of the EM group (p &lt; 0.05). Lower ∆E values were achieved in both materials with a thickness of 1 mm and bleach-shaded cement (p &lt; 0.05). The materials with the greatest mean ∆E values were those with the thickness of 0.5 mm and the transparent shade cement combination (p &lt; 0.05). Conclusion: The thickness and shade of the cement used influenced the final color of the glass-ceramic materials with the same shade and translucency but diverse chemical compositions. When compared to the lithium disilicate glass-ceramic material, the leucite-reinforced feldspathic glass-ceramic material displayed lower color difference values and a better color match with the targeted shade. How to cite this article: Yılmaz Savaş T. The effect of thickness and cement shade on the color match of different CAD-CAM glass-ceramic materials. Int Dent Res 2022;12(Suppl.1):108-13. https://doi.org/10.5577/intdentres.457 Linguistic Revision: The English in this manuscript has been checked by at least two professional editors, both native speakers of English.

Influence of cement shade, ceramic thickness, and airborne-particle abrasion of titanium surface on the final color of monolithic lithium disilicate glass-ceramic hybrid-abutment systems in vitro.

The purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate the influence of the ceramic thickness, cement shade, and airborne-particle abrasion of the titanium on the final color of titanium base cemented lithium disilicate glass-ceramic restorations. In total, 144 lithium disilicate glass-ceramic disks of three thicknesses (0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 mm) were cemented to airborne-particle-abraded and non-airborne-particle-abraded titanium disks with six adhesive resin cements. The color measurements were performed with a clinical spectrophotometer. The mean and standard deviation of evaluated ΔE values were calculated. A three-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used for analyzing the data. Statistical analyses were computed with a significance level of α = .05 using a statistical software program (Minitab 17, Minitab). The 0.5- and 1-mm-thick ceramic specimens cemented with Panavia V5 Opaque showed the lowest ΔE values when cemented on both non-airborne-particle-abraded (5.62 ± 1.66, 3.15 ± 1.28) and airborne-particle-abraded (5.55 ± 0.86, 3.16 ± 0.49) surfaces, while the highest values were seen in the groups cemented with RelyX U200 A2 (29.22 ± 0.83, 17.23 ± 0.45) and Panavia V5 A2 (29.94 ± 1.17, 16.71 ± 0.44) on airborne-particle-abraded surfaces. For the 1.5-mm-thick ceramics, the lowest ΔE values were seen when Multilink MO 0 cement was used on non-airborne-particle-abraded surfaces (1.56 ± 0.29) and when Panavia V5 Opaque was used on airborne-particle-abraded surfaces (1.56 ± 0.66). The highest values were seen when RelyX U200 A2 (9.77 ± 1.13), PA2 (9.24 ± 0.25), and Multilink HO 0 (9.19 ± 1.33) were used on airborne-particle-abraded surfaces, and when Multilink HO 0 (9.61 ± 1.70) was used on non-airborne-particle-abraded surfaces. The 1-mm-thick ceramics cemented with Multilink HO 0 showed higher ΔE values (12.05 ± 1.99) for airborne-particle-abraded and non-airborne-particle-abraded (12.58 ± 1.06) than thinner (0.5 mm) or thicker (1.5 mm) ceramics. Thinnest ceramic superstructures resulted in the highest ΔE values. Cements that mask the underlying color reflect their own shade under thin superstructures. Airborne-particle abrasion of titanium surfaces increases the grayish reflectance if cement shade does not have the color masking ability.

Assessment of relative translucency and resultant color of contemporary resin-matrix ceramics indicated for laminate veneers and full crowns.

Evaluation of the optical properties of restorative materials is an important parameter for identifying clinical success. The aim of this study was to compare the translucency of contemporary resin-matrix ceramics (RMCs) and to evaluate the effect of cement shade on the final color of RMCs indicated for laminate veneers and full crowns. A hundred A2 shade RMC specimens were fabricated by using Mazic Duro (MD), CAMouflage NOW (CN), KZR-CAD HR2 (KZR), Grandio Block (GB), and Brilliant Crios (BC) at 0.7-mm and 1.5-mm thicknesses (n = 10). A2 shade composite resin was used for the foundation structure. Twenty resin-cement specimens were prepared from A2 and translucent shades at 0.1-mm thickness. Interchangeably, the foundation-cement-resin matrix ceramic assemblies were created with optical gel. The color coordinates were recorded using a spectrophotometer. After calculating translucency parameter (TP00) and color difference (ΔE00) values, data were analyzed statistically (P = 0.05). TP00 values were influenced by RMC type and thickness. TP00 values of RMCs can be listed in descending order as MD>GB = CN>BC=KZR. ΔE00 values were significantly influenced by all parameters and their interactions. MD exhibited higher ΔE00 values among tested RMCs. The effect of A2 cement was not perceived visually while TR cement demonstrated visually perceptible but clinically acceptable values for both laminate veneers and full crowns. As the material thickness decreased, the TP00 and ΔE00 values increased in all RMCs. Clinicians should carefully prefer cement shade and RMC material by contemplating their impact on the optical properties particularly when the restoration is thin.

The Effect of Feldspathic Thickness on Fluorescence of a Variety of Resin Cements and Flowable Composites

(1) Background: The shade of resin-based materials and ceramic thickness influence the optical color of laminate restorations. The purpose of this study is to evaluate—in vitro—the effect of resin-based cement shade and ceramic thickness on fluorescence of feldspathic laminate veneers; (2) Methods: 180 samples of feldspathic ceramic A2 shade with two different thicknesses (0.5 and 0.8 mm) were obtained. The samples were cemented to composite resin substrates with one of the following materials in different shades (n = 10): resin cement (Variolink Esthetic in Light, Neutral and Warm shades; or RelyX Veneer in B0.5 /white, Translucent and A3 Opaque/yellow opaque shades); flowable composite resin (G-aenial Flo in A2 and A3 shades) or a pre-heated composite resin (Filtek Supreme XTE, A3 body shade). The fluorescence spectra were obtained by means of a spectrofluorometer. Two-way ANOVA, Tukey, and Student’s t-tests were performed (α = 0.05); (3) Results: Fluorescence values were significantly influenced by the resin-based agent tested (p &lt; 0.001), the thickness of ceramic (p &lt; 0.001), and their interaction (p &lt; 0.001). The lowest fluorescence values were achieved by RelyX Veneer resin cement regardless its shade and the ceramic thickness; (4) Conclusions: both the shade of resin-based agent and the feldspathic ceramic thickness influenced the fluorescence of laminate restorations.

Final Colour of Ultratranslucent Multilayered Zirconia Veneers, Effect of Thickness, and Resin Cement Shade

Background Aesthetic restorations should be able to mimic the natural colour depth of teeth, affected by several factors including material properties. There is a lack of information regarding the effect of cement shade and material thickness on the final colour of ultratranslucent multilayered zirconia veneers. Objectives This study evaluated the effect of ceramic thickness and resin cement shade on the final colour of different layers of ultratranslucent multilayered (UTML) zirconia veneers. Methods This in vitro study produced 90 rectangular-shaped specimens with nonsintered Katana UTML monolithic zirconia (Kuraray Noritake Dental, Tokyo, Japan), shade A1 blocks. Ceramic samples were prepared in two groups of 0.7 mm and 0.5 mm thicknesses, 45 of each (a: 8 × 11 × 0.5 mm; b: 8 × 11 × 0.7 mm). Specimens of each thickness were further divided into 5 groups: universal, clear, brown, white, and opaque (n = 9). Each adhesive resin cement (Panavia V5) was applied between the ceramic samples and composite substrate. The colour values were measured using a spectrophotometer in baseline and after resin cement application according to the CIELab system. For all samples, ΔE00 values were obtained. Data were evaluated with SPSS 25 using the three-way ANOVA test (p < 0.05). Results The factors of cement shade, ceramic thickness, and ceramic layers have statistically significant effect on ΔE00 values (p < 0.001). The results showed lower ΔE00 values with thicker ceramic veneers. Tukey test results showed that the opaque and brown shade had a significantly greater ΔE00 values comparing to universal (p = 0.004), clear, and white shades (p < 0.001). Conclusion The colour change was greater in lower ceramic thickness. Different shades of resin cement and layers of UTML zirconia differently affected the final colour.

Influence of restorative material translucency on the chameleon effect

Blending of artificial restoration materials to the natural tooth is challenging. Beyond just color, optical properties, particularly translucency, substantially influence the final appearance. The more chameleon effect that the restorative materials exhibit, the more natural looking restorations. The purpose of this study is to investigate the influence of restorative material translucency on the chameleon effect. Five types of resin composite in three different shades as well as one shade of conventional glass ionomer cement were fabricated into disks. To analyze the chameleon effect, glass ceramic blocks were milled to create four wells in each block. The restorative materials were filled into the wells. The color was measured with CIE L*a*b* every 6 months. Statistical analysis was conducted using Two-Way Repeated Measures ANOVA. The material with the highest translucency was flowable resin composite. The high translucency materials exhibited an immediate chameleon effect, as did the bulk-fill resin composites, which are low translucency. Both high and low translucency materials exhibited a delayed chameleon effect for 3 years, except for the bulk fill resin composites. The translucency of the restorative materials had a 68% positive correlation with their chameleon effect. The age of the restoration is one important factor influencing the color blending.

Effects of Substrate and Cement Shade on the Translucency and Color of CAD/CAM Lithium-Disilicate and Zirconia Ceramic Materials.

The aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate the effects of substrate and cement shades on the translucency and color of lithium-disilicate and zirconia CAD/CAM materials. Two light-cured resin cements (RelyX Veneer Cement; 3M; Choice 2 Veneer Cement; Bisco Dental) with a standardized thickness (0.1 mm) were tested in combination with two different monolithic CAD/CAM materials (E-Max CAD (LI2SI2O5); Ivoclar Vivadent; Katana (ZrO2); Kuraray-Noritake Dental) on two different colored composite substrates used as a dentin (Filtek Supreme XTE; 3M); for a total of 12 combinations (n = 10). The specimens’ color was measured with a spectrophotometer (Spectroshade; MHT). Measurements were taken using the CIELAB color coordinate system (L*a*b*) against black and white backgrounds. L*a*b* values were statistically analyzed for the variables Substrate, Ceramic, and Cement by applying a Three-Way ANOVA followed by the Tukey Test for post-hoc comparison (p < 0.05). Translucency Parameter (TP) and Constant Ratio (CR) were assessed to evaluate translucency; acceptability and perceptibility thresholds (ΔE00 1.8 and 0.8) were used. Statistically significant influence was found for factors ceramic material, cement shade, and substrate color (p < 0.05). Unacceptable color differences were reported for Li2Si2O5. Opacity was significantly higher when white opaque cement shade was employed. Ceramic type and cement shade significantly influenced L*a*b* color coordinates. The final translucency and color of ceramic restorations can, therefore, be influenced by ceramic material, cement shade, and substrate color.

Evaluation of the Effect of Cement Shade and Accelerated Artificial Aging on Color Stability of CAD/CAM Resin-matrix Ceramics: An In Vitro Study

Evaluation of the Effect of Cement Shade and Accelerated Artificial Aging on Color Stability of CAD/CAM Resin-matrix Ceramics: An In Vitro Study