Wireless Cellular Networks Research Articles

Deployment options of AI components for network resource management in 5G‐enabled agile industrial production cell

SummaryOn‐demand manufacturing in Industry 4.0 requires flexibility of the networks which can be provided with the fifth generation (5G) of mobile communications wireless connectivity. A key component in the efficient utilization of the radio resources in a manufacturing scenario is network resource management (NRM). We show how NRM can be automated with artificial intelligence (AI). We introduce several futuristic industrial use cases that require AI in various parts of the process. We analyze the AI components' benefits and disadvantages in several deployment scenarios. The findings can be used by business stakeholders interested in deploying the 5G cellular wireless network to choose the best NRM and AI implementation strategy for a particular use case. We show that there are many viable options for the AI component in the process automation, but the cost of AI has to be considered in all cases. Also, we point out that an essential component, the standardized information flow on the status of the productivity key performance indicators (KPIs), is needed for the successful deployment and application of the 5G AI.

WVETT-Net: A Novel Hybrid Prediction Model for Wireless Network Traffic Based on Variational Mode Decomposition

Precise prediction of wireless communication network traffic is indispensable in the operational deployment of base station resources and improvement of the user experience. Cellular wireless network traffic has both spatial and temporal characteristics. The existing modeling algorithms have achieved good results in extracting the spatial features, but there are still deficiencies in the extraction models for the time dependencies. To resolve these problems, this paper proposes a novel hybrid neural network prediction model, called WVETT-Net. Firstly, variational mode decomposition (VMD) is used to preprocess network traffic, and the whale optimization algorithm (WOA) is used to select the optimal parameters for VMD. Secondly, the local and global features are extracted from each subsequence by a temporal convolutional network (TCN) and an improved Transformer network with a multi-head ProbSparse self-attention mechanism (Pe-Transformer), respectively. Finally, the extracted feature representation is enhanced by using an efficient channel attention (ECA) mechanism to achieve accurate wireless network traffic predictions. Experimental results on two wireless network traffic datasets show that the proposed model (WVETT-Net) outperforms the traditional single or combined models in wireless network traffic prediction.

Knowledge Caching for Federated Learning in Wireless Cellular Networks

Knowledge Caching for Federated Learning in Wireless Cellular Networks

Dual wavelength signal generation with four wave mixing based on directly modulated laser

Dual wavelength (DW) lasers are crucial for producing petahertz (PHz) signals, which are higher value terahertz (THz) signals. The infrared and visible light sub-bands are valuable frequency range for a number of applications, including networking, multiple access techniques, next-generation mobile networks (6G), future wireless networks, and new PHz communication systems. The importune need to the high frequency signal such as THz and PHz signal for 5 and 6 next generation wireless cellular mobile networks motivate us to design an optical system to provide these signals rather than an electronic circuits. They are also beneficial for a variety of medical testing. The wavelength spacing ranging from 14 nm to 7 nm is proposed and demonstrated a dual-wavelength generation with FWM based on DML is realized at 1554 and 1548 nm. It is essential to make use of the fiber's non-linearity characteristics to ensure synchronization for continuous wave (CW) laser and directly modulated laser (DML) signals and the creation of the four wave mixing (FWM) components. With the help of OptiSystem version 14.0, the system is designed and investigated then, the desired THz signal is created as pulse amplitude modulation. The position of the FWM components within the frequency range between the spectrums of the two lasers affects the synthesis of the required signal. At the DML frequency equal to or below the CW Laser (1520 nm), neither FWM frequency components nor dual wavelength pulses exist. On the other hand, the FWM frequency components and dual wavelength pulses can only be seen when the DML frequency is greater than 1520 nm. The CW laser frequency is the main controlling factor in the generation THz signal. If the CW laser frequency is set at or below 1520 nm, the dual wavelength and THz signal are accessible. Because these frequencies are so far from the reference fiber frequency, it is impossible to produce dual wavelength pulses at frequencies higher than those mentioned above.

Delay analysis of ring resonator-based beam-forming network in z-domain

During the next generation of wireless cellular networks, the millimeter-wave (mm-wave) spectrum will bring new opportunities for exceptionally high data transfer speeds and extensive network connectivity. Millimeter waves, on the other hand, are subject to a significant loss of propagation, which is the most significant impediment. A beneficial solution to this difficulty, which can be overcome, is to use a beam-forming system that consists of many antennas. The purpose of this study is to provide a concept for an integrated photonic beam-forming system that utilises multiple ring resonators for a 1 × 4 phase array antenna operating in the Ka-Band frequency range. The waveguide technology is the foundation for a signal that operates at 28 GHz. It is through the use of the optical ring resonator that the actual time delay line may accomplish its goal. The suggested method can be imDuring the next generation of wireless cellular networks, the millimeter-wave (mm-wave) spectrum will bring new opportunities for exceptionally high data transfer speeds and extensive network connectivity. Millimeter waves, on the other hand, are subject to a significant loss of propagation, which is the most significant impediment. A beneficial solution to this difficulty, which can be overcome, is to use a beam-forming system that consists of many antennas. The purpose of this study is to provide a concept for an integrated photonic beam-forming system that utilises multiple ring resonators for a 1 × 4 phase array antenna operating in the Ka-Band frequency range. The waveguide technology is the foundation for a signal that operates at 28 GHz. It is through the use of the optical ring resonator that the actual time delay line may accomplish its goal. The suggested method can be implemented as a variable true time delay (TTD) line to change the radiation angle of phase array antennas (PAA). The main lobe radiated by the PAA can be directed squint-free between the angles from −28° to +28°. The mathematical analysis and design of the beam producing the structure are presented. Following that, delays of 650 ps, 350 ps, and 250 ps could be produced with coupling coefficients of κ = 0.5 , κ = 0.7, and κ = 0.9 , respectively, and the associated phase shifts were 0.469π, 0.146π, and 0.387π.plemented as a variable true time delay (TTD) line to change the radiation angle of phase array antennas (PAA). The main lobe radiated by the PAA can be directed squint-free between the angles from −28° to +28°. The mathematical analysis and design of the beam producing the structure are presented. Following that, delays of 650 ps, 350 ps, and 250 ps could be produced with coupling coefficients of κ = 0.5 , κ = 0.7, and κ = 0.9 , respectively, and the associated phase shifts were 0.469π, 0.146π, and 0.387π.

Cellular traffic forecasting based on inverted transformer for mobile perception dual-level base station sleep control

Due to the extensive implementation of the fifth generation wireless communication networks (5 G), numerous base stations are being strategically deployed in densely inhabited areas to address the escalating need for network traffic. Within wireless cellular networks, over 80% of energy consumption is primarily concentrated on the side of the base station. In comparison to 4 G base stations, the 5 G base stations exhibit notable enhancements in terms of bandwidth, peak rate, and transmission power. Nonetheless, they suffer from limited signal coverage and extensive resource consumption. To address this challenge effectively, the present study introduces a Mobile Perception Dual-Level (MPDL) base station sleep control strategy based on cellular traffic forecasting. The strategy aims to satisfy the demands for reduced power consumption and enhanced service quality by monitoring both the current network traffic of the base station and the user's mobility, consequently placing the base station into two different sleep states. Specifically, we first designed an inverted Transformer (iTransformer) model to accurately forecast cellular traffic. The model is capable of effectively capturing both the spatial and temporal attributes of cellular traffic. It also takes into account the impact of geographical features, such as Points of Interest (POIs) and the quantity of Base Stations (BSs), on the forecasting outcomes. Consequently, it attains precise predictions of the cellular traffic. Based on the forecasting outcomes of cellular traffic, this study presents a mobility perception dual-level sleep strategy. This strategy proposal differentiates sleep into deep sleep and light sleep, while also taking into account the mobility attributes of users. It incorporates considerations for Quality of Service (QoS) and energy consumption. We assess the performance and application impacts of cellular traffic forecasting and base station sleep strategy in real-world datasets. Several experiments and validations have confirmed that the MPDL, as proposed in this paper, effectively decreases power consumption by a range of 22% to 41% when compared to baselines.

A Blockchain-Assisted Security Protocol for Group Handover of MTC Devices in 5G Wireless Networks.

In the realm of the fifth-generation (5G) wireless cellular networks, renowned for their dense connectivity, there lies a substantial facilitation of a myriad of Internet of Things (IoT) applications, which can be supported by the massive machine-type communication (MTC) technique, a fundamental communication framework. In some scenarios, a large number of machine-type communication devices (MTCD) may simultaneously enter the communication coverage of a target base station. However, the current handover mechanism specified by the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) Release 16 incurs high signaling overhead within the access and core networks, which may have negative impacts on network efficiency. Additionally, other existing solutions are vulnerable to malicious attacks such as Denial of Service (DoS), Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attacks, and the failure of Key Forward Secrecy (KFS). To address this challenge, this paper proposes an efficient and secure handover authentication protocol for a group of MTCDs supported by blockchain technology. This protocol leverages the decentralized nature of blockchain technology and combines it with certificateless aggregate signatures to mutually authenticate the identity of a base station and a group of MTCDs. This approach can reduce signaling overhead and avoid key escrow while significantly lowering the risk associated with single points of failure. Additionally, the protocol protects device anonymity by encrypting device identities with temporary anonymous identity markers with the Elliptic Curve Diffie-Hellman (ECDH) to abandon serial numbers to prevent linkage attacks. The resilience of the proposed protocol against predominant malicious attacks has been rigorously validated through the application of the BAN logic and Scyther tool, underscoring its robust security attributes. Furthermore, compared to the existing solutions, the proposed protocol significantly reduces the authentication cost for a group of MTCDs during handover, while ensuring security, demonstrating commendable efficiency.

Accurate Localization in LOS/NLOS Channel Coexistence Scenarios Based on Heterogeneous Knowledge Graph Inference

Accurate localization is one of the basic requirements for smart cities and smart factories. In wireless cellular network localization, the straight-line propagation of electromagnetic waves between base stations and users is called line-of-sight (LOS) wireless propagation. In some cases, electromagnetic wave signals cannot propagate in a straight line due to obstruction by buildings or trees, and these scenarios are usually called non-LOS (NLOS) wireless propagation. Traditional localization algorithms such as TDOA, AOA, etc. , are based on LOS channels, which are no longer applicable in environments where NLOS propagation is dominant, and in most scenarios, the number of base stations with LOS channels containing users is often small, resulting in traditional localization algorithms being unable to satisfy the accuracy demand of high-precision localization. In addition, some nonideal factors may be included in the actual system, all of which can lead to localization accuracy degradation. Therefore, the approach developed in this paper uses knowledge graph and graph neural network (GNN) technology to model communication data as knowledge graphs, and it adopts the knowledge graph inference technique based on a heterogeneous graph attention mechanism to infer unknown data representations in complex scenarios based on the known data and the relationships between the data to achieve high-precision localization in scenarios with LOS/NLOS channel coexistence. We experimentally demonstrate a spatial 2D localization accuracy level of approximately 10 meters on multiple datasets and find that our proposed algorithm has higher accuracy and stronger robustness than the state-of-the-art algorithms.

Centimeter positioning accuracy in modern wireless cellular networks – wish or reality?

Centimeter positioning accuracy in modern wireless cellular networks – wish or reality?

Performance analysis of successive di-state full-duplex cooperative wireless cellular networks

This paper examined uplink and downlink di-state (primary and secondary) situations to build the theoretical and practical realization of a bidirectional cooperative wireless cellular network. In the primary scenario, full-duplex (FD) base stations support two sets of half-duplex (HD) users, where the transmitter (uplink) and receiver (downlink) respectively. Each uplink transmitted signal is rotated in a variant phase through a set of scalars known to the base stations before transmission. The signal from the transmitter ensures the reconfigurable receiver antennas at the base stations can configure the received signal as decoded signals. The proposed work exposed strong self and inter-user interference from the transmitter during demonstrating FD wireless communication mode that destroyed network functionality at the base stations. The occurred self-interference signals from the transmitter are neutralized using precoding and beam-forming technique. During the secondary scenario, decoded base station signals are independently encoded and transmitted to the downlink users. Base stations aid the inter-user interference management by precoding the uplink transmission data and forwarding it to the downlink users. Consequently, the inter-user interference signals are aligned using the span interference alignment technique. A proposed cooperative additional receiver (listener U1) can decode the desired signals and helps in recovering and reconstructing the interference signals. This proposed work completely characterized and evaluated the degree of freedom (DoF) for unknown channel state information at the transmitter (CSIT); whereas achievable lower and upper bound DoF are demonstrated for the partial CSIT. At last, the analytical and simulation results reveal the sum of DoF improvement for unknown and partial CSIT.

Resource allocation algorithm for 5G and B5G D2D underlay wireless cellular networks

Resource allocation algorithm for 5G and B5G D2D underlay wireless cellular networks

Transient analysis of energy-saving strategy for cognitive radio networks using G-queue with heterogeneity

Energy efficiency, high data speeds, and effective spectrum utilization stand as the primary factors governing 5G and beyond networks. A base station (BS) in a cognitive radio network (CRN) that conserves energy during sleep periods is a promising contender for achieving more effective spectrum allocation. An efficient energy-saving strategy is offered in this study to achieve greener communication in wireless cellular networks. This study aims to propose and analyze an energy-saving scheme for the BS, taking into account the heterogeneity and reliability of networks. The entire system is modeled as a three-dimensional Markov chain by establishing a discrete-time preemptive priority queueing model with single vacation, heterogeneous packets, and negative packets such as viruses. Then, the transient analysis of the Markov chain is performed using the recursive method. Utilizing the transient probability distribution, we present numerical results derived from reliability analysis and queueing analysis to substantiate the validity of the proposed model. Furthermore, results based on the energy-saving degree are showcased to affirm the effectiveness of the proposed scheme. Finally, a reward cost function is obtained depending on the successful transmission of secondary packets, and the Quasi-Newton method is used to determine the optimal reward cost.

Application of adaptive guard channel reservation under hard handoff constraint in wireless cellular network

Application of adaptive guard channel reservation under hard handoff constraint in wireless cellular network

Statistical Analysis of RF-EMF Exposure Induced by Cellular Wireless Networks in Public Transportation Facilities of the Paris Region

Statistical Analysis of RF-EMF Exposure Induced by Cellular Wireless Networks in Public Transportation Facilities of the Paris Region

Cellular Wireless Networks in the Upper Mid-Band

Cellular Wireless Networks in the Upper Mid-Band

Exact and heuristic approaches for maximizing flows in UAV-enabled wireless cellular networks with multi-hop backhauls

This paper investigates the problem of data routing in backhaul networks using Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) to relay data from Small Cells (SCs) to the core network. The objective is to maximize the total fulfilled demand of data to be routed, while ensuring technical requirements such as hop constraints and edge capacity. The problem is formulated using a compact mixed-integer programming model, which can solve small- and medium-sized topologies. In addition, a fast constructive heuristic based on a maximal tree is developed to solve large-scale topologies, resulting in a significant reduction in CPU time. The quality of the heuristic is evaluated by using column generation for solving the linear programming relaxation of an exponential formulation. The computational study shows the effectiveness and value of the proposed compact model and constructive heuristic for various topology sizes. Furthermore, experiments demonstrate that by keeping the network setup constant and updating the demand vector only, the computational time of the compact model can be drastically reduced for all topology sizes.

Crowd‐sourced and incentive driven UAV system to assist with network slices

AbstractOwing to their flexibility, fast deployment, increasing affordability, and numerous application opportunities, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) became an undisputed target of studies and research to discover and exploit the immense opportunities they provide. Moreover, network slicing is a critical enabler for 5G and beyond. Network slices guarantee certain network user expectations such as data rate and latency thresh‐holds. There is no doubt that crowd‐sourced and incentive driven solutions are on the rise. Crowd‐sourcing allowed companies and organizations both small and large to gather data and perform other large‐scale tasks with minimum expenses and maintenance. Indeed, the major concerns for 5G and network slicing are guaranteeing high throughput, reliability, and latency. With data rates being the most important attribute for common regular users, that is, mobile devices, video streaming, navigation, and content consumption. As a result, the focus of this work is to utilize crowd‐sourced UAVs in an incentive driven network slice assistance system to extend coverage and provide mobile users with the high throughput they require. This work presents some basic 5G cellular radio access technologies and network slicing background and proposes a novel system, namely UAV slice assistance (UAVSA), and its hybrid alternative version: UAV hybrid slice assistance (UAVHSA). The hybrid mode combines benefits from the proposed UAVSA system and the traditional base station (BS) system. The proposed algorithms address the issue of coverage and guaranteeing high data rate slices for users. The proposed systems maximize satisfaction rate of network slice users. Moreover, all systems are extensively tested and compared in various scenarios to determine their performance and provide a coherent study. Finally, future works and opportunities are highlighted in conclusion.

Mobility Management in Wireless Cellular Networks Using Other Nodes as Relays

Mobility Management in Wireless Cellular Networks Using Other Nodes as Relays

Optimization of Channel Segregation-Based Fractional Frequency Reuse for Inter-Cell Interference Coordination in Cellular Ultra-Dense RAN

To cope with ever growing mobile data traffic, we recently proposed a concept of cellular ultra-dense radio access network (RAN). In the cellular ultra-dense RAN, a number of distributed antennas are deployed in the base station (BS) coverage area (cell) and user-clusters are formed to perform small-scale distributed multiuser multi-input multi-output (MU-MIMO) transmission and reception in each user-cluster in parallel using the same frequency resource. We also proposed a decentralized interference coordination (IC) framework to effectively mitigate both intra-cell and inter-cell interferences caused in the cellular ultra-dense RAN. The inter-cell IC adopted in this framework is the fractional frequency reuse (FFR), realized by applying the channel segregation (CS) algorithm, and is called CS-FFR in this paper. CS-FFR divides the available bandwidth into several sub-bands and allocates multiple sub-bands to different cells. In this paper, focusing on the optimization of the CS-FFR, we find by computer simulation the optimum bandwidth division number and the sub-band allocation ratio to maximize the link capacity. We also discuss the convergence speed of CS-FFR in a cellular ultra-dense RAN.

Development of SDR-based network positioning technology. LTE reference signals reception and processing validation

Introduction. The positioning of devices according to the base stations reference signals of LTE cellular radio networks deployed everywhere is an important area of research and development that is in demand due to dense urban development with unreliable signal reception from global navigation satellite systems. The instrument for experimental approbation of technical solutions is the software and hardware of the SDR software defined radio technology. This work continues the study on the use of SDR technology for network positioning problems in terms of the experimental testing of the device for receiving reference signals of the LTE standard.Materials and methods. The correctness of the software implementation of the LTE reference signal processing procedures was verified in the course of laboratory tests that showed the accuracy of primary measurements in units of meters allowing us to speak about the satisfactory performance of the implemented SDR layout of the user device that receives the LTE reference signals.Results. Insufficient synchronization accuracy of SDR models of base stations for navigation tasks confirmed the need for hardware-software implementation of the subsystem for generating LTE reference signals in HDL for FPGAs.Discussion and conclusions. The next stage of research in the field of SDR network positioning technology is field testing of the implemented sub-system for generating LTE reference signals with sufficient synchronization accuracy of eNB models for navigation tasks.