Cement-bonded Particleboard Research Articles

Development of a Systematic Approach for the Assessment of Adhesive Tape Suitability to Ensure Airtightness

Ensuring the tightness of buildings using self-adhesive tapes is one of the cost-effective, efficient, and reliable solutions. There is a lack of research, standards, and methodologies for construction adhesive tape, especially for assessing the functional properties of the tape after ageing. The aim of this work is to evaluate the tightness of different building surfaces and adhesive tape systems by conducting artificial ageing. It was found that adhesive tapes with an acrylic adhesive base ensured a fully sealed system. In all cases, tapes applied to surfaces such as plywood, gypsum plasterboard, cement-bonded particle board, plastered cement-bonded particle board, and plastic board provided sufficient sealing. The air permeability of the tapes on the OSB was two to seven times higher than that of the defined sealed system with other surfaces. In most cases, air permeability increased on OSB, gypsum plasterboard, and plastered cement-bonded particle board after ageing. The least problematic surface is the plastic board. In all tested cases, adequate sealing was observed after ageing, with only three of all tested tapes not providing sufficient bonding strength.

Properties of flyash based wood geopolymer composite

Geopolymers are inorganic adhesive synthesized from industrial waste such as fly ash thus the development of wood geopolymer composite would be a low carbon footprint material. Geopolymers, being a non-formaldehyde adhesive can be used as an alternative binder for wood based composites where environmentally friendly and sustainability of product is important. In this study flyash as precursor is been used in the development of wood geopolymer composite product. Flyash is activated with a combination of sodium hydroxide and sodium silicate solutions at a weight ratio of 1:2.5 for geopolymer formation. The study investigated the properties of wood geopolymer composite made with ratios of wood particle to flyash percentage (23/77), (37/62), (44/55), (50/50) and (57/43). Geopolymer formation was observed by X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Influence of wood particles in wood geopolymer composite were observed by Scanning electron microscope. The study shows that the water absorption and thickness selling properties of all the formulations of wood geopolymer composites are comparable with the medium density particle board and cement-bonded particleboard according to the IS:3087–2005 standard and IS: 12406: respectively. Highest mechanical properties and good bond strength was obtained by the composite containing 23% wood particle ratio with 77% percent flyash. However, still improvement in mechanical properties is needed to achieve the mechanical properties comparable to cement bonded particle board.

Investigation of the usability of apple tree pruning chips as an alternative raw material to produce cement bonded particleboard

The utilization of apple tree pruning as an alternative raw material to produce cement-bonded particleboard was investigated. Experimental cement-bonded particleboards measuring 500×500×12 mm with a nominal density of 1400 kg/m3 were prepared in laboratory conditions using different ratios (100/0,75/25,50/50,25/75,0/100) of apple tree pruning chips mixed Red Pine wood chips. The following basic properties required by the TS EN 312 standards were evaluated; water absorption, thickness swelling, bending properties, and screw withdrawal strength. Results of the study indicate that the addition of apple pruning in the mix of cement-bonded particleboard significantly influences the properties tested. Mechanical properties of the tested boards decreased while absorption and thickness swelling values of the cement-bonded particleboard were increased as the portion of apple pruning in the mixture was increased. Experimental boards which include apple tree pruning up to 25 % still meet properties required by the standards for general purpose-use cement-bonded particleboards. Apple tree pruning chips may be an alternative raw material for the manufacturing of cement-bonded particleboard.

Papan Semen Partikel Campuran Kayu Jabon (Anthocephalus Cadamba Miq.) dan Sekam Padi Berdasarkan Variasi Tekanan Kempa

This research aims to determine the quality of cement-bonded particleboard based on variations in pressure from a mixture of jabon (Anthocephalus cadamba Miq.) and rice husks with a ratio of 50:50 at board density target of 1 g/cm3. The pressure variation was 20, 25, and 30 bar for 4 hours, while the catalyst used was Ca(OH)2. Physical and mechanical properties testing including density, moisture content, water absorption, thickness swelling, MoE, MoR and IBS tests referring to International Standards ISO 8335: 1987 and British Standards BS 5669: 1989. The test results show better quality trends at higher pressures and have met both standards on the physical properties, whereas mechanical properties does not meet both standards.

Value-added utilization of wood processing residues into cement-bonded particleboards with admirable integrated performance

Value-added cement-bonded particleboard (CBPB) was fabricated using processing residues of Masson pine with Portland cement as a binder. Effects of cement-wood ratios and particle lengths on the integrated performance of CBPB were investigated. It showed that Masson pine had a good compatibility with Portland cement, as reflected by a compatible index 83.5% (i.e., greater than 68.0%), which indicated that the Masson pine residues are suitable for manufacturing CBPB. Besides, the physical–mechanical performances of CBPB strongly depended on the cement-wood ratios, and higher cement-wood ratios resulted in the CBPB produced with higher physical and mechanical properties (i.e., greater density, higher modulus of elasticity, enhanced modulus of rupture, increased internal bond strengths, and smaller thickness swelling). However, the particle length of the wood residue was found to have a limited effect on the integrated performance of CBPB. The study also revealed that the thermal conductivity of CBPB increased with the increase of the cement-wood ratios and the particle lengths. Our work herein opens up a new strategy for promote a circular economy by upcycling the wood processing residues into CBPB with admirable comprehensive performances.

Utilization of olive mill solid waste in the manufacturing of cement-bonded particleboard

This article investigated the effect of using olive mill solid waste (OSW) residue and cement types on some properties of cement-bonded particleboard (CBPB). Therefore, OSW as the wood replacement at four different rates (0%, 10%, 20% and 30%) based on wood weight, and two cement types [32,5R Portland Cement (PC) and 52,5R Super White Cement (SWC)] were used in the production of CBPB. 1% NaOH extraction was applied to all OSW materials prior to CBPB production. The experimental boards were subjected to moisture content, density, water absorption, thickness swelling, modulus of rupture, modulus of elasticity, and internal bond strength tests according to the relevant EN standards. In addition, thermogravimetric and scanning electron microscope analyses were performed to determine boards' thermal and morphological properties. According to the results, the density values of the boards (SWC-boards) produced by using the SWC were found to be higher. With the increase in the amount of OSW, density values were generally increased. The water resistance was higher in the boards used in the SWC. With the increase in OSW, it was observed that water absorption and thickness swelling increased in both cement types. When the effect of the cement types on the mechanical properties were examined, higher values were obtained from the SWC-boards than PC-boards. In addition, as the use of OSW increased, the resistance properties decreased likewise. In thermal properties, intimate results were obtained in weight loss of the boards, and weight loss was higher in the SWC-boards without adding OSW. In morphological features, the increase in OSW ratio caused the boards to have a more hollow structure. In addition, it was observed that the OSW added boards had fewer hydration products [Ca(OH)2 and C–S–H] compared to the other boards.

Influence of Fire Retardants Pre-Treatments on Mechanical and Fire Properties of Poplar and Scots Pine Cement Bonded Particleboard

Influence of Fire Retardants Pre-Treatments on Mechanical and Fire Properties of Poplar and Scots Pine Cement Bonded Particleboard

The Behavior of Cement-Bonded Particleboard with Modified Composition under Static Load Stress.

This article presents research on the behavior of cement-bonded particleboards under mechanical stress caused by the static load. The composition of the boards was modified using alternative raw materials–dust (DU) forming during the processing of cement-fibre boards and particle mixture (PM) generated in the production of cement-bonded particleboards. The particleboards (1-year-old) were subjected to an adverse environment (100 to 250 frost cycles). Mechanical parameters were tested, and the development of defects during static load of the boards by bending was analyzed using acoustic emission. Particleboards with modified compositions are slightly more resistant to adverse environments. The results of the acoustic emission showed the different types of defects occurring under stress by bending. Standard-composition particleboards showed defects located mainly under the cylindrical stress-test head. The modified boards showed larger location distribution of the occurring defects that were also concentrated further away from the cylindrical stress head. The energy during the occurrence of defects was higher in the modified boards in the location of weight application than in the reference boards.

Effect of cold-water treatment and hydrothermal carbonization of oil-palm-trunk fibers on compatibility with cement for the preparation of cement-bonded particleboard

ABSTRACT The compatibility of oil-palm-trunk fibers and cement was investigated. Cold-water and hydrothermal carbonization treatments were applied on the fibers, and then the hydration temperature was measured to observe the compatibility. Calcium chloride (CaCl2), as an accelerator, was added at 1.5, 3.0, 4.5 and 6.0% of cement weight. The results showed that cold-water treatment and hydrothermal carbonization of the fibers reduced the hemicelluloses and ash content, thereby increasing the compatibility. Fourier transform infra-red analysis showed that functional groups of untreated and treated fibers were almost identical, indicating that the addition of treated fibers did not interfere the hardening process of cement. The treatment of fibers resulted in reduced thermal stability of the cement-fibers mixture, and the addition of CaCl2 decreased the hydration temperature of the mixtures, indicating that the chemical accelerated the hardening of the cement-fibers mixture. The addition of 1.5% CaCl2 to the cement mixture with treated fibers was adequate to obtain a low inhibitory index. Field emission scanning electron microscopy showed that higher formation of calcium silicate hydrate and calcium carbonate was observed in the treated fibers compared to the untreated fibers. The board modulus of elasticity increased by 215% and 281% after the fibers underwent with cold-water treatment and hydrothermal carbonization, respectively.

Physical and mechanical properties of cement-bonded particleboard made from squander of paper

The objectives of this study were to assess and explain the usage of squander paper as a selective crude material in the production of cement-bonded particleboard (CBP) and to decide its physical and mechanical properties. The two treatment factors were used such as squander of paper types (A4 paper sheets, newspaper and cardboard) and CaCl2 as chemical accelerator agents (in concentrations of 2%, 4% and 6% according to the weight of cement) with proportions mixed of cement - squander of paper - water about 2.5:1:1,25. The result indicated that the squander of paper types and the concentration of CaCl2 have affected the physical and mechanical properties of CBP. The board which produced using cardboard with the proportions of materials (2.5:1:1.25) and accelerator CaCl2 about of 6% were satisfied all the requirement standard of JIS A 5417 1992 and have the most physical and mechanical properties values.

Probing the Effects of Density on Combustion Performance of Cement-bonded Particleboard Produced from Wood Processing Residues

Probing the Effects of Density on Combustion Performance of Cement-bonded Particleboard Produced from Wood Processing Residues

Performance of ANN in Predicting Internal Bonding of Cement Particleboard Manufactured from Giant Reed and Bagasse

The present article investigates the microstructure of the cement matrices and the products of cement hydration by means of scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X-Ray diffraction. Then, the internal bonding strength (IB) is measured for the mixtures containing various amounts of nanosilica (NS), reed and bagasse particles. Finally, an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) is trained to reproduce these experimental results. The results show that the hardened cement paste including NS features the highest level of C-S-H. However, it has a lower level of C-S-H polymerization if reed or bagasse particles are applied. A relatively new dense microstructural degree is considered in the cement pastes containing NS, and a lower agglomeration is observed in the samples including reed or bagasse particles with NS. According to the microstructural analysis, the addition of NS to the samples containing reed or bagasse particles increases the unhydrated amount of C2S and C3S in the cement paste due to the decrease in the water needed for fully hydrated cement grains through portlandite (Ca(OH)2), C-S-H and ettringite increase. Besides, it is shown that the ANN prediction model is a useful, reliable and quite effective tool for modeling IB of cement-bonded particleboard (CBPB). It is indicated that the mean absolute percentage errors (MAPE) are 1.98 % and 1.45 % in the prediction of the IB values for the training and testing datasets, respectively. The determination coeffi cients (R2) of the training and testing data sets are 0.972 and 0.997 in the prediction of the bonding strength by ANN, respectively.

EFFECTS OF POLYMER ADDITIVES ON SOME MECHANICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF CEMENT BONDED PARTICLEBOARDS

The effects of some polymer additives, also called super plasticizers, on selected physical and mechanical properties of cement bonded particle board were investigated. Two different kinds of poly carboxylic ether (PF300, DX40) and a melamine based polymer (300M) were added to the wood cement mixture. The ratios of polymer additives to the wood cement mixture were 1%, 1.2% and 1.4%. Cement bonded particleboards were manufactured with wood/cement (w/w) ratio of 1:3; target density of 1300 kg.m-3, and CaCl2 content of 5%. The cement bonded particleboards were tested for water absorption (2 and 24 hour), thickness swelling (2 and 24 hour), bending stiffness and strength and internal bond strength. Results of the study showed that most of the polymer addition decreased water absorption and thickness swelling of the boards. Replacement of cement with polymers increased internal bond strength and bending stiffness of the boards while bending strength was slightly reduced. Use of small amount of super plasticizers significantly improves most of the board properties.

Fiberglass Plaster Mesh as Reinforcement for Cement Bonded Particleboard

The effects of fiberglass plaster mesh (FPM) as reinforcement on some physical and mechanical properties of cement bonded particleboard (CBP) were examined. Experimental CBP with and without FPM were manufactured in laboratory conditions using wood particles, cement, tap water and chemical accelerators. Two plies of FPM, manufactured using fiberglass and polyester resin, were laid within the experimental CBP. The target density of CBP was 1300 kg/m3 in the study. Three different types of chemical accelerators (CaCl2, KCl, DARASET ® 580) were used in the experiments. Properties of CBP evaluated include 2- and 24-hour - thickness swelling (TS), 2- and 24-hour - water absorption (WA) and bending stiffness (MOE) and strength (MOR). The results indicate that all the board properties tested were significantly improved by FPM application. The average MOE values of the CBP boards with FPM was two times higher than those of the boards without FPM. Dimensional stability and MOR of the CBP boards were also significantly improved with the use of FPM. FPM can be used to improve inferior properties of the CBP, so as to make it more compatible with other wood based construction materials.

Assessment of “Musa spp” Fibre Inclusion on the Strength and Sorption Properties of Cement Bonded Particle Board

The increase in demand for wood for various purposes has put serious pressure on Nigeria’s forest with its attendant fall in the supply of solid wood for construction purposes. As an alternative, non-woody material like banana stem fibre is being investigated for the production of Cement Bonded Particle Board (CBPB). The sorption and strength properties of CBPB from Musa spp fibre were assessed. The board samples were formed using cement to materials mixing ration of 2:1 and 3:1 and blending proportions of sawdust and banana fibre using ordinary Portland cement as a binder. Physical and Mechanical properties of boards produced from stem using were investigated. The influence of blending proportion (B.P) and mixing ratio (MR) on Density, Water Absorption (WA), Thickness Swelling (TS), Linear Expansion, Modulus of Rupture (MOR), and Modulus of Elasticity (MOE) were determined. The results of sorption properties showed that for immersion at 24, 48, and 72 hours, WA, TS, and LE decreased with an increase in mixing ratio. MOE mean values ranged between 293.65 and 2367.01 N/mm2 for 2:1 and 250.99 and 2009.28 N/mm2 for 3:1 while MOR values ranged between 2.55 and 7.592 N/mm2 for 2:1 and ranged from 0.55 to 1.40 N/mm2 for 3:1 respectively. The result proved that banana fibre is suitable for the production of panel products with enhanced strength properties.

Investigating the suitability of fly ash/metakaolin-based geopolymers reinforced with South African alien invasive wood and sugarcane bagasse residues for use in outdoor conditions

The prevailing approach of total clearing to contain the spread of invasive plants (IP) in South Africa is generating enormous lignocellulosic wastes. This study examined the possibility of utilizing these wastes in the production of geopolymer composites for use in outdoor environments. Untreated wood particles from Acacia mearnsii and A. longifolia, as well as sugarcane bagasse residues, were incorporated into a geopolymer matrix developed from a binary precursor system of 75% fly ash and 25% metakaolin. The variables considered included precursor-activator ratio (PA), curing pattern (CP), lignocellulosic material (LM), and alkali concentration (Mcon). The production process was established using a mixed factorial experimental design. PA and CP were considered at 2 levels, while LM and MCon were considered at 3 levels. The density of the boards exceeded 1 g cm−3 and are classified as high-density boards. The boards have comparable sorption properties to the cement-bonded particleboard according to the EN 632-2: 2007 standard. However, only A. longifolia boards produced with 12 M NaOH and PA ratio of 2:1 met the mechanical strength requirements. Thermogravimetric analysis revealed that the boards are thermally stable. These results have shown that South African woody IPs are suitable for geopolymer wood composites, but there is still concern about their durability in the alkaline matrix. Scanning electron microscopy micrographs indicated mineralization of the particles and a partial degradation of hemicellulose was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Although the degraded components did not prevent geopolymer setting, there is need to further investigate the extent and means of preventing degradation as this can derail the intended use of the product.

Factors influencing the mat forming process via aerodynamic spreading in cement-bonded particleboard production

The production of three-layered cement-bonded particleboards (CBPB) differs in most cases from that of adhesively bonded particleboards. However, one production step is quite similar: mat forming. A homogeneous mat is formed by aerodynamic or by mechanical spreading or by a combination of both methods. The distribution of the particles is influenced by their separation and flight characteristics. Those characteristics are in turn influenced by particle size and the combination of the particle’s surface area and weight. Because density of cement is higher than that of wood, the cement/wood (c/w) ratio will influence the particles’ separation and flight characteristics significantly. In the current study, laboratory-made particles of different sizes were mixed with different amounts of cement. An aerodynamic former was then used to help determine the influence of the different particle types and the c/w ratio of the mix on mat forming. The strewn particles were analysed for their distribution of mass, size and cement content as a function of spreading distance. The particle size decreased with increasing spreading distance. In addition, the cement content and spreading distance were positively correlated. For a c/w ratio of 1.9, increasing cement content correlated with increasing distance. This means, large particles and less cement tended to fall earlier than smaller ones and more cement. This corresponds to the observation that the specific surface area of the particles increases with increasing spreading distance. Vice versa, the density of the particles decreases with increasing spreading distance. The effect is more apparent when the particle mixture is heterogeneous in size at constant process parameters (e.g., air velocity). Looking at the density profile of a CBPB board, the surface layers consist of small particles with a higher cement fraction, and the core layer consists of large particles with smaller cement fraction. Thus, the production of CBPB requires two aerodynamic formers working in opposite directions. With the results of this study, it is possible to optimise production parameters, such as the speed of the transport caul and the air velocity with regard to the infeed raw material parameters in order to create a symmetrical particle distribution from top to bottom of the mat, resulting in an optimized and application-oriented density profile.

Arap Baharı’nın Türkiye’ de odun esaslı levhaların dış ticaretine etkileri

Türkiye’nin Arap Baharı hareketlerinden etkilenen Cezayir, Fas, Libya, Mısır, Suriye ve Tunus ile Ortadoğu ülkeleri Filistin, Irak, İran ve İsrail ile siyasi, kültürel ve ekonomik ilişkileri ile uzun bir geçmişe sahiptir. Bu çalışmada, Türkiye ile yukarıda adı geçen ülkelerle odun esaslı levha (OEL) ürünlerinden MDF, yonga levha, melaminli yonga levha, kontrplak, OSB ve çimentolu yonga levhanın dış ticaretinin 2010-2019 arasındaki değişimi incelenmiştir. Varılan sonuçlara göre bu on ülke ile (bölge ülkeleri) 1.813.788.000 $’lık OEL ürünleri dış ticaret hacmi olup; bunun 1.810.965.000 $’lık kısmı ihracat, 2.823.000 $’lık kısmı ise ithalat olarak gerçekleşmiştir. Türkiye OEL ürünleri dış ticaretinde en çok İran (951.919.000 $), en az ise Filistin (13.000 $) ile alışveriş yapmıştır. Türkiye’nin OEL ürünleri dış ticaretinin İran, Irak, İsrail ve Filistin ile Arap Baharı hareketlerinden bağımsız geliştiği görüldü. Diğer ülkelerde aksine 2010’da düşmeye başladı, 2013’ten itibaren toparlanmaya başladı. Türkiye’nin bölge ülkelerine yaptığı OEL ürünleri ihracatı içinde en yüksek pay MDF’nin (1.558.512.000 $), en az ise OSB’nin (3.300.000 $) olmuştur. Türkiye’nin 2010-2019 en çok ve en az ithal ettiği OEL ürünleri sırasıyla kontrplak (2.597.000 $), en az ithal ettiği iki ürün ise 2000 dolarlık tutarlarla OSB ve çimentolu yonga levhadır.

Physical and mechanical properties of cement-bonded particle board produced from African balsam tree (Populous Balsamifera) and periwinkle shell residues

Reducing the amount of wastes deposited into the environment has become important. A fresh approach in doing this is by recycling them. This paper investigated the physical and mechanical properties of cement bonded particle boards from agricultural wastes. The particle boards were tested for their physical (density, water absorption and thickness swelling) and mechanical (modulus of elasticity and modulus of rupture) properties. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) analysis was carried out to determine the internal microstructure of the boards. The results revealed that periwinkle shell and cement have a great influence on the density of the board, cement and sawdust have a great influence on water absorption and thickness swelling, cement has a great influence on Modulus of Rupture & Modulus of Elasticity for all the combinations tested. The SEM photograph of the cut surface of the boards showed good fibre matrix adhesion at mix ratio of 1:1.5 (cement/waste). At lower fraction of cement matrix to waste ratio, the cement bonded particle board lost its adhesive force. It was concluded that sawdust and periwinkle shells are suitable materials in the production of particle boards.

Effect of press temperature on some properties of cement bonded particleboard

It is known that there is a correlation between hydration heat and physico-mechanical properties of wood based cement panels. Cement hydration is affected by many variables, such as chemical composition, water/cement ratio, wood/cement ratio, wood chemical properties, mineral additions and producing conditions. This study mainly aimed to investigate the effects of press temperature on some properties of three-layer cement bonded particleboard made from the particles of spruce (Picea orientalis) and poplar (Populus tremula). For this purpose, a total of 16 experimental board groups with 1200 kg/m3 target density and 1/3 wood-cement ratio were produced at the press temperatures of (20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70 and 80) °C. As cement curing accelerator, CaCl2 was used at a rate of 5 % (cement weight basis). The physical, mechanical and thermal properties of the boards were determined. The results indicated that the press temperature substantially affected the properties of cement-bonded particleboard depending on the wood species. In the light of this study, the optimum temperatures in producing of cement-bonded particleboard were found as 40 °C for poplar wood and 60 °C for spruce wood.