Cell Diff Research Articles

MALT lymphoma of the thyroid gland showing marked plasma cell diff erentiation and being shortly transformed to plasmacytoma

MALT lymphoma of the thyroid gland showing marked plasma cell diff erentiation and being shortly transformed to plasmacytoma

Barrett’s esophagus: genetic features

The aimof the study was to evaluate the genetic characteristics of the pathological process in patients with biopsy-proven PB.Materials and methods:Dynamic observation and treatment of patients with morphologically confi rmed diagnosis of Barrett’s esophagus (PB) was performed at the Bank of Russia Multidisciplinary medical center in Moscow in the period from 2014 to 2019.the study included 52 patients. Among them, men — 33 (63.4%) and women –19 (36.5%) aged from 28 to 70 years, the peak incidence was mainly in the age range from 50–71 years. As a result, morphological types of PB epithelium were identifi ed at the time of the study: cardiac — 8(15.3%), small — bowel — 25 (48%), large-bowel without dysplasia-17 (32.6%) and large-bowel with mild dysplasia foci –2 (3.8%). The expression of the p53, P63, and Ki-67 genes responsible for cell proliferation and diff erentiation was studied using an immunohistochemical method.Results.As a result of the study, it was found that genetic changes in patients with morphologically confi rmed PB increase from the cardiac type of epithelium in the segment to the detection of dysplasia foci on the background of colonic metaplasia. An exception is tokokishechnaya metaplasia, which may be an indirect sign of the development of highly diff erentiated epithelium in response to gastroesophageal or duodenogastroesophageal refl uxSummary.1. Mutation of the p 53 genes responsible for regulating cell transcription and activating apoptosis and the P63 gene responsible for cell diff erentiation occurs in all morphological types of PB, with the number of mutations increasing as metastatic changes progress in accordance with the Correa cascade 2. The combination of p53 and P63 gene mutations in almost equal proportions indicates parallel processes of cell proliferation and diff erentiation disorders. 3. Ki-67 expression increases from the cardiac type of epithelium in the segment to the detection of dysplasia foci on the background of metaplastic epithelium. An exception is tokokishechnaya metaplasia, which may be an indirect sign of the development of highly diff erentiated epithelium in response to gastroesophageal or duodenogastroesophageal refl ux.Conclusion.Studies have shown that there are a number of genetic features of the pathological process in patients with morphologically confi rmed PB, the combination of which is more reliable and reliable assessment of the risk of neoplastic changes than individual indicators. To date, it remains relevant to develop a marker panel that is suitable for use in clinical practice, informative for both assessing individual risk and stratifying risk groups, and useful for monitoring the eff ectiveness of treatment.

Immune and genetic markers of functional disorders of the autonomic nervous system in workers engaged in underground mining

Introduction. Th e study of immune and genetic indicators associated with functional pathology of the autonomic nervous system in workers engaged in mining operations for the extraction of chrome ore (Perm region).The aim of the study was to study the characteristics of cellular immunity and genetic polymorphism in workers engaged in underground mining, suff ering from functional disorders of the autonomic nervous system.Materials and methods. Th e state of various parts of the autonomic nervous system was assessed using cardiorhythmographic program according to the standard method. Markers of cell diff erentiation (CD95+, CD127-) were determined by fl ow cytometry on fl ow cytofl uorimeter. Determining the level of protein expression of Bcl–2 and membrane expression of the receptor for tumor necrosis factor TNF was performed using corresponding monoclonal antibodies and simultaneous procedure negative isotype control. Genetic features were detected by real-time polymerase chain reaction and allelic discrimination based on the diagnosis of single-nucleotide polymorphisms.Results. The analysis of cardiointervalography indices showed that the predominant types of vegetative regulation of the initial vegetative tone in the observation and comparison groups were eitonia (37.5 and 45.8%, respectively, p=0.448). The sympathetic tone in the observation group were found 1.8 times more often than in the control group (35.4% and 20%, respectively, p=0,126). The study of indicators of the immune system in the working group of observation allowed to establish that the number of T-lymphocytes expressing the receptor apparatus of T-lymphocytes CD127- suppressors was significantly higher than the reference level. The number of T-lymphocytes carrying CD95+ cell death receptor did not significantly differ from the same index in the comparison group, at the same time, in relation to the physiological norm, their level was significantly lower. TNFR cells relative to physiological norm (p<0.05). When studying the system of transcription factors of apoptosis, inhibition of intracellular protein expression of Bcl–2 protein was established. A significant increase in the value of the index of specific sensitization to chromium (Ig E spec.), (1.63 times in relation to the comparison group). The genetic analysis revealed differences in the distribution of frequencies of alleles and genotypes in patients with diseases of the nervous system (polyneuropathy, disorders of the autonomic system, epilepsy, eitonia, etc.) on the genotypes of the following genes: gene detoxification of xenobiotics — coproporphyrinogen oxidase CPOX A/C rs1131857, serotonin receptor gene HTR2A A/G rs7997012, which forms a genetic predisposition to pathological immunoregulatory scenarios of allergization, hypersensitivity to intoxication, carcinogenesis, catecholamine regulation defects (asthenia, migraine, obesity, lability of blood pressure and pulse). Conclusions. Th e results of immunological and genetic studies indicate production conditionality in miners engaged in underground mining of chromium ore, with manifestations of functional disorders of the autonomic nervous system associated with an imbalance of immunoregulation and gene polymorphism variability.

Inhibition of Adipogenesis by Thiourea Derivatives.

Obesity is one of the major health problems with inherent risk of type 2 diabetes, hypertension, CVDs, etc. Adipogenesis is a major contributor in the process of obesity. Inhibition of adipocytes differentiation is one of the key approaches to treat obesity. To discover the new inhibitors of adipogenesis as the treatment for obesity. We describe here, the synthesis, and anti-adipogenic activity of thiourea derivatives 1-14. These derivatives were synthesized by the reactions of phenyl and pentafluorophenyl isothiocyanate with different aromatic amines. Pure compounds 1-14 were evaluated for their in vitro antiadipogenesis activity employing 3T3-L1 cells lines. Compounds 1-3, 5-9, and 11-14 significantly inhibited the pre-adipocyte differentiation into adipocytes, which was measured by staining the cells, and through morphological examination. Compound 10 (1-(4"-Chlorophenyl)-3-(pentafluorophenyl)-thiourea) showed a potent inhibition of adipocyte differentiation with IC50 = 740.00 ± 2.36 nM, which was more potent than the standards, epigallocatechin gallate (IC50 = 16.73 ± 1.34 μM), and curcumin (IC50 = 18.62 ± 0.74 μM). All other compounds showed a moderate to weak anti-adipogenesis activity. Compounds 1- 14 were also evaluated for their cytotoxicity. Compounds 3, 10, and 14 showed some toxicity to the cancer cell lines, while compounds 2, 3, 10, 12, and 14 showed a moderate to weak cytotoxicity against the normal cell lines. All the compounds reported in this paper are known, except compound 11. They have been identified as new inhibitors of Adipogenesis. Adipogenesis is the process of adipocytes differentiation from pre-adipocytes. This extensively studied model of cell diff differentiation. Further synthetic modifications, and optimization of anti-adipogenic activity may lead to the development of anti-obesity agents.

Research Progress and Application Prospect of IPS Cells

Differentiated somatic cells can be reprogrammed into induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS cells) by introducingspecific transcription factors. This technique avoids immune rejection and ethical problems in stem cell research.A great revolution in the fi eld of science. As with embryonic stem cells (ES cells), iPS cells are able to self-renewand maintain undiff erentiated state. In vitro, iPS cells can be induced to diff erentiate into a variety of mature cells,therefore, iPS cells in theoretical research and clinical applications are extremely valuable. IPS cell diff erentiationand transplantation in the treatment of blood diseases have a great use, iPS cells can treat nervous system diseases,to provide in vitro disease model, to study the mechanism of disease formation, screening new drugs and thedevelopment of new to provide a new treatment The The use of iPS cells as a nuclear donor cell, with the appropriatereceptor cells after fusion can be directly obtained transgenic animals. Not only can improve the genetic nature ofanimals, but also can break the boundaries of species and get the new animal traits that cannot achieve by usingtraditional mating methods. The research of iPS cells has been widely concerned, and it is the research hotspot in cellbiology and molecular biology. In this paper, the defi nition of iPS cells, the acquisition of iPS cells, the history ofdevelopment, the signifi cance of research, the progress of research, the application of iPS cells, and the problems ofiPS cells were reviewed.

1,25(OH)2D3 induces regulatory T cell differentiation by influencing the VDR/PLC-γ1/TGF-β1/pathway

Vitamin D has been recommended as an immune modulator in recent years, in addition to regulating calcium-phosphorous-bone metabolism. Clinical studies on organ transplantation found that vitamin D sufficiency patients were less likely to develop acute cellular rejection within one year after transplantation compared to those with vitamin D deficiency. Thus, a high percentage of regulatory T cells might play a key role in preventing acute cellular rejection (ACR). In this report, we studied the specific effects of 1,25(OH)2D3 on human T cell diff ;erentiation, and determined the potential molecule mechanism behind. Results showed that 1,25(OH)2D3 induced the differentiation of T-regulatory cells (Treg cells), while inhibiting Th17 cell proliferation. In addition, 1,25(OH)2D3 promoted secretion of the anti-inflammatory cytokine, transforming Growth Factor beta1 (TGF-β1) but suppressed pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-17 (IL-17). Phospholipase C gamma 1 (PLC-γ1) is an indispensable signaling protein downstream of the classical TCR signaling pathway and was shown to play a crucial role in T cell activation, while Naive T cells expressed less PLC-γ1. Here we showed that Vitamin D could significantly upregulate PLC-γ1 expression, which then induced expression of TGF-β1. In summary, 1,25(OH)2D3 indirectly modulates the differentiation of Treg/Th17 cells by aff ;ecting the VDR/PLC-γ1/TGF-β1pathway. These results indicate that administration 1,25(OH)2D3 supplements may be a beneficial treatment for organ transplantation recipients.

Cover Caption: Translational Plant Biology

Multicellular trichomes in cucumber provides a model for elucidating cell diff erentiation. In this issue, Zhao et al. (pp. 925–935) studied a spontaneous micro‐trichome (mict) mutant with dense and poorly developed trichomes, and performed map‐based cloning of the Mict gene. Mict encodes a class I homeodomain‐leucine zipper protein and is expressed specifically in trichome cells.

Assessment of relief from pruritus due to Kampo medicines by using murine models of atopic dermatitis

Aim: Atopic dermatitis is a representative intractable chronic eczematous skin disease. Because the symptoms vary between individuals, several therapies are required for atopic dermatitis. Since kampo medicines should be used according to the particular physical and mental conditions, the use of distinctive animal models is necessary for the experimental assessment of the effi cacy of kampo medicines. In this study, 7 kampo medicines were assessed for their anti-itching eff ect in 2 types of atopic dermatitis-like pruritus models for characterizing. Methods: Long-lasting scratching behavior was induced by multiple treatments with 2,4,6-trinitrochlorobenzene (TNCB) for 4 weeks in NC mice. Kampo medicines were administered orally for 11 d from the following day of the last TNCB-treatment to assess curing pruritus. In the other model, TNCB was applied to ears of BALB/c mice for 10 d every other day to induce scratching behavior. Kampo medicines were administered orally everyday for the same term of the induction of scratching behavior to assess the prevention of dermatitis. Results: Shofusan (SFS) had an instant eff ect, even on using a single dose, on scratching behavior in the model of NC mice; it ameliorated chronic itching on oral administration for 11 d, by preventing mast cell diff erentiation and degranulation. In the model of BALB/c mice, another kampo medicine, hochuekkito (HET) inhibited the induction of scratching behavior. Conclusion: Kampo medicines such as SFS and HET may improve chronic itching sensation in atopic dermatitis to the same extent as or better than existing antiallergic medicines.

The Dukes staging system: a cornerstone in the clinical management of colorectal cancer

His work has stood the test of time as a result of its simplicity and its role in infl uencing therapeutic strategies. Additionally, his staging system is an accurate prognostic indicator and a predictor of operative mortality. The original work was a breakthrough in the understanding and management of locally advanced colorectal cancer, and it has revolutionised pathological, oncological, and surgical subspecialties. Before the Dukes paper, the main prognostic tool was a histological grading system based on cell diff erentiation. Although useful as an estimation of the rate of tumour growth, this grading system had limited prognostic value. 1 Dukes’ classifi cation of rectal cancer

A target of the HoxB5 gene from the mouse nervous system

An epitope-specific antibody against the protein product of the murine HoxB5 gene was used to select an enriched library of Hox target sequences. Genomic DNA was purified by immunoaffinity chromatography, using glutaraldehyde-cross-linked chromatin from CNS of mouse embryos at gestational day 15. Screening was done by colony hybridization with TAAT-containing oligonucleotides, filter DNA–protein binding, and gel mobility shift assay. Nucleotide sequencing identified a 910 bp DNA fragment, containing a consensus Antennapedia-like binding site, and identical in 640 bps at 3′ end of the clone to the promoter of the SPI3 gene, which encodes a serine protease inhibitor protein [Sun, J., Rose, J.B. and Bird, P., J. Biol. Chem., 270 (1995) 16089–16096]. In situ hybridization experiments were performed to see if a correlation could be found between the expression patterns the SPI3 and the HoxB5 genes. Using a 120 bp cDNA fragment as probe, SPI3 expression was detected mainly in the CNS of 15 day mouse embryos, a pattern which is similar to that of the HoxB5 gene at this stage [Hogan, B.L., Holland, P.W. and Lumsden, A., Cell Diff. Dev., 25 Suppl. (1988) 39–44; Sakach, M. and Safaei, R., Int. J. Dev. Neurosci., 14 (1996) 567–573]. In conclusion, data presented here suggest that the SPI3 gene is a candidate target of the HoxB5 gene in vertebrate embryos.

Ontogeny of the sea bass spleen (Dicentrarchus labrax): A light and electron microscopic study.

AbstractThe splenic rudiment in sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) appears 18 days after hatching in the right side of the body, close to the dorsal wall of the anterior part of the intestine. It acquires its final localization after about 2 months in a middle‐ventral position between the cecal part of the stomach and the first intestinal loop. The haemopoietic activity of this spleen during organogenesis varies with age. During the first 40 days only erythropoietic activity is shown, after which thrombopoiesis begins and the first lymphocytes appear. At the time that the amorphous extracellular matrix increases, some reticular, cells of the stroma undergo an active lipid synthesis, which ceases when the larvae are about 2 months old. All the above coincides with a decrease in erythropoiesis and total vascular development, although the ellipsoids and sinusoids do not present their final structure until later stages. These structural variations create microenvironmental conditions which favor modifications in the activity of the spleen. This relation between microenvironment and changes in haematopoietic organ function has also been described in mammals and birds (Metcalf and Moore [1971] Frontiers of Biology. Amsterdam: North Holland; Quesada et al. [1985] J. Submicrosc. Cytol. 17:537–540; Yassine et al. [1989] Cell Diff. Dev. 27:29–45). © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.

NEONATAL B CELL DIFFERENTIATION (RIFF)

Perinatal factors influencing diff of cord blood B lymphocytes into immunoglobulin secreting plasma cells was studied in 126 neonates with gestational ages(GA) from 20-44 wks. A plaque forming cell assay measured background B cell diff and diff in response to pokeweed mitogen(PWM)plus hydrocortisone(HC). 8 infants had a GA less than 27.9 wks, 24 had GA's 28-32.9 wks, 30 had GA's 33-37.9 wks, 51 had GA's 38-41.9 wks and 13 had GA's above 42wks. The mean±SD GA was 36±5wks and B.Wt. 2400±980gm. The mean±SD background plaque formation was 98±253 and in response to PWM+HC was 7505±11874/106 cord blood mononuclear cells. B cell diff was observed in some neonates in all GA groups. The magnitude of in vitro neonatal B cell diff undergoes a continuous and significant(p<.002)reduction as GA increases. The influence of intrauterine nutritional deprivation(IUGR)on B lymphocyte diff was studied, and compared to GA matched controls with a normal intrauterine nutritional status. IUGR was not associated with a decrease in B cell responsiveness. Cesarean section and low one minute Apgar scores were associated with a significantly(p<.05)increased B lymphocyte diff. Although prolonged rupture of maternal amniotic membranes(PROM)was not singularly related to a significant increase in B cell diff, the combination of PROM and low Apgar scores(stress)was associated with a more significant increase(p<.003)than either factor alone. Thus, short term neonatal stress such as the combination of PROM and low Apgar scores has as much influence on neonatal B cell function as GA.