Cement Replacement Research Articles

Sugarcane Bagasse Ash as a Partial Replacement for Cement in Concrete

Sugarcane Bagasse Ash as a Partial Replacement for Cement in Concrete

Effects of coal fly ash as partial replacement for cement towards concrete properties

Abstract The use of industrial waste, particularly fly ash (FA), as a substitute for ordinary portland cement (OPC) has gained attention due to global trends promoting the recovery and utilization of waste materials in construction. Previous research has demonstrated that fly ash has the potential to replace cement without compromising the strength of concrete, driving further exploration and validation of this concept. In a study investigating the effects of fly ash replacement in concrete, different percentages of fly ash were used to replace OPC in C25 grade concrete. Various tests were conducted, including X-ray fluorescent (XRF) analysis, sieve analysis, workability test, compression test, and water absorption test, to assess the characteristics, properties of the materials, fresh and hardened concrete. The results indicated that the replacement of FA in cement showed significant effects, with the strength at 12.5 % and 15 % replacements reaching the target strength of pure concrete at both 7 days and 28 days. These findings suggest that fly ash, at these replacement levels, exhibits desirable strength comparable to OPC, making it a viable alternative.

An experimental investigation of Marble Powder as a Partial Replacement of cement and Waste Metal Scrap as Reinforcing Material on the Mechanical Characteristics of Concrete

An experimental investigation of Marble Powder as a Partial Replacement of cement and Waste Metal Scrap as Reinforcing Material on the Mechanical Characteristics of Concrete

A study on strength of concrete with partial replacement of cement and fine aggregate with metakaolin and quarry dust

A study on strength of concrete with partial replacement of cement and fine aggregate with metakaolin and quarry dust

Sustainable Concrete Mix Design with Zeolite as Partial Cement Replacement

Sustainable Concrete Mix Design with Zeolite as Partial Cement Replacement

Computational study on lightweight concrete beam incorporating palm oil fuel ash (POFA) and mussel shell ash (MSA) as partial cement replacement

Computational study on lightweight concrete beam incorporating palm oil fuel ash (POFA) and mussel shell ash (MSA) as partial cement replacement

Circular Economy Approach: Recycling Toner Waste in Cement-Based Construction Materials

Based on a waste generated survey by companies in the area of the city of Bahia Blanca (Argentina), the possibility of incorporating part of them in a Portland cement matrix was examined. Among the waste is toner (TW), which is obtained from cartridges used in photocopiers, laser printers, and faxes. This paper aims to analyze the physical and mechanical properties of cement pastes and mortars using toner as a Portland cement replacement compared to a reference sample without toner. The mixes were made with 2.5, 5, 10, and 15 wt.% replacement of cement by toner, and it was measured the flow, normal consistency, setting time, calorimetry, and Frattini test in pastes and mechanical strengths in mortars employing standardized tests. Also, an analysis of the leachate in the curing water was carried out after 56 days to look for contaminating materials. The replacement of up to 5% cement with toner did not produce substantial alterations in the final setting time or mechanical properties. No heavy metals were found in the leachate, so TW can be immobilized in a cementitious matrix as it does not cause leaching above the established limits. Therefore, TW from a local industry can be used in construction materials and could contribute to a reduction of up to 14% of CO2 emissions with a cement replacement of 15% in cement-based materials.

Enhancing fire resistance: Investigating mechanical properties of biochar-infused concrete under elevated temperatures

Biochar (BC) generated by pyrolysis at high temperature is a kind of porous material with great potential for carbon sequestration. The incorporation of BC into mortar as a substitute for cement can not only improve the mechanical properties of mortar, but enrich the means of carbon sequestration technology. However, the performance of concrete utilizing BC as a replacement for cement, particularly when exposed to elevated temperatures, has yet to be fully understood. Here, we provide an experimental investigation on the mechanical properties of biochar concrete (BCC) after exposure to elevated temperatures. 168 concrete specimens were poured with four different BC addition (0 %, 3 %, 5 % and 10 %) to test the mechanical strength at 7 and 28 days, and the mass loss, the residual strength, microstructures, and stress-strain curve of BCC after high temperature were obtained. The results showed that a small amount (3 %) of BC significantly improved the mechanical properties under conventional conditions. The apparent morphology of BCC after high temperature is similar to that of ordinary concrete, however, its mass loss, residual strength and peak stress have great changes. The addition of 3 % BC can increase the residual compressive strength of concrete at 300 °C, 500 °C and 700 °C by 4.8 %, 26.3 % and 25 %, respectively, compared to the BC-free one. Based on the findings, it is speculated that replacing a portion of cement with BC will be a feasible alternative to improve the performance of concrete at elevated temperature and curtail CO2 emissions that generate with the cement production.

Experimental Study on Replacement of Cement with GGBFS and Manufacturing Sand with Baux-ite Mining Waste in Concrete

Experimental Study on Replacement of Cement with GGBFS and Manufacturing Sand with Baux-ite Mining Waste in Concrete

Performance Evaluation of M30 Grade Concrete Using Silica Sand as Partial Replacement of Cement in Concrete

Abstract: This study explores the improvement of concrete parcels, particularly strength and continuity, through the partial substitute of cement with silica fume (SF). The exploration addresses the environmental and health issues caused by artificial waste disposal, similar to covering ash and copper slag, by incorporating silica sand into concrete. A literature review reveals that SF significantly improves the mechanical and continuity characteristics of concrete, enabling the product of highperformance concrete suitable for these soundings. This paper investigates the strength parameters of concrete with 0 –15% SF relief in increment of 5%, comparing the results with conventional concrete. Findings indicate that the optimal compressive strength and split tens are achieved at 10% SF relief, beyond which strength decreases. This study aims to inform civil masterminds about the benefits of SF- modified concrete composites.

Study on Sugarcane Bagasse Biochar in Concrete for Carbon Sequestration

Abstract: Embodied carbon from manufacturing of cement is increasing day by day as constructions are happening everywhere so the consumption of cement is increasing by default. In next decade there are much more constructions are going to takes place that will lead to Increase in GHG’s emissions from cement manufacturing. It is supposed to be a threat to climate . To reduce this increase in embodied carbon there is need to reduce cement consumption by partially replacing cement with other suitable options. biochar which is a by-product of pyrolysis of biomass and is effective in carbon sequestration activity and results in high water and carbon dioxide holding capacity. In this study Sugarcane bagasse biochar is used in concrete and mortar as partial replacement of cement for carbon sequestration. Strength characteristics of materials are supposed to be interlinked with pozzolanic activity hence pretreatment is done with 0.1 N HCl to enhance pozzolanic property activity of biochar. This pozzolanic activity is calculated by considering Ca(OH)2 fixation during the titration in chapelle test. From the study results its is observed that pretreatment with 0.1 N HCl at room temperature is sufficient to increase the pozzolanic activity of biochar also this Sugarcane bagasse biochar is observed to be sequestering carbon dioxide and it is increasing with increase in biochar. But compressive strength of concrete is decreasing with increase in sugarcane bagasse biochar. Hence it is not suitable to be used in construction work but can be used in plaster mortar where no much compressive strength is required . Sugarcane bagasse biochar can act as carbon sequestering media in concrete but it can’t be recommended in concrete or mortar for construction work.

Experimental Investigation of Partial Replacement of Cement in Concrete using Waste Glass Powder

Abstract: The construction industry is the second largest industry in the world & concrete is prime material used in it [5]. The use of concrete generates lots of heat during hydration process. It directly contributes to global warming. Also cement is costly material & its storage is also difficult. The cement plays important role of binding in concrete. It contains lime as main constituents. So to reduce this ill effect of cement one must find the alternatives for cement which can perform the same role in concrete. This study represents the experimental investigation of effect of partial replacement of cement by glass powder on strength of concrete & other factors like workability, water cement ratio, and heat of hydration. Glass contains lime as its one of main constituent. The cement was replaced with glass powder by 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20%. The compressive strength, flexural strength & split tensile strength are tested for these replacements. Also economical aspect is observed along with. It is observed that physical & chemical properties of glass are almost similar to cement. So in this study an attempt is made to investigate the effect of partial replacement of cement by glass powder in concrete to make it as a special concrete

The effect of slag and natural pozzolan on the rheological and compressive strength properties of recycled self-compacting mortar

Cement replacement materials are used in self-compacting concrete mixes to reduce the cement content and hence its environmental effect. This article examined the effects of ground granulated blast-furnace slag (S) and natural pozzolan (NP) powder on the rheological and mechanical properties of recycled self-compacting mortar (RSCM). Natural sand was replaced by 100% of recycled sand (RS) by volume; while cement was replaced by slag and NP up to 40% by weight of cement. The slump flow, V-funnel time, yield stress and plastic viscosity and compressive strength of RSCM are investigated and compared with natural self-compacting mortar. The results showed that fresh properties of RSCM meet the requirements of self-compacting mortar if slag and NP contents are limited to 35%. The increase in slag content increases the yield stress and the plastic viscosity of fresh mortars whereas a decrease in the rheological properties is noticed when NP content is increased. Increasing slag and NP content leads to a reduction in compressive strength of RSCM at early ages, but enhances compressive strength at later age. The cement substitution levels by 25% of slag and 15% of NP are the optimum for attaining the desired strength that compensate for strength loss due to the use of RS.

Investigation of sustainable pervious concrete pavement performance using waste travertine aggregate and powder

Travertine cutting generates rubble and waste powder, prompting the need for effective waste utilization. This study aims to develop travertine permeable concrete (TPC) using travertine aggregate and waste powder. An orthogonal test method assessed TPC variations in travertine powder replacement rates, aggregate grading, and void content for porosity, permeability, mechanical strength, and heavy metal adsorption ability. The void content greatly influences the amount of cementitious material and is crucial for TPC performance. To guarantee compliance with the engineering performance for fully pervious pavement, the recommended void content of TPC should not exceed 20 % to have satisfactory compressive strength and permeability. Cement replacement with 5–10 % travertine powder can satisfy engineering requirements, heavy metal adsorption, waste utilization, and CO2 emission reduction. TPC demonstrates much lower removal rates under the rapid method than the immersion method for Cd2+, Cu2+ and Pb2+, mainly due to the difference in contact time. After 25 cycles, the optimized TPC shows less mass and strength loss, demonstrating excellent freeze-thaw resistance. Furthermore, a novel lab-scale rainfall simulation system for travertine permeable concrete pavement (TPCP) was built to assess the water infiltration of TPCP. TPCP can effectively reduce runoff, reaching over 96 % within 1 h for various inflow intensities. After half an hour, the removal rates of Cd2+ and Cu2+ by TPCP were only 41.5 and 79.1 %, respectively, but TPCP achieves exceptional Pb2+ adsorption with a removal rate of over 97 % under the ternary competitive mechanism.

Rice Husk Ash as Partial Replacement of Cement in Sustainable Construction

Rice Husk Ash as Partial Replacement of Cement in Sustainable Construction

Enhancing sustainability in self-compacting concrete by optimizing blended supplementary cementitious materials

Within concrete engineering, the uptake of self-compacting concrete (SCC) represents a notable trend, delivering improved workability and placement efficiency. However, challenges persist, notably in achieving optimal performance while mitigating environmental impacts, particularly in cement consumption. However, simply reducing the cement content in the mix design can directly compromise the structural-concrete requirements. Towards these challenges, global trends emphasize the utilization of appropriate waste materials in blended concrete. This study explored a promising strategy by integrating supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) to contribute to the United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in addition to the engineering contributions. It suggests an optimal combination of Metakaolin (MK) and Limestone Powder (LP) to partially substitute cement. The research methodology employs the response surface method (RSM) to systematically explore the ideal ingredient ratios. Through a comprehensive analysis of orthogonal array of 16 mixes, encompassing both mixture and process variables, this study aims to explain the effects of MK and LP addition on the rheological and mechanical properties of SCC with varying cement replacement levels. In terms of mixture constituents, the total composition of cement, MK, and LP was fixed at 100%, while coarse aggregate (CA), fine aggregate (FA), and the water-to-binder ratio were held as process variables. In order to assess the rheological properties of the mix-design, various tests including slump flow, L-box, and sieve segregation were conducted. Additionally, to evaluate mechanical strength, samples were tested for compressive strength at both 7 and 28 days. Findings from the experiments reveal higher concentrations of MK result in reduced workability and hardened properties. Through RSM-based designed experimentation covering both rheological and mechanical aspects, it is observed that the optimal cement replacement level lies between 40 and 55%. The findings of this study contribute to the advancement of sustainable and structurally robust concrete practices, offering insights into the optimal utilization of SCMs to meet both engineering requirements and environmental sustainability goals.

Mechanical and Thermal Evaluation of Partial Replacement Cement Mortar with Incorporation of Parali Straw Ash

Mechanical and Thermal Evaluation of Partial Replacement Cement Mortar with Incorporation of Parali Straw Ash

Prediction on partial replacement of cement and coarse aggregate by zeolite powder and steel slag in high-performance concrete

High performance concrete is obtained by the inclusion of mineral admixtures like silica fume and fly ash in the concrete. The research explores the viability and performance of sustainable concrete by introducing zeolite powder as a partial substitute for cement and steel slag as a partial replacement for coarse aggregate in M-70 grade concrete. Zeolite powder, possessing pozzolanic properties, is a natural or synthetic aluminosilicate material, while steel slag is an industrial byproduct with potential as an alternative aggregate source. The main objective is to investigate the impact of zeolite powder and steel slag on the development of High-Performance Concrete (M-70) in accordance with Bureau of Indian standards. The formulation of high-performance concrete involved replacing 12.5%, 15%, and 17.5% of the cement with zeolite powder and varying the proportion of steel slag as a replacement for coarse aggregate (ranging from 30% to 55%). A comprehensive mechanical test was conducted on these specimens and compared with conventional concrete. Among the 19 mixes, the optimal combination was identified, incorporating 15% zeolite powder as a cement replacement and 45% steel slag as a coarse aggregate replacement, resulting in superior performance compared to conventional concrete. This mix was further studied for non-destructive testing, and microstructural analysis. Subsequently, the experimental results were compared with predicted outcomes using the Taguchi method. The close alignment between the values obtained experimentally and those predicted further validates the effectiveness of the optimized mix.

Mechanical, Durability, and Microstructure Assessment of Wastepaper Fiber-Reinforced Concrete Containing Metakaolin.

This study evaluates the potential use of discarded plasterboard paper as fibers from buildings to reinforce concrete. Various concentrations of wastepaper fibers (0.5%, 1%, 1.5%, 2%, and 2.5% by weight of the binder) were investigated in this research. To mitigate the water absorption effect of the paper fibers, metakaolin was employed as a partial cement replacement. The results demonstrate that the inclusion of the wastepaper fiber enhances the mechanical and durability performance of the concrete. The optimal fiber proportion was identified as 1%, leading to a 29% increase in the compressive strength, a 38% increase in the splitting tensile strength, a 12% decrease in the water absorption, and a 23% decrease in the drying shrinkage with respect to the concrete containing 20% metakaolin. However, exceeding this optimal fiber content results in decreased mechanical and durability properties due to the fiber agglomeration and non-uniform fiber distribution within the concrete matrix. Based on the microstructural analysis, the improved performance of the concrete is ascribed to decreased porosity, more refined pore structure, and reduced propagation of microcracks within the concrete matrix in the presence of wastepaper fiber. According to the results, concrete containing 20% metakaolin and 1% wastepaper fiber exhibits durability and mechanical properties comparable to those of the traditional concrete. This finding highlights the significant promise of reducing dependency on conventional cement and incorporating suitable recycled materials, such as discarded plasterboard, and secondary by-products like metakaolin. Such a strategy encourages the preservation of resources, reduction in carbon dioxide emissions, and a decrease in the ecological footprint resulting from concrete production.

Potential of Reusing 3D Printed Concrete (3DPC) Fine Recycled Aggregates as a Strategy towards Decreasing Cement Content in 3DPC.

This paper explores the new potential strategy of using fine recycled aggregates (fRA) derived from waste 3D printed concrete (3DPC) as a substitute for cement in additive manufacturing. This study hypothesizes that fRA can optimize mixture design, reduce cement content, and contribute to sustainable construction practices. Experimental programs were conducted to evaluate the fresh and hardened properties, printability window, and buildability of 3DPC mixes containing fRA. Mixes with replacement rates of cement with fRA by 10 vol%, 20 vol%, 30 vol%, 40 vol%, and 50 vol% were produced. A comprehensive experimental protocol consisting of rheological studies (static and dynamic yield stress), dynamic elastic modulus determination (first 24 h of hydration), flexural and compressive strengths (2 d and 28 d), and an open porosity test was performed. The obtained results were verified by printing tests. In addition, an economic and environmental life cycle assessment (LCA) of the mixes was performed. The results indicate that up to 50 vol% cement replacement with fRA is feasible, albeit with some technical drawbacks. While fRA incorporation enhances sustainability by reducing CO2 emissions and material costs, it adversely affects the printability window, green strength, setting time, and mechanical properties, particularly in the initial curing stages. Therefore, with higher replacement rates (above 20 vol%), potential optimization efforts are needed to mitigate drawbacks such as reduced green strength and buildability. Notably, replacement rates of up to 20 vol% can be successfully used without compromising the overall material properties or altering the mixture design. The LCA analysis shows that reducing the cement content and increasing the fRA addition results in a significant reduction in mix cost (up to 24%) and a substantial decrease in equivalent CO2 emissions (up to 48%). In conclusion, this study underscores the potential of fRA as a sustainable alternative to cement in 3D printed concrete.