Cellulose Surface Research Articles

Density Functional Theory analysis and molecular dynamic simulation to understand the mechanism of hazardous dyes adsorption onto cellulose in aqueous solution

This work examines the use of cellulose in the elimination of anionic dye, indigo carmine and methyl red, from aqueous media. Theoretical analyses revealed that the examined compounds had several reactive sites that encouraged dyes to adhere to the cellulose surface, and molecular dynamics simulations demonstrated that this adsorption occurred flat-lying on the cellulose (200) surface. However, it has been discovered that the reactivity of individual molecules is limited in its ability to foretell the effectiveness and characteristics of compound adsorption on cellulose. The capacity to model dye adsorption on polymeric surfaces in the presence of a simulated aqueous solution is one of the key benefits of molecular dynamics modeling, and it can reveal valuable information regarding the selected molecules' adsorption configuration and its competitiveness. Both dyes exhibit high adsorption on the cellulose adsorbent, indicating that chemical bonds play a major role in the adsorption capacity of the dyes. The order of adsorption energy indicates a clear selective adsorption tendency. The radial distribution function analysis shows that both dyes are chemisorbed at the cellulose surface. Quantum and dynamic descriptors have validated the experimental results in the literature. This offers valuable insights into the adsorption mechanism of anionic dyes on cellulose.

Combinatorial optimization of the hybrid cellulase complex structure designed from modular libraries.

Cellulase selectively recognizes cellulose surfaces and cleaves their β-1,4-glycosidic bonds. Combining hydrolysis using cellulase and fermentation can produce alternative fuels and chemical products. However, anaerobic bacteria produce only low levels of highly active cellulase complexes so-called cellulosomes. Therefore, we designed hybrid cellulase complexes from 49 biotinylated catalytic domain (CD) and 30 biotinylated cellulose-binding domain (CBD) libraries on streptavidin-conjugated nanoparticles to enhance cellulose hydrolysis by mimicking the cellulosome structure. The hybrid cellulase complex, incorporating both native CD and CBD, significantly improved reducing sugar production from cellulose compared to free native modular enzymes. The optimal CBD for each hybrid cellulase complex differed from that of the native enzyme. The most effective hybrid cellulase complex was observed with the combination of CD6-4 from Thermobifida fusca YX and CBD46 from the Bacillus halodurans C-125. The hybrid cellulase complex/CD6-4-CBD46 and -CD6-4-CBD2-5 combinations showed increased reducing sugar production. Similar results were also observed in microcrystalline cellulose degradation. Furthermore, clustering on nanoparticles enhanced enzyme thermostability. Our results demonstrate that hybrid cellulase complex structures improve enzyme function through synergistic effects and extend the lifespan of the enzyme.

OPTIMAL PROPERTIES OF SURFACE MODIFIED CELLULOSE AS FILLER IN POLYMER COMPOSITES

The research and development of new materials that are not only functional, but also ecologically acceptable, is a key aspect in many branches of industry. Such materials include elastomeric composites reinforced with alternative fillers such as cellulose. Cellulose is a renewable and biodegradable alternative to traditional fillers used in elastomeric composites. The main disadvantage of this biopolymer is its poor compatibility with the hydrophobic matrix and low mechanical strength. The free hydroxyl groups on the cellulose surface allow for a wide range of surface modifications. In this work, we focused on the chemical modification of cellulose using two different silanes due to their ability to react with the free hydroxyl groups on the surface of cellulose. This work deals with the characterisation of thermal stability of surface modified cellulose used as filler in polymer composites. Cellulose modified in this way was used in the amount of 45 phr as a filler in the preparation of elastomeric composites with natural rubber (NR) matrix. The NR composite filled with surface modified cellulose was characterized by TG/DSC, IR spectroscopy, XRD and scanning electron microscopy.

Using a cellulose-complementary oligosaccharide as a tool to probe exposed cellulosic surfaces in cotton fibres and growing plant cell walls.

Cellulosic microfibrils in plant cell walls are largely ensheathed and probably tethered by hydrogen-bonded hemicelluloses. Ensheathing may vary developmentally as hemicelluloses are peeled to enable cell expansion. We characterised a simple method to quantify ensheathed versus naked cellulosic surfaces based on the ability to adsorb a radiolabelled 'cellulose-complementary oligosaccharide', [3H]cellopentaitol. Filter-paper (cellulose) adsorbed 40% and >80% of aqueous 5 nM [3H]cellopentaitol within ∼1 and ∼20 h respectively. When [3H]cellopentaitol was rapidly dried onto filter-paper, ∼50% of it was desorbable by water, whereas after ∼1 day annealing in aqueous medium the adsorption became too strong to be reversible in water. 'Strongly' adsorbed [3H]cellopentaitol was, however, ∼98% desorbed by 6 M NaOH, ∼50% by 0.2 M cellobiose, and ∼30% by 8 M urea, indicating a role for hydrogen-bonding reinforced by complementarity of shape. Gradual adsorption was promoted by kosmotropes (1.4 M Na2SO4 or 30% methanol), and inhibited by chaotropes (8 M urea), supporting a role for hydrogen-bonding. [3H]Cellopentaitol adsorption was strongly competed by non-radioactive cello-oligosaccharides (Cell2-6), the IC50 (half-inhibitory concentration) being highly size-dependent: Cell2, ∼70 mM; Cell3, ∼7 mM; and Cell4-6, ∼0.05 mM. Malto-oligosaccharides (400 mM) had no effect, confirming the role of complementarity. The quantity of adsorbed [3H]cellopentaitol was proportional to mass of cellulose. Of seven cottons tested, wild-type Gossypium arboreum fibres were least capable of adsorbing [3H]cellopentaitol, indicating ensheathment of their microfibrillar surfaces, confirmed by their resistance to cellulase digestion, and potentially attributable to a high glucuronoarabinoxylan content. In conclusion, [3H]cellopentaitol adsorption is a simple, sensitive and quantitative way of titrating 'naked' cellulose surfaces.

Molecular dynamics simulation of nanocellulose and cement matrix composites

The interfacial properties of nanocellulose and cement matrix are the key factors affecting the mechanical properties of composite materials. However, it is challenging to study the interface combination through conventional experiments and microscopic characterization techniques. Molecular dynamics simulation (MD), as a nanoscale analytical method, can be used to calculate and analyze the strength, deformation, destruction and interfacial interaction of materials on the atomic scale. Since the existing methods of C-S-H modeling and fiber pull-out from the matrix in molecular dynamics simulations were not suitable for cellulose/C-S-H composite models. In this paper, a molecular dynamics simulation method for nanocellulose cement matrix composites was proposed. Based on the embedded composite model, the tensile stress-strain, interfacial interaction energy, hydrogen bond, and interface failure mode were studied when cellulose was pulled out of the matrix. The results showed that adding cellulose could improve the local ductility and tensile strength of cement matrix materials. The interfacial interaction energy between cellulose and C-S-H was approximately −1.09 J/m2, which was much higher than that between carbon nanotubes and C-S-H. Cellulose would adsorb hydrogen and oxygen atoms on H2O, OH− and silica tetrahedron in C-S-H. In the pull-out simulation of cellulose in C-S-H, C-S-H on the surface of cellulose would be destroyed and attached to the cellulose surface and moved along with it, indicating that cellulose could play a good bridging role in the matrix. The simulation results revealed the action mechanism of cellulose in cement matrix materials.

Application of drag-reducing polymers in forest firefighting: Effects on wood properties and mechanism study

Based on the successful utilization of polymer additives in drag reduction for long-distance transportation and the intricacies of their application in firefighting contexts, this study investigated the impact of additives on wood properties in forest fire suppression through a combination of experiments and molecular dynamics simulations, focusing on wettability, fluidity, and combustibility. Optimal concentrations of polymer solutions were determined through contact angle measurements and surface flow experiments. The effects of polymers on wood water retention, thermal stability, and microstructure were analyzed using thermogravimetric analysis, infrared spectroscopy, and wood impregnation experiments. Wetting and flow models of polymers on cellulose surfaces were simulated to elucidate the wetting mechanism and dynamic behavior of polymers during flow. The results revealed that polyacrylamide (PAM) and polyethylene oxide (PEO) promoted wood surface wetting, improved flowability, enhanced water retention, and delayed decomposition at optimal concentrations. PAM exhibited superior effects in flow stability, thermal stability, and liquid absorption enhancement, attributed to strong hydrogen bonding between PAM and surfaces, primarily through amide groups. During flow, PAM molecules gradually aggregated and moved as aggregates along the X-axis. In contrast, the PEO system relied on electrostatic forces between water and surfaces, with dynamic processes involving repeated stretching and shrinking of PEO molecular chains to facilitate water flow and enhance wetting. This research contributes to delineating the application conditions and benefits of polymer on wood surfaces, enhancing the efficacy and potential of drag-reducing agents in firefighting applications.

Ultrasonic-assisted synthesis for the production of green and sustainable hemp carboxymethyl cellulose

Hemp fiber (Cannabis sativa) is being widely used to produce carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC). This study focused on synthesizing carboxymethyl cellulose from bleached hemp fiber to investigate the impact of different factors, i.e., chemical concentration and synthesis time, on its characteristics. The fiber morphology analysis revealed desirable properties, which are essential for high-quality CMC production. Optimal condition for CMC synthesis were investigated, which involved using 20 % NaOH (w/v), the shortest total synthesis time (2.30h), and using 0.9 g MCA (w/w). This resulted in a non-significantly high DS (0.80) in both nonspray-dried and spray-dried hemp carboxymethyl cellulose, representing a high CMC content around 96 %. Moreover, the use of ultrasonic assistance and spray drying techniques significantly improved the hemp carboxymethyl cellulose properties, indicating a decreased molecular weight (2.65 × 104 g/mol) and a decreased particle size (7.82 μm). Thermal analysis revealed that spray-dried hemp carboxymethyl cellulose had lower thermal stability than hemp fiber and nonspray-dried hemp carboxymethyl cellulose. FTIR and 13C NMR analyses confirmed the successful CMC synthesis. Additionally, XRD and SEM analyses demonstrated changes in the crystalline structure and hemp carboxymethyl cellulose surface morphology. This revealed advanced techniques that could enhance hemp carboxymethyl cellulose quality and properties, making it suitable for various industrial applications.

In situ growth of ultrathin covalent triazine frameworks on unmodified cellulose II beads for enhanced dye pollutant removal

cellulose II beads@covalent triazine frameworks (CBCs) are prepared by in situ growth of ultra-dispersed covalent triazine frameworks (CTF) using unmodified regenerated cellulose beads (CBs) as templates. The CBCs as a whole are three-dimensional structures consisting of a layered pore structure and a continuous ultrathin CTF, which combines a functional surface with highly efficient mass transfer. The thickness of the CTF in the prepared CBCs can be controlled at 32–83 nm, which enables the CBC to have a dye adsorption efficiency of up to 191 mg g−1 and an ultrafast dye removal time (Methylene Blue, 0.5 min, 95 %). Molecular dynamics simulations revealed the mechanism for CTF growth on the surface of unmodified cellulose II rather than on the surface of cellulose Ⅰ, and the effects of the hydrophilic/hydrophobic surfaces of cellulose I and cellulose II on the growth of CTF were determined. This is the first use of unmodified cellulose II as a template for the in situ growth of ultrathin CTF and provides important insights into dynamic CTF-cellulose interactions. This research provides a new cost-effective strategy for preparation of ultra-dispersed CTF based on large-scale cellulose templates.

Revealing the intensification effect of circulating hydrothermal pretreatment: A sustainable route for biorefinery

Hydrothermal pretreatment (HTP) has received huge progress in converting biomass waste into available products at a large scale, but challenges in massive water input and wastewater output still block sustainable biorefinery future. Herein, a circulating hydrothermal technique was proposed by reusing the process wastewater into the next HTP process to enhance energy efficiency and suppress the environmental burdens. During hydrothermal liquid (HL) recycling, the variation of lignin chemical structure, cellulose accessibility, and soluble components were investigated for an in-depth understanding of what happened to lignocellulose. An enhanced hemicellulose dissolution (from 78.1 % to ∼ 85 %) was achieved by the aqueous phase recycling. The reactions of dehydration and polymerization occurred during the circulating HTP process, which contributed to the generation of pseudo-lignin on the cellulose surface, causing a slight weakening of cellulose accessibility. Meanwhile, the organic acid-catalyzed hydrothermal process can facilitate the cleavage of lignin β-O-4 ether linkage and condensation reaction, endowing its potential amphiphilic properties. An in-depth analysis of the evolution of HL components substantiated the potential intensification effect on biomass deconstruction by the generation of hemicellulose-derived organic acids. Life cycle assessment revealed that the circulating HTP technique resulted in about a 29 % reduction in primary energy depletion and an order of magnitude reduction in CO2 emissions as opposed to that of the conventional one. This work unveils the structure evolutions of lignocellulose clearly during the HL recycled process, and also highlights a feasible route for the sustainable biorefinery.

Cellulose Surface Nanoengineering for Visualizing Food Safety.

Food safety is vital to human health, necessitating the development of nondestructive, convenient, and highly sensitive methods for detecting harmful substances. This study integrates cellulose dissolution, aligned regeneration, in situ nanoparticle synthesis, and structural reconstitution to create flexible, transparent, customizable, and nanowrinkled cellulose/Ag nanoparticle membranes (NWCM-Ag). These three-dimensional nanowrinkled structures considerably improve the spatial-electromagnetic-coupling effect of metal nanoparticles on the membrane surface, providing a 2.3 × 108 enhancement factor for the surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) effect for trace detection of pesticides in foods. Notably, the distribution of pesticides in the apple peel and pulp layers is visualized through Raman imaging, confirming that the pesticides penetrate the peel layer into the pulp layer (∼30 μm depth). Thus, the risk of pesticide ingestion from fruits cannot be avoided by simple washing other than peeling. This study provides a new idea for designing nanowrinkled structures and broadening cellulose utilization in food safety.

Grafting of pyrrole onto cellulosic lyocell fibres via (3-chloropropyl)triethoxysilane anchor

The high number of reactive groups present in the cellulose structure form the chemical basis for chemical derivatisation through many different chemical pathways. Silane anchors are available with a variety of moieties that offer many functionalisation options of cellulose fibres. It is therefore important to investigate the deposition and grafting of silanes on such substrates. In this paper, the grafting of (1-(3-(triethoxysilyl)propyl))-1H-pyrrole (PySi) onto a cellulosic lyocell fibre based textile was investigated. Depending on the amount of silane applied, a maximum amount of 0.09 mmol PySi/g cellulose was observed to form covalent bonds with the cellulose lyocell fibres. A maximum of 0.36 mmol PySi/g cellulose was deposited on the fibre substrate, of which 0.27 mmol could be removed by solvent extraction. The results can be explained by a limited number of binding sites available on the cellulose surface suited for covalent bond formation with PySi. In addition, a simple method for quantifying the amount of silane on cellulose fibres using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) is presented. The results found for the behaviour of PySi on cellulose material contribute to a better understanding of the heterogeneous modification of cellulose.

Green reduction of ZnO nanoparticles using cationic dialdehyde cellulose (cDAC) for efficient Congo red dye removal

More sustainable materials have been becoming an important concern of worldwide scientists, and cellulosic materials are one alternative in water decontamination. An efficient strategy to improve removal capacity is functionalizing or incorporating nanomaterials in cellulose-based materials. The new hybrid cDAC/ZnONPs was produced by green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs), promoting the in situ reduction and immobilization on the cationic dialdehyde cellulose microfibers (cDAC) surface to remove Congo red dye from water. cDAC/ZnONPs was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM-EDS) and infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), which showed efficient nanoparticles reduction. Adsorption efficiency on cationic cellulose surface was investigated by pH, contact time, initial concentration, and dye selectivity tests. The material followed the H isotherm model, which resulted in a maximum adsorption capacity of 1091.16 mg/g. Herein, was developed an efficient and ecologically correct new adsorbent, highly effective in Congo red dye adsorption even at high concentrations, suitable for the remediation of contaminated industrial effluents.

Study of bromelain and carboxymethyl cellulose surface interaction features in the process of their adsorption immobilisation

Adsorption immobilisation is a common approach to stabilise the catalytic activity of enzymes. It involves the attachment of their macromolecules to the surface of a carrier due to weak physical interactions and hydrogen bonds. According to modern concepts, this process is the ‘gentlest’ immobilisation technique in terms of the structure of the enzyme globule. Despite this fact, the activity of the immobilised preparation is often lower compared to the native enzyme. To understand the reasons, it is necessary to study the specific features of interactions within the enzyme-carrier system and to identify the types of interactions occurring between its components. When studying the structure of enzymes, it is critical to determine the nature and qualitative composition of amino acid residues on the surface of the enzyme macromolecule that interact with the carrier. If catalytically important residues are involved in the process, there may be a significant decrease in the enzyme activity. In this regard, the aim of the work was to study the features of interaction between bromelain, which is a cysteine protease, and carboxymethyl cellulose by desorption of the enzyme from the formed complex under different conditions (in the presence of ammonium sulphate or surfactant Triton X-100, including at different temperatures), as well as by flexible molecular docking. The studied substances are promising components for the production of biocatalysts for food or biomedical applications, so the study of their interaction features will expand the applications of bromelain. We determined that incubation of bromelain immobilised on carboxymethyl cellulose in solutions of ammonium sulphate with a concentration of 32 mM or higher and Triton X-100 with a concentration of 100 mM or higher resulted in the destruction of the complex and the desorption of the enzyme. It confirms that non-covalent interactions contribute to the formation of immobilised preparation. When we increased the incubation temperature of the complex above 60 °C, we also observed the release of the enzyme from the preparation, indicating the formation of hydrogen bonds between the enzyme and the carrier. In silico study confirmed the formation of these types of bonds and interactions. It was determined that the amino acid residues forming the active site of bromelain also formed bonds with the carrier.

Recycled newspaper cellulose based colorimetric sensor of biogenic amines for food spoilage indication

Cellulose was extracted from newspaper waste and purified by alkali treatment process. The white color cellulose without ink and glue was obtained and then characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction spectroscopy. Thermogravimetric analysis reported that the purified cellulose was thermally stable at the room temperature. The microstructure of cellulose showed random orientation of fiber with air-instituted in between, confirmed by scanning electron microscopy and laser confocal microscopy. The purified cellulose was applied as the substrate for enzymatic colorimetric sensor. The sensor was fabricated by immobilizing pH indicator and diamine oxidase on the cellulose surface. Then, the sensor responses toward the bogenic amines (cadaverine, putrescine and histamine), the food spoilage indicator, were measured by naked eye and spectrophotometry. The color change from orangish to a blueish color with linear range of 0.25–2.0 mg/mL for cadaverine, 0.05–2.0 mg/mL for putrescine, and 2.5–10.0 mg/mL for histamine, were obtained. This platform was advantageous due to ease of use, low cost, portable size, and user-friendly readout. Ultimately, this recycled newspaper based colorimetric biogenic amine sensor was applied for the detection of biogenic amines in ground pork samples with satisfactory results.

Using interfacial behavior and adsorption kinetics measurements as a predictor of bulk hydrophobic development of paper supercritically impregnated with food-grade waxes

Supercritical Impregnation methods are becoming popular in the development of food packaging materials. Bulk functional improvements of cellulose substrates using this method may be influenced by interfacial interactions between the impregnated solutes and cellulose. Hence, an interfacial adsorption kinetics study of solute molecules onto the substrate can provide insight on bulk property development, leading to an optimized packaging material with improved functionality. Paper substrates were impregnated with two food-grade waxes: Alkyl Ketene Dimer (AKD) and Carnauba Wax (CW). Hydrophobic development was monitored over a 3-week period. A quartz crystal microbalance (QCM-D) was used to determine interfacial characteristics and behavior of each wax with cellulose, and adsorption kinetics were quantified to compare the mass transfer processes of each wax at the interface. AKD significantly contributed to the substrate’s hydrophobic development over time. CW generated mildly hydrophobic substrates only when heated. AKD strongly adhered to the cellulose fibers at the interface, and demonstrated a 3-stage kinetic adsorption process, tentatively assigned (i) diffusion through the solvent; (ii) diffusion through the substrate; and (iii) attachment onto the fibers. CW readily washed off the cellulose surface, demonstrating only the first adsorption process. The different chemical structures also impacted these behaviors, as did concentration and temperature.Graphical

Construction of S-doped cellulose nanocrystals with edge sulfur vacancies to enhance the generation of 1O2 and promote peroxymonosulfate (PMS) activation

The strategy of constructing edge sulfur vacancies at cellulose surface interfaces has attracted widespread interest in fields such as electronics, photonics, optoelectronics, electrocatalysis, environmental remediation, and biosensing. In this study, NiCo2S4 (NCS) was modified onto cellulose sulfide nanocrystals (SCNC) with chiral helical structures. Utilizing high energy β Particle bombardment on the surface of photocatalysts induces the generation of edge S vacancies in SCNC, while promoting the formation of heterometallic single-atom clusters (Con, Nin) in NCS. The edge sulfur vacancies on the surface of SCNC exhibit high reactivity and adsorption capacity. The aggregation of Co and Ni at this position can transfer photo generated electrons to the edge sulfur vacancies, thereby protecting the edge sulfur vacancies and prolonging the carrier lifetime. Electrons enriched in edge S vacancies can activate the O–O bond of PMS, thereby achieving efficient degradation of ciprofloxacin (CIP). The degradation kinetics constant of Con-Nin/NCS/SCNC-Sv/PMS is 1.69 times higher than that of NCS/SCNC/PMS. In addition, electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) shows that the sample produces a large amount of 1O2 during photocatalysis This article constructs a new approach for protecting edge S vacancies with heterogeneous single atom clusters, providing a new perspective for achieving efficient photocatalytic degradation of CIP.

Co-modification of engineered cellulose surfaces using antibacterial copper-thiosemicarbazone complexes and flame retardants

Lyocell fibers, the most successful regenerated cellulose fibers, have already attracted much attention. However, the use of traditional Lyocell fibers in the field of personal protective equipment (PPE) is limited, due to the lack of antibacterial properties. Additionally, the flame-retardant properties of Lyocell fibers are also required for the specific applications. Here, we co-conjugated phosphorus flame retardants and copper-thiosemicarbazone complexes with antibacterial performance on Lyocell fibers through chemical crosslinkers. The chemical composition and morphology of our engineered Lyocell fibers were fully characterized, and their mechanical properties were also maintained. Flame retardants can import flame-retardant properties (LOI: 25.0 % - 25.7 %) to Lyocell fibers, which also show promising antibacterial activity, suppressing Escherichia coli (GIR: 20.51 % - 66.67 %) and Staphylococcus aureus (GIR: 74.19 % - 93.54 %). Such an improved sustainable formulation can be used to produce the next-generation of Lyocell-based PPE, to meet the demand for the antibacterial and flame-retardant properties of fibers in special applications.

Interactions between Cetyltrimethylammonium Bromide Modified Cellulose Nanocrystals and Surfaces: An Ellipsometric Study

Interactions between Cetyltrimethylammonium Bromide Modified Cellulose Nanocrystals and Surfaces: An Ellipsometric Study

Poly-eugenol grafting from cellulose surface for robust antioxidation

This work not only eliminates the limitations and preserves the inherent advantages of eugenol but also imparts controllable hydrophobic and antioxidative properties to cellulose-based packaging. Eugenol, a prototypical natural phenolic compound, was immobilized by chemical linkage onto cellulose. A quantitative analysis based on Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) suggests a poly-eugenol structure on cellulose surface. Increasing the specific surface of cellulose by freeze-drying increased the reaction efficiency. The resulting material shows a robust antioxidant activity and tunable hydrophobility, making it a promising candidate for diverse applications.

Photothermal catalysis enhances cellulose oxidation kinetics to promote the hydrogen evolution in alkaline solution over Pt/ZnIn2S4

The slow oxidation kinetics of cellulose severely limits photocatalytic cellulose reforming for hydrogen production. Herein, ZIS photocatalysts with different morphologies were prepared and Pt nanoparticles were deposited on their surfaces. The cellulose oxidation kinetics were enhanced through the strategy of photothermal catalysis and pH optimization, which led to efficient hydrogen generation. The ultrathin nanosheet structure endows 1 % Pt/ZIS-300 with a stronger photogenerated carrier separation ability than 1 % Pt/ZIS-0 (nanoflower) and facilitates ·OH generation. Heat can induce the production of ·OH from 1 % Pt/ZIS-300 and enhance the adsorption of 1 % Pt/ZIS-300 to cellulose by changing the surface potential of 1 % Pt/ZIS-300, which promotes the oxidation kinetics of cellulose. As a result, the hydrogen yield of 1 % Pt/ZIS-300 under photothermal catalytic condition (80 ℃) reached 1218 μmol/gcat after 4 h of reaction. Appropriate NaOH concentration contributes to cellulose solubilization and ·OH production, but too high OH− concentration causes a negative shift of the potential on the 1 % Pt/ZIS-300 and cellulose surface, which hinders the mass transfer process and reduces the oxidation kinetics of cellulose.