Cellulose Factories Research Articles

Challenges of adopting the principles of circular economy in sparsely populated areas: Finnish case study on organizing straw supply for cellulose production

This paper examines the possibilities to recycle residue material from farm production. The review is based on a case study on using straw as a raw material for cellulose. The focus is on organizing the logistics related to collecting straw from fields and transporting it to a cellulose processing plant in Finland. When developing the logistics system, the aim is to use existing machinery and infrastructure as much as possible. Farmers oversee the logistics from farm to local depot themselves with the aid of baling service providers. Two options are provided: 1) transport of bales to the cellulose production plant on HCT trucks or 2) pretreatment during which the material is extracted, cutting the transport need between the local depot and the cellulose factory by 70%. The most reasonable option depends on the pretreatment technology used and the distance between local depot and plant.

ASSERTIVENESS OF A LOG LENGTH SENSOR ALLOCATED IN DIFFERENT POSITIONS ON THE HARVESTER HEAD

Wood length variability can affect operational yield and productivity in harvesting and forest transport operations. Assertive lengths meet positive quality criteria for the product to cellulose factory delivered. Therefore, research is needed to assess assertiveness in measuring wood logs' length. Thus, the objective was to evaluate length sensor accuracy at different positions in the harvester head. The following treatments were defined: sensor coupled in measuring wheel without a protective piece (T1); sensor coupled in measuring wheel with protective piece (T2); sensor coupled in feed roller without protective piece (T3) and sensor coupled in feed roller with protective piece (T4). The study was carried in a eucalyptus plantation destined for the production of cellulose pulp and, through daily measurements of wood log length in the field, 8373 measurements were obtained. Data were submitted to ANAVA, mean tests (Tukey and Scott-Knott), Statistical Process Control (SPC) and frequency distribution. Treatments T1 and T3 presented average length corresponding to 6.46 m and 0.11 and 0.17 m standard deviation, respectively. T2 and T4 presented and average of 6.42 m and standard deviation equal to 0.12 and 0.16 m, respectively. treatment T1 presented assertive distribution frequencies, presenting 80% of the logs processed within the established limit (6.30 and 6.70 m) while T2, T3 and T4 presented 55%, 45% and 40%, respectively. It is concluded that the sensor coupled in measuring wheel and without the protective piece obtained greater accuracy in wood logs final length.

Visualising the past for the future: a social semiotic reading of urban heritage

ABSTRACT Peterson, Norway, was a former cellulose factory that is in the process of being transformed into new usage. A landmark at the premises is the “digester,” a high-rise steel structure used to make cellulose before the factory closed in 2012. The digester is now facing an uncertain material future, but this does not keep it from being represented and remembered in different ways. Peterson is also known for its elephant logo, which has been resemiotised from a signboard into a three-dimensional elephant sculpture in blank steel. As we will demonstrate, this and other uses of semiotic resources may be viewed as part of a transformative process that indicates looking forward into a post-industrial society where communication is more important than cellulose production. However, as we will demonstrate, this interpretation does not necessarily match the intention of the sign producer.

Remembering and reconfiguring industrial heritage: the case of the digester in Moss, Norway

ABSTRACT In Moss, Norway, a former cellulose factory is currently being adapted for new uses. The onsite digester, a high-rise steel structure that was used to make cellulose before the factory closed in 2012, is a landmark on the premises. The Directorate for Cultural Heritage has not designated heritage status to the digester, although it constitutes heritage for many who used to work at the factory. The digester now faces an uncertain material future, but that does not preclude it from being remembered in various ways. Some former factory workers suggest that its heritage can be rendered olfactory by reconstructing the putrid smell the digester emitted while in service. This paper argues that ‘authorised’ views of heritage can be challenged by the ways in which working-class heritage is performed and remembered.

Reuse of grits waste for the production of soil–cement bricks

This investigation focuses on the reuse of grits waste as a raw material for replacing Portland cement by up to 30 wt.% in soil–cement bricks. The grits waste was obtained from a cellulose factory located in south-eastern Brazil. We initially characterized the waste sample with respect to its chemical composition, X-ray diffraction, fineness index, morphology, pozzolanic activity, and pollution potential. Soil–cement bricks were then prepared using the waste material and were tested to determine their technological properties (e.g., water absorption, apparent density, volumetric shrinkage, and compressive strength). Microstructural evolution was accompanied by confocal microscopy. It was found that the grits waste is mainly composed of calcite (CaCO3) particles. Our results indicate that grits waste can be used economically, safely, and sustainably at weight percentages of up to 20% to partially replace Portland cement in soil–cement bricks.

Cellulose factories: advancing bioenergy production from forest trees

Fast-growing, short-rotation forest trees, such as Populus and Eucalyptus, produce large amounts of cellulose-rich biomass that could be utilized for bioenergy and biopolymer production. Major obstacles need to be overcome before the deployment of these genera as energy crops, including the effective removal of lignin and the subsequent liberation of carbohydrate constituents from wood cell walls. However, significant opportunities exist to both select for and engineer the structure and interaction of cell wall biopolymers, which could afford a means to improve processing and product development. The molecular underpinnings and regulation of cell wall carbohydrate biosynthesis are rapidly being elucidated, and are providing tools to strategically develop and guide the targeted modification required to adapt forest trees for the emerging bioeconomy. Much insight has already been gained from the perturbation of individual genes and pathways, but it is not known to what extent the natural variation in the sequence and expression of these same genes underlies the inherent variation in wood properties of field-grown trees. The integration of data from next-generation genomic technologies applied in natural and experimental populations will enable a systems genetics approach to study cell wall carbohydrate production in trees, and should advance the development of future woody bioenergy and biopolymer crops.

Multivariable fuzzy control applied to the physical–chemical treatment facility of a Cellulose factory

Feedback linearization is a well-known technique in nonlinear control in which known system nonlinearities are canceled by the control input leaving a linear control problem. Feedback linearization requires an exact model for the system. Fundamental and advanced developments in neuro-fuzzy synergy for modeling and control are used to apply the feedback linearization control law on second-order plants. In the models that are used, the nonlinear plant is decomposed on six fuzzy systems necessary to apply the control signal to allow the following of a reference value. A practical application is also presented using a waste water plant. This method can be extended to multiple input–multiple output (MIMO) plants based on input–output data pairs collected directly from the plant.

Single Particle Characterization of Inorganic Suspension in Lake Baikal, Siberia

Automated and manual electron probe X-ray microanalyses were used to characterize the chemical composition and morphology of individual suspended particles, collected at different tributaries of Lake Baikal and in the central part of southern Lake Baikal. The data sets were reduced using hierarchical clustering, and the results were compared by means of selection rules. All the samples are dominated by natural aluminosilicates and Si-rich particles. But small amounts of anthropogenic aluminosilicates (i.e., fly ash); Fe-rich, Al-rich, Cr-rich, and Zn-rich particles; and Cl-coated fibers were also detected. The contamination is especially severe in the southern basin, which can easily be reached by atmospheric pollution from the industrial centers near Irkutsk and Ulan-Ude and which is also influenced by the large Baikalsk cellulose factory. At the northern basin, pol lution is only detected at the inflow of the Tiya River, where the dumping of debris from the construction of the Baikal−Amour railroad results in high concentrations of Fe-rich particles.

ADAPTIVE METHOD FOR IMAGE SEGMENTATION BASED IN LOCAL FEATURE

Abstract This paper presents a method for finding a threshold surface that fits each region of the image and allows separation of objects from background. A surface threshold is determined by interpolating die gray levels at points where there is a high gradient, corresponding with object boundaries. The gradient map and die gray-level distribution give the necessary information for calculating an adaptive threshold level at each point of the image that allows successful segmentation of images in which object-background boundaries are well defined. This method has been tested successfully in different applications of artificial vision oriented to object manipulation by robots and die measurement of wood volume carried by trucks in a cellulose factory.

Efeito da aplicação de efluente da fábrica de celulose junto com fosfogesso na correção da acidez do solo

Foram coletados vários efluentes alcalinos da fábrica de celulose a fim de estudar a utilização destes junto com fosfogesso na correção da acidez do solo. Avaliou-se o poder de neutralização dos efluentes e a lixiviação de sódio na presença de fosfogesso numa coluna de terra. A aplicação do efluente eleva o pH do solo e o volume de efluente necessário para atingir pH 6,5 depende da sua composição química e o poder tampão de acidez do solo. A lixiviação de sódio é maior quando o fosfogesso é incorporado ao solo. A combinação do efluente com o fosfogesso corrige a acidez do solo, aumenta o teor de cálcio e, ao mesmo tempo, reduz o acúmulo de sódio no solo.

Occupational exposure to fungal and actinomycete spores during the handling of wood chips

Abstract Concentrations of airborne spores of fungi and actinomycetes were investigated from 20 samples collected during the handling of wood chips by using a six-stage fractionating impactor (Andersen sampler). Ten samples were taken on wood chip piles or beside the chip conveyor belts of cellulose factories, and ten samples were taken beside chip conveyor belts in central heating plants of saw mills. The spore exposure level varied from 103 to 106 cfu/m3 air. Wood chips used for cellulose production released large numbers of mesophilic and thermotolerant fungi, especially Aspergillus fumigatus, indicating that spontaneous heating had occurred during the storage. By contrast, heavy exposure to Penicillium species and other mesophilic fungi was characteristic of the handling of fuel chips, which are usually only stored for short periods in saw mills. The greatest spore concentration, 3×106 cfu/m3 air (mainly Penicillium), was measured during the handling of fuel chips stored for four months. Heavy exposur...

Roller dryer for producing potato puree and other pasty materials

5. Yu. I. Kuklev, Yu. A. Gordeev, and D. A. Narinskii, "Tests on experimental dryer with countercurrent streams at the Baikal Cellulose Factory," Trudy NIIkhimmasha, No. 66, 72-80 (1974). L. L. Gol'farb, i. S. Turovskii, D. A. Narinskii, and L. L. Pavlovskii, "Commissioning tests of an experimental dryer with countercurrent streams in the aeration station of of Orekhovo--Zuev town," Trudy NIIkhimmasha, No. 66, 102-109 (1974).

Vibrio anguillarum: Prevalence in three carbohydrate loaded marine recipients and a control

A bacteriological study of prevalences of Vibrio anguillarum like organisms (VLO) in three marine recipients, polluted with effluents from sugar and cellulose factories, showed some characteristic features. In the winter period very low counts of VLO were recorded. During temperature rise in spring the VLO values rise to a characteristic level persisting from June to September. A decline occurs at this time, except in sites polluted from sugar plants, where there is a delay of appr. one month. In the relatively stable period the prevalence of VLO in the recipients is appr. 10–100 per ml water and 1.000–10.000 per gram sediment while the corresponding values for the control are 1–10 per ml and 100–1000 per gram, respectively. Thus fish living in these recipients are exposed to a ten times higher risk from VLO, which is reflected in a higher prevalence of an ulcus disease in cod. The complicated nature of pollution induced diseases makes it impossible directly to correlate VLO and disease prevalence. Prevalence studies of VLO in marine recipients give valuable information on growth conditions (“organic pollution”) for marine vibrios and the risk to fish, wild living and cultured. Therefore this group of bacteria should to be added to the list of marine indicator organisms, where the indication is based on the environmental risk.

A special problem of large scale forest management

The continuously growing need for forestry products and the limited availability of forests have raised the question of how best the forest economy should be managed. In what follows, it will be assumed that a group of cellulose factories will be built in a forest region of a country, where the forest will be cultivated, solely with the needs of the factories in mind. Since large forestry machines will be used, a selective felling of tress will not be possible; a machine removes all the trees from an area being harvested. After that, new trees are planted immediately. This obviously necessitates the forest being divided into smaller subforests, which produce raw material for the factories in a sufficiently continuous manner. the optimal dimensioning of such a system of forests in the steady state is discussed. The basic difference from present practice is the assumption that the time needed for the transportation of wood is negligible; the cost aspect is not considered in this paper.

Spontaneous myoglobinuria: report of a case with symptoms of myotonia.

Case Reports1 January 1955SPONTANEOUS MYOGLOBINURIA: REPORT OF A CASE WITH SYMPTOMS OF MYOTONIAHAROLD R. HIPP, M.D., CARROLL F. SHUKERS, M.D.HAROLD R. HIPP, M.D.Search for more papers by this author, CARROLL F. SHUKERS, M.D.Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-42-1-197 SectionsAboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail ExcerptMyoglobinuria is a disease characterized by the appearance in the urine of myoglobin, a protein resembling hemoglobin found in the muscle sarcoplasm. Four different forms have been recognized:11. Myoglobinuria associated with crushing injuries, many cases of which have been reported since interest was aroused in this syndrome by Bywaters.22. Haff disease, described in residents living near the sea inlet or Haff in Königsberg, Germany. This disease is supposedly caused by the ingestion of fish or eels poisoned by waste products from nearby cellulose factories.3. Paralytic myoglobinuria occurring in work horses, which develop the disease on resuming work...Bibliography1. KreutzerStraitKerr FLLWJ: Spontaneous myohemoglobinuria in man, Arch. Int. Med. 81: 249 (Mar.) 1948. CrossrefGoogle Scholar2. BywatersDeloryRemingtonSmiles EGGECJ: Myohaemoglobin in urine of air raid casualties with crushing injuries, Biochem. J. 35: 1164 (Nov.) 1941. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar3. LouwNielson AHE: Paroxysmal paralytic hemoglobinuria, Acta med. Scandinav. 117: 424, 1944. CrossrefGoogle Scholar4. Millikan GA: Muscle hemoglobin, Physiol. Rev. 19: 502 (Oct.) 1939. CrossrefGoogle Scholar5. Hed R, as reported by Bjorck, G.: On myoglobin and its occurrence in man, Acta. med. Scandinav. Suppl. 226: 53, 1949. Google Scholar6. Ross JF: Hemoglobinemia and the hemoglobinurias, New England J. Med. 233: 691 (Dec. 6) 1945; 233: 766 (Dec. 20) 1945. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar7. ChaikenWhalenLearnerSmith BHEJNNJ: Variants of "march hemoglobinuria," Am. J. M. Sc. 225: 514 (May) 1953. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar8. FlemingKinsman RGJM: March hemoglobinuria, South. M. J. 38: 739, 1945. CrossrefGoogle Scholar This content is PDF only. To continue reading please click on the PDF icon. Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: Little Rock, Arkansas*Received for publication March 12, 1954.From the Departments of Medicine and Pathology, Veterans Administration Hospital, Little Rock, Arkansas. PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics Cited byMyoglobin: Methods and Diagnostic UsesMyoglobinuriaMyoglobinuria Following Unilateral Status Epilepticus and Ipsilateral RhabdomyolysisIdiopathic Paroxysmal Myoglobinuria with Acute Renal Failure and HypercalcemiaExertional idiopathic paroxysmal myoglobinuriaIdiopathic recurrent rhabdomyolysisPrimary Myoglobinuria A Case Report Emphasizing Recent Diagnostic TechniquesRICHARD JOSEPH DUMA, M.D., JACK W. TRIGG, M.D., WILLIAM J. HAMMACK, M.D.Idiopathic Paroxysmal MyoglobinuriaDAVID E. COMINGS, M.D., HARRY ROSENFELD, M.D.Idiopathic Recurrent Rhabdomyolysis Associated with MyoglobinuriaIdiopathic paroxysmal myoglobinuriaPrimary myoglobinuria (Meyer-Betz disease)PRIMARY IDIOPATHIC MYOGLOBINURIA IN A NEGRO FEMALE: ITS IMPLICATIONS AND A NEW METHOD OF LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS*C. L. WHISNANT JR., M.D., R. H. OWINGS, M.S., C. G. CANTRELL, M.D., G. R. COOPER, Ph.D., M.D.Primary MyoglobinuriaDie Pathomorphologie der NierenausscheidungDie MyoglobinurienMYOGLOBINURIA AFTER SPONTANEOUS AND INDUCED FEVER: REPORT OF A CASE*PERRY BERG, EUGENE P. FRENKELPAROXYSMAL MYOGLOBINURIAAcute Myoglobinuria. Report of A Case with a Fatal Outcome 1 January 1955Volume 42, Issue 1Page: 197-200KeywordsHemoglobinHospital medicineIngestionMuscle proteinsUrine ePublished: 1 December 2008 Issue Published: 1 January 1955 PDF downloadLoading ...