Cefuroxime Research Articles

Removal of cefuroxime from aqueous solution by biochars derived from antibiotic mycelial residue.

In China, antibiotic mycelial residue is categorized as hazardous waste. To achieve the harmless and resourceful disposal of cephalosporin, three types of biochars from cephalosporin mycelia residues, namely non-activated carbon (BC1), ZnCl2-activated carbon (BC2), and KOH-activated carbon (BC3), were respectively fabricated by high-temperature pyrolysis carbonization technology. These three kinds of biochars were characterized via iodine value, FTIR, and SEM, and the adsorption performance of the prepared biochars was investigated using cefuroxime (CXM) as the adsorption target. The results indicated that BC3 biochar possesses the most well-developed pores and the highest iodine value of 1367.41 mg/g; The most suitable dosage is 1.6 g/L, and the lower the pH, the more favorable the adsorption effect. The investigation of adsorption kinetics revealed that it conformed to the kinetic model of pseudo-second order, as well as the process of adsorption was governed by the chemical adsorption mechanism, the rate of adsorption was affected by the collective impact of the quantity of active sites present and the interaction strength between the CXM molecules and the biochar. The exploration of adsorption thermodynamics revealed that it aligned with the Langmuir model, the surface of biochar was relatively uniform, and the adsorption was mainly of low coverage; The calculation of thermodynamic parameters demonstrated that the adsorption was exothermic and spontaneous.

Validation of An HPLC Method for the Determination of Some Β-Lactams Antibiotics Using A Green Analytical Technique

Green analytical chemistry (GAC) primary goal is to develop environmental and health-friendly analytical methods by reduction or replacement of hazardous substances from analytical procedures. In this research, the application of GAC to quantify five β-lactams antibiotics (cefuroxime sodium, cefaclor, ertapenem sodium, ampicillin sodium and sulbactam sodium) by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) using photodiode arrays (PDA) detector was developed. To achieve this, ethanol was used as a green replacement for methanol and acetonitrile, common solvents in chromatographic procedures. Several chromatographic conditions were investigated to accomplish the optimal conditions. The method validation followed the ICH Q2 (R1) guideline, and the developed method was successfully applied for quantifying some pharmaceutical products.

Research on Compatibility of Packaging Materials of High-Risk Cephalosporin Powder Injection and Establishment of Indicator Component Evaluation Method

aims: To establish a GC-MS method for the determination of extractable substances in the stoppers of Ceftriaxone sodium bottles for injection; To establish a HPLC method for the determination of vulcanizing agent and antioxidant in Ceftriaxone sodium for injection bottle stopper and to analyze the correlation between the volatile substances of rubber stopper and the clarity of solution. objective: To establish a GC-MS method for the determination of extractable substances in the stoppers of Ceftriaxone sodium bottles for injection; To establish a HPLC method for the determination of vulcanizing agent and antioxidant in Ceftriaxone sodium for injection bottle stopper and to analyze the correlation between the volatile substances of rubber stopper and the clarity of solution. method: GC-MS method was used with capillary column Rtx-5MS (30.0 m×0.25 mm, 0.25 µm), the carrier gas was He at the flow rate of 1.8mL·min-1, the temperature of injection port was 200 ℃, shunt ratio was 10∶l, the column temperature was programmed temperature(initial column temperature was 40 ℃ and kept for 15 min, and with the speed of 10 ℃ upping to 100 ℃ and kept for 2 min, and with the speed of 25 ℃ upping to 230 ℃ and kept for 10 min), the interface temperature was 250 ℃, and the scanning range was from 29 to 600(m·z-1), and the volatile substances were using full scan. An inertsil ODS-3 column(250 mm×4.6 mm, 5 µm) was used for the HPLC analysis. The mobile phase A consisted of water containing 0.04% trifluoroacetic and the mobile phase B consisted of acetonitrile containing 0.04% trifluoroacetic acid, the gradient elution was used and the flow rate was set as 1.0 mL·min-1. The column temperature was 30 ℃, the detection wavelength was 210 nm and the injection volume was 10 µL. result: Antioxidant BHT(264), silicone oil and other organic compounds in rubber stopper permeated and migrated to the sample with acceleration time by GC-MS. A good linearity was observed over the range of 0.5-100 μg·mL-1(r＞0.999). The detection limits of vulcanizing agent and antioxidant were about 0.03 μg·mL-1, and the quantitation limits were about 0.1 μg·mL-1. The average recoveries (low, medium and high) of antioxidant (168, 264, 330, 1076, 1010) and vulcanizing agents (carbon disulfide, sulfur) were between 90.0% and 110.0%, and the corresponding RSD were less than 5% (n=9) by adding standard recovery experiments. The stability test showed that the antioxidant and the vulcanizing agent solution had good stability and was stable within 24 hours. conclusion: the GC-MS/HPLC method can be used for the quality control of rubber stopper of cefuroxime Sodium for Injection.The compatibility study and comprehensive evaluation system of Ceftriaxone sodium for injection packaging materials have been initially formed.

Bacterial vaginosis (BV) and Trichomonas vaginalis (TV) co-infection, and bacterial antibiogram profile of pregnant women studied in Lagos, Nigeria

AimThis study was undertaken to determine the prevalence of Bacterial Vaginosis (BV), Trichomonas Vaginalis (TV) co-infection, and the antibacterial sensitivity profile of bacterial isolates.MethodsThe study was a cross-sectional study of 232 pregnant women on a routine antenatal visit between April 2019 and Sept. 2020, at Amukoko clinic in Lagos, Nigeria. The gynaecologist conducted the clinical examination on each patient looking for vaginal discharge and its consistency/homogeneity, colour and odour. Two High Vaginal Swab (HVS) samples were taken from every patient and a semi-structured questionnaire was used to gather the socio-demographic, practices/attitudes, and clinical information of each participant. One sample was employed for wet preparation to identify the TV and BV diagnosis using Amsel’s criteria and Whiff’s test. The second sample was used for bacterial culture and antibiogram was conducted using the disc diffusion technique. The Clinical Laboratory Standard Institutes’ (CLSI) interpretative criteria were used to categorise the results.ResultsThe mean age of the clients was 28.11 ± 7.08 years of age. The majority (88%) were aged 15–35 years. Only 81 (34.9%) had microbial organisms isolated or seen from their specimens and 19 (8.2%) of such were classified as having BV (Bacteriods or Gardnerella isolated). Of the 81 infected, 33 (40.8%) had only bacterial infection, 36 (44.4%) had TV alone and 12 (14.8%) had bacteria co-infected with TV. From the clinical records, the population that was classified as having UTI or vaginitis was only 46 (20.7%) The study observed age (15–35 years) related association between vaginosis/ TV co-infection (X2 = 7.9; P = 0.005). Participants with symptoms of vaginitis or UTI (mainly E. coli & pseudomonas spp. isolated), BV/co-infection with TV significantly associated with female traders (X2 = 8.5; P = 0.003) and were more associated with those from polygamous relationships (X2 = 18.79, P = 0.0001). Women in their 3rd and 2nd. trimester were more significantly associated with vaginal infection (X2 = 9.47, P = 0.002; X2 = 4.79, P = 0.029) respectively. The Pseudomonas showed susceptibility to ciprofloxacin (CIP) and cefuroxime (CXM). While, E. coli isolates were susceptible to cefepime, ciprofloxacin, and imipenem.ConclusionThere is a relatively low prevalence of BV and flagellate co-infection in the community studied.RecommendationWe recommend screening of antenatal women with underlying symptoms for BV and flagellates co-infection to avoid its progression to vaginitis.

Fabrication of Ag/ZnO/Bi2WO6 photocatalyst for boosting photocatalytic activities of cefuroxime sodium in wastewater

Fabrication of Ag/ZnO/Bi2WO6 photocatalyst for boosting photocatalytic activities of cefuroxime sodium in wastewater

Removal of Cefuroxime from Soils Amended with Pine Bark, Mussel Shell and Oak Ash

The global increase in antibiotics consumption has caused hazardous concentrations of these antimicrobials to be present in soils, mainly due to the spreading of sewage sludge (or manure or slurry) and wastewater, and they could enter the food chain, posing serious risks to the environment and human health. One of these substances of concern is cefuroxime (CFX). To face antibiotics-related environmental pollution, adsorption is one of the most widely used techniques, with cost-effective and environmentally friendly byproducts being of clear interest to retain pollutants and increase the adsorption capacity of soils. In light of this, in this work, three low-cost bioadsorbents (pine bark, oak ash, and mussel shell) were added to different soil samples (at doses of 12 and 48 t/ha) to study their effects on the adsorption of CFX. Specifically, batch experiments were carried out for mixtures of soils and bioadsorbents, adding a range of different antibiotic concentrations at a fixed ionic strength. The results showed that the addition of pine bark (with pH = 3.99) increased the adsorption to 100% in most cases, while oak ash (pH = 11.31) and mussel shell (pH = 9.39) caused a clearly lower increase in adsorption (which, in some cases, even decreased). The Freundlich and linear models showed rather good adjustment to the experimental data when the bioadsorbents were added at both doses, while the Langmuir model showed error values which were too high in many cases. Regarding desorption, it was lower than 6% for the soils without bioadsorbents, and there was no desorption when the soils received bioadsorbent amendments. These results show that the addition of appropriate low-cost bioadsorbents to soils can be effective for adsorbing CFX, helping in the prevention of environmental pollution due to this emerging contaminant, which is a result of clear relevance to environmental and human health.

Antibiotics Sensitivity Reaction of salmonella Species Isolated from Ready-to-Eat Porridge Beans Sold in Federal Polytechnic of Oil and Gas Bonny of Rivers State

Salmonella specie is one of the four key global causes of diarrhoeal diseases. In this research we investigated the frequency occurrence of salmonella species isolated from ready-to-eat porridge beans sold from vendors in the proximity of federal polytechnic of oil and gas bonny island. A total of 40 samples were purchased from four different food vendors in four different spots [vendor 1(The first spot), vendor 11(second spot), vendor 111(third spot) and vendor 1V (fourth spot)] between February and May 2024.All samples were processed and analysed using standard culturebased, biochemical methods and antibiotic susceptibility test assays to confirm salmonella isolates. The highest total occurrence of heterotrophic bacteria population densities were: vendor1 4.0.0×105CFU/g; vendor11 4.4×107CFU/g, vendor111 4.5×102CFU/g and vendor 1V 4.2×109CFU/g. The highest total occurrence of salmonella population density were, for vendor1 3.9×102, Vendor11 2.7×104 , Vendor111 4.1×105,Vendor1V 4.4×103 respectively. Antibiotics susceptibility test was performed for the isolates which exhibited that all of them were susceptible to Ciprofloxacin (CPR)-5 g, Nitrofurantoin (NIT)-30 g, Oflotaxin (OFL)-5 g, were susceptible to Salmonella species. While Gentamicin (GEN)-10 g, and Cefuroxime (CXM)-5 g, were intermediate and Finally, Augmentin (AUG)-30 g, Cefuroxime (CAZ)-30 g, and Cefuroxime (CRX)-30 g were resistant to Salmonella species. Therefore, it can be stated that ready-to-eat porridge beans sold in the proximity of FPOG environment are possible route of transmission for Salmonella species. However, due to lack of intense antibiotic resistance among these bacteria, most of them can be treated with the antibiotics available in the market. Nonetheless, strict monitoring and regular surveillance is necessary.

A visible-light-driven dual Z-scheme CeVO4/g-C3N4/LaNiO3 hierarchical nanostructure photocatalyst for effective removal of organic pollutants

The major obstacle to restrict the practical application of photocatalysts is the low separation efficiency of photo-induced charge carriers. To overcome the above problem, a novel ternary CeVO4/g-C3N4/LaNiO3 hierarchical nanostructure photocatalyst with dual Z-scheme heterojunction is designed and fabricated by feat of semiconductor energy levels matching engineering. First, one-dimensional (1D) LaNiO3 nanobelts are fabricated by an electrospinning technique. Second, zero-dimensional (0D) g-C3N4 nanoparticles are fixed on 1D LaNiO3 nanobelts through a direct gas-solid reaction. Finally, 1D CeVO4 needle-like nanorods are fixed on g-C3N4/LaNiO3 hierarchical nanostructures through a hydrothermal method. Following exposure to visible-light irradiation for 180 min, the optimized CeVO4/g-C3N4/LaNiO3 hierarchical nanostructure photocatalyst exhibits the highest photocatalytic degradation rate (87.57%) for tetracycline hydrochloride (TCH). Additionally, under the same conditions, the photocatalyst demonstrates its broad applicability by effectively degrading various organic pollutants, including methylene blue (MB) (60.56%), bisphenol A (BPA) (68.00%), ibuprofen (IBU) (57.56%), cefuroxime sodium (CRO) (77.34%), carbamazepine (CBZ) (59.65%) and ciprofloxacin (CIP) (75.16%). The exceptional photocatalytic performance of the CeVO4/g-C3N4/LaNiO3 hierarchical nanostructure photocatalyst can be attributed to the formation of a dual Z-scheme heterojunction among the 1D CeVO4 needle-like nanorods, 0D g-C3N4 nanoparticles, and 1D LaNiO3 nanobelts. The photocatalyst has a large specific surface area and suitable semiconductor energy band positions, providing the hierarchical nanostructures with numerous surface-active sites, rapid charge transfer ability and small charge recombination rate. The design ideas and preparation method proposed in this work have guiding significance for developing other dual Z-scheme heterojunction photocatalysts.

Shock wave assisted intracellular delivery of antibiotics against bone infection with Staphylococcus aureus via P2X7 receptors

BackgroundTreatment of chronic osteomyelitis (bone infection) remains a clinical challenge; in particular, it requires enhanced delivery of antibiotic drugs for the treatment of intracellular Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), which prevents infection recurrence and resistance. Previous studies have found that noninvasive shock waves used to treat musculoskeletal diseases can alter cell permeability, however, it is unclear whether shock waves alter cell membrane permeability in chronic osteomyelitis. Furthermore, it remains unknown whether such changes in permeability promote the entry of antibiotics into osteoblasts to exert antibacterial effects. MethodsIn our study, trypan blue staining was used to determine the shock wave parameters that had no obvious damage to the osteoblast model; the effect of shocks waves on the cell membrane permeability of osteoblast model was detected by BODIPY®FL vancomycin; high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HLPC-MS) was used to detect the effect of shock wave on the entry of antibiotics into the osteoblast model; plate colony counting method was used to detect the clearance effect of shock wave assisted antibiotics on S. aureus in the osteoblast model. To explore the mechanism, the effect of different pulses of shock waves on S. aureus was examined by plate colony counting method, besides, P2X7 receptor in osteoblast was detected by immunofluorescence and the extracellular ATP levels was detected. Furthermore, the effect of P2X7 receptor antagonists KN-62 or A740003 on the intracellular antibacterial activity of shock-assisted antibiotics was observed. Then, we used S. aureus to establish a rat model of chronic tibial osteomyelitis and investigated the efficacy and safety of shock-wave assisted antibiotics in the treatment of chronic osteomyelitis in rats. ResultsThe viability of the osteoblast models of intracellular S. aureus infection was not significantly affected by the application of up to 400 shock wave pulses at 0.21 mJ/mm2. Surprisingly, the delivery of BODIPY®FL vancomycin to osteoblast model cells was markedly enhanced by this shock wave treatment. Furthermore, the shock wave therapy increased the delivery of hydrophilic antibiotics (vancomycin and cefuroxime sodium), but not lipophilic antibiotics (rifampicin and levofloxacin), which improved the intracellular antibacterial effect. Afterwards, we discovered that shock wave treatment increased the extracellular concentration of ATP (the P2X7 receptor activator)， while KN-62 or A740003, a P2X7 receptor inhibitor, decreased intracellular antibacterial activity. We then found that 0.1 mL of 1 × 1011 CFU/mL ATCC25923 S. aureus was suitable for modeling chronic osteomyelitis in rats. Besides, the shock wave-assisted vancomycin treatment with the strongest antibacterial and osteogenic effects among the tested treatments was confirmed in vivo by imaging examination, microbiological cultures, and histopathology, with favorable safety. ConclusionsOur results suggest that shock waves can promote the entry of antibiotics into osteoblasts for antibacteria by changing the cell membrane permeability in a P2X7 receptor-dependent manner. Besides, considering antibacterial and osteogenic efficiency and a high degree of safety in rat osteomyelitis model, shock wave-assisted vancomycin treatment may thus represent a possible adjuvant therapy for chronic osteomyelitis.

Sensitizing methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) to cefuroxime: the synergic effect of bicarbonate and the wall teichoic acid inhibitor ticlopidine.

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains are a major challenge for clinicians due, in part, to their resistance to most β-lactams, the first-line treatment for methicillin-susceptible S. aureus. A phenotype termed "NaHCO3-responsiveness" has been identified, wherein many clinical MRSA isolates are rendered susceptible to standard-of-care β-lactams in the presence of physiologically relevant concentrations of NaHCO3, in vitro and ex vivo; moreover, such "NaHCO3-responsive" isolates can be effectively cleared by β-lactams from target tissues in experimental infective endocarditis (IE). One mechanistic impact of NaHCO3 exposure on NaHCO3-responsive MRSA is to repress WTA synthesis. This NaHCO3 effect mimics the phenotype of tarO-deficient MRSA, including sensitization to the PBP2-targeting β-lactam, cefuroxime (CFX). Herein, we further investigated the impacts of NaHCO3 exposure on CFX susceptibility in the presence and absence of a WTA synthesis inhibitor, ticlopidine (TCP), in a collection of clinical MRSA isolates from skin and soft tissue infections (SSTI) and bloodstream infections (BSI). NaHCO3 and/or TCP enhanced susceptibility to CFX in vitro, by both minimum inhibitor concentration (MIC) and time-kill assays, as well as in an ex vivo simulated endocarditis vegetations (SEV) model, in NaHCO3-responsive MRSA. Furthermore, in experimental IE (presumably in the presence of endogenous NaHCO3), pre-exposure to TCP prior to infection sensitized the NaHCO3-responsive MRSA strain (but not the non-responsive strain) to enhanced clearances by CFX in target tissues. These data support the notion that NaHCO3 is acting similarly to WTA synthesis inhibitors, and that such inhibitors have potential translational applications in the treatment of certain MRSA strains in conjunction with specific β-lactam agents.

Onchocerciasis Drug Discovery: In Vitro Evaluation of FDA-Approved Drugs against Onchocerca gutturosa in Gambia.

Onchocerciasis treatment and control relies mainly on the use of ivermectin which has high activity against the microfilarial stage of Onchocerca volvulus but limited activity against the long-lived, tissue dwelling adult nematodes. As this neglected tropical disease has now been targeted for elimination, there is an urgent need for new drugs to combat these parasites, ideally with macrofilaricidal activity. In this study, we have examined the anti-Onchocerca activity of a range of existing FDA-approved drugs with a view to repurposing, which can lead to rapid and relatively inexpensive development. From the Pharmakon-1600 library, 106 drugs were selected and tested against O. gutturosa adult male parasites using a concentration of 1.25 × 10-5 M in an in vitro 5-day standard assay to assess motility and viability (using MTT/formazan colorimetry). The findings revealed that 44 drugs produced marginal/moderate activity (50-99% motility and/or MTT reductions) including cefuroxime sodium, methenamine, primaquine phosphate and rivastigmine tartrate, while 23 drugs produced good activity (100% motility reductions and significant MTT reductions), including atovaquone, isradipine, losartan, rifaximin, cefaclor and pyrantel pamoate. Although this study represents only a first step, some of the identified hits indicate there are potential anti-Onchocerca drug candidates worthy of further investigation.

Radix Sanguisorbae Improves Intestinal Barrier in Septic Rats via HIF-1 α/HO-1/Fe2+ Axis.

To investigate whether Radix Sanguisorbae (RS, Diyu) could restore intestinal barrier function following sepsis using a cecal ligation and puncture (CLP)-induced septic rat model and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-challenged IEC-6 cell model, respectively. Totally 224 rats were divided into 4 groups including a control, sham, CLP and RS group according to a random number table. The rats in the control group were administrated with Ringer's lactate solution (30 mL/kg) with additional dopamine [10 µ g/(kg·min)] and given intramuscular injections of cefuroxime sodium (10 mg/kg) 12 h following CLP. The rats in the RS group were administrated with RS (10 mg/kg) through tail vein 1 h before CLP and treated with RS (10 mg/kg) 12 h following CLP. The rats in the sham group were only performed abdominal surgery without CLP. The rats in the CLP group were performed with CLP without any treatment. The other steps were same as control group. The effects of RS on intestinal barrier function, mesenteric microvessels barrier function, multi-organ function indicators, inflammatory response and 72 h survival window following sepsis were observed. In vitro, the effects of RS on LPS-challenged IEC-6 cell viability, the expressions of zona occludens-1 (ZO-1) and ferroptosis index were evaluated by cell counting kit-8, immunofluorescence and Western blot analysis. Bioinformatic tools were applied to investigate the pharmacological network of RS in sepsis to predict the active compounds and potential protein targets and pathways. The sepsis caused severe intestinal barrier dysfunction, multi-organ injury, lipid peroxidation accumulation, and ferroptosis in vivo. RS treatment significantly prolonged the survival time to 56 h and increased 72-h survival rate to 7/16 (43.75%). RS also improved intestinal barrier function and relieved intestinal inflammation. Moreover, RS significantly decreased lipid peroxidation and inhibited ferroptosis (P<0.05 or P<0.01). Administration of RS significantly worked better than Ringer's solution used alone. Using network pharmacology prediction, we found that ferroptosis and hypoxia inducible factor-1 (HIF-1 α) signaling pathways might be involved in RS effects on sepsis. Subsequent Western blot, ferrous iron measurements, and FerroOrange fluorescence of ferrous iron verified the network pharmacology predictions. RS improved the intestinal barrier function and alleviated intestinal injury by inhibiting ferroptosis, which was related in part to HIF-1 α/heme oxygenase-1/Fe2+ axis.

Design, synthesis, characterization, antimicrobial activity, cytotoxicity, molecular docking, and in-silico ADMET analysis of the novel cefuroxime derivatives

This research aims to design and synthesize novel derivatives of Cefuroxime to evaluate their antibacterial effectiveness in comparison to Cefuroxime and to decrease resistance.Schotten Baumann's reaction synthesizes anhydride from acyl chlorides and carboxylate anion. Cefuroxime sodium was reacted with benzoyl chloride, 4-bromobenzoyl chloride, and 4-nitrobenzoyl chloride to make benzoyl derivatives. The derivatives were characterized using spectral analysis. Antimicrobial activity, cytotoxicity, in-silico molecular docking with nine different class of (Penicillin Binding Proteins) PBPs, and ADMET analysis were assessed for the analogs.Three molecules, Cef-1, Cef-2, and Cef-3, are synthesized from benzoyl derivatives. In various organisms, the derivatives outperformed Cefuroxime in antimicrobial activity. In many organisms, Cef-1 has the highest zone of inhibition. Cef-1 and Cef-3 inhibit Klebsiella pneumoniae better than Cef-2 and Cefuroxime. The greatest Cef-2-induced inhibition zone in Salmonella Typhimurium was 29.33 ± 0.47 mm. Significant antimicrobial susceptibility test activity was observed with lower inhibitory concentration (12.5 μg/ml) of derivatives compared to Cefuroxime across many species. Compound cytotoxicity is low, according to research. The consensus docking scores show that all synthesized derivatives bind better than cefuroxime. According to the results of the study, Cef-3 has the strongest correlation with PBP1a, PBP2a, PBP3, PBP4, and PBP6, whereas Cef-2 has a stronger association with PBP1b, PBP2b, PBP2x, and PBP5. Like Cef-2, Cef-1 has a greater affinity for PBP2x. Docking research indicated that all drugs bound better than Cefuroxime, indicating superior antibacterial efficacy. The ADMET studies showed oral bioavailability increased by increasing lipophilicity score 0.17 and cefuroxime 0.11.

Polyacrylamide/Gel-Based Self-Healing Artificial Tympanic Membrane for Drug Delivery of Otitis Treatment.

One of the bacterial infections caused by tympanic membrane perforation is otitis media (OM). Middle ear inflammation causes continuous pain and can be accompanied by aftereffects such as facial nerve paralysis if repeated chronically. Therefore, it is necessary to develop an artificial tympanic membrane (TM) that can effectively regenerate the eardrum due to the easy implantation and removal of OM inflammation. In this study, we synthesized hydrogel by mixing gelatin and polyacrylamide. Cefuroxime sodium salt was then incorporated into this hydrogel to both regenerate the TM and treat OM. Cytotoxicity experiments confirmed the biocompatibility of hydrogels equipped with antibiotics, and we conducted drug release and antibacterial experiments to examine continuous drug release. Through experiments, we have verified the excellent biocompatibility, drug release ability, and antibacterial effectiveness of hydrogel. It holds the potential to serve as an effective strategy for treating OM and regenerating TM as a drug delivery substance.

Rational design and fabrication of novel MnSeO3/GO nanocomposites for catalysis applications: Analysis of degradation efficacy, stability and degradation pathway

The MnSeO3/GO nanocomposites were effectively synthesized using a hydrothermal technique. The structural analyses of the heterogeneous catalyst were validated through the utilization of diverse characterization techniques, including X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), ultraviolet–visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (UV-DRS), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) investigations. The surface of graphene oxide (GO) exhibits well-aggregated MnSeO3 particles, as shown by the utilization of analytical techniques such as FT-IR,EDX, and SEM. The structural characteristic of the sample demonstrated a satisfactory synthesis process, resulting in well-formed crystals and high purity of the final products. The results of the morphological study suggest that MnSeO3nanorods are formed, characterized by the presence of small particles on their surface. Simultaneously, the formation of GO nanosheets exhibiting pronounced aggregation occurred, potentially attributed to the influence of van der Waals forces. The optical properties of different samples were determined and the values are 2.06 eV for MnSeO3 and 1.81 eV for MnSeO3/GO. The photodegradation process of antibiotic drug Cefuroxime (CEF) and pesticide Methyl parathion (MP) was investigated using UV–visible spectroscopy, with the involvement of MnSeO3/GO nanocomposites. The results demonstrate a photocatalytic activity over 90 % during a time frame of 50 and 60 min under visible light exposure for CEF and MP degradation. In the field of scavenger research, the hydroxide radical assumes a prominent role in the mechanism of photodegradation. In addition, the stability of the photocatalyst were determined by recycle analysis. The analysis of the intermediates resulting from photocatalytic degradation was conducted by GC–MS investigations.

Evaluation of selected natural sesquiterpenes as sensitizing agents of β-lactam-resistant bacterial strains.

To evaluate the capacity of fourteen sesquiterpenes to enhance the action of known antibiotics against two β-lactam resistant strains, and to determine a possible mechanism of antibiotic sensitization by assessing their ability to inhibit a β-lactamase enzyme. The broth microdilution method was used to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of β-lactams cefuroxime (CEFM) and cefepime (CPM) against Staphylococcus aureus 23MR and Escherichia coli 82MR strains in the absence and presence of subinhibitory concentrations of fourteen natural sesquiterpenes. (1R,4R)-4H-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1-hydroxycadalen-15-oic acid (5), xerantolide (8), estafiatin (11), and ambrosin (12) exhibited the best sensitizing effects in both strains. These compounds were able to reduce the MIC of CEFM by 2-fold (from 15.0 to 7.5µg/mL) and CPM by 15-fold (from 0.9 to 0.06µg/mL) in S. aureus 23MR. For E. coli 82MR, the MIC of CEFM was reduced up to 8-fold (from 120.0 to 15.0µg/mL). In this strain, the activity of 8 and 11 surpassed that of clavulanic acid (positive reference), which reduced the MIC of CEFM from 120.0 to 60.0µg/mL. To elucidate a possible mechanism of antibiotic sensitization, molecular docking studies were conducted with β-lactamases. These studies revealed an affinity with the enzymes (energies > -4.93kcal/mol) by the formation of hydrogen bonds with certain conserved amino acid residues within the active sites. However, the in vitro results indicated only marginal inhibition, with percentages <50%. The bioevaluations indicate that nine of fourteen sesquiterpenes enhance the action of CEFM and CPM against the β-lactam resistant strains, and these compounds displayed moderate activity as inhibitors of β-lactamase.

Enhancement of particle properties of cefuroxime sodium by simultaneous control of polymorph and uniform spherulites

Cefuroxime Sodium (CS) is a low-toxicity and highly effective antibiotic drug with a wide application market. Its polymorph form β has the advantage of thermal stability and resistance to degradation. However, poor powder properties cause filtration difficulties, severe electrostatic phenomena and difficulties in automated dispensing, which limit its application. In order to improve the powder properties and stability of CS from the source, we used a one-step crystallization method to prepare CS (form β) with high sphericity and uniform particle size. The spherulites of form β of CS (β spherulites) have excellent powder properties, with high flowability (32.8°), good sphericity (90.2%), low C.V. (45.6%), and adjustable particle size distribution. Thanks to improved powder properties, the β spherulites exhibits 40% higher thermal stability and maximum 41% faster dissolution rate in the compatible solutions, compared to commercially available products, which implies the β spherulites is more competitive in powder formulations.

Cefuroxime Axetil: An oral Prodrug of Cefuroxime Sodium

Cefuroxime axetil is the oral prodrug formulation of the injectable antibiotic cefuroxime sodium. Cefuroxime is a second generation cephalosporin antibiotic with a broad spectrum activity and a poor absorption profile from gastrointestinal tract. It led to the synthesis of the 1-acetoxyethyl ester of cefuroxime (cefuroxime axetil). Bactericidal activity in vivo is resultant of its binding to essential target proteins, termed the penicillin-binding proteins. Cefuroxime axetil is generally well tolerated. Stevens-Johnson syndrome, toxic epidermal necrolysis, headaches, hypersensitivity reactions and pseudomembranous colitis have also been observed occasionally during cefuroxime axetil treatment. It is not the drug of choice for any infection, particularly those encountered in the field of obstetrics and gynecology. It is safe to use in pregnancy and has a low adverse effect profile.

Prevalence and Antibiotic Resistance Patterns of Biofilm-producing Escherichia coli Strains from Water Sources Around Major Slum in Port Harcourt City, Nigeria

Slum is characterized by uncontrollable development around urban areas, with huge settlements from migrants from the rural areas for greener pastures. This situation is associated with increasing environmental problems predisposing the inhabitants to public health problems. This study was therefore aimed to assess the prevalence and resistance patterns of biofilm-producing E. coli strains in water sources around major slums in Port Harcourt city. A total of three hundred and sixty water samples including surface water (120), Borehole water (120) and well water (120) samples were collected from five different slums namely: Bundu, Egede, Enugu, Ibadan and Etche watersides over a period of twelve months. The water samples were processed and screened for the presence of E. coli using standard microbiological techniques. The isolates were subjected to biofilm production assays and antibiotic susceptibility testing. Results revealed that out of the 360 water samples, 291 (80.8%) were positive for Escherichia coli across the three water sources; 120 (100%) for surface water, 98(81%) for well water and 73(60%) for borehole water. Further analysis revealed that out of the 291 Escherichia coli isolates from the three water sources, 180(62%) were positive for biofilm production, 90(31%) showed moderate biofilm production while 21(7%) were non- biofilm producing strains. The antibiotic susceptibility testing showed that the biofilm-producing E. coli exhibited high levels of resistance to commonly used antibiotics, including Augmentine, Ceftazidime, Cefuroxime, and Cloxacillin. The percentage resistance of Escherichia coli isolated from water sources in Bundu, Egede, Enugu, Etche and Ibadan watersides, were 100% resistant to Ceftazidime (CAZ) and Cefuroxime (CRX) respectively. For Cloxacillin (CXM), Escherichia coli showed resistance for Enugu and Ibadan (82.5%), Etche and Egede (79.2%) and Bundu (66%). Whereas Escherichia coli isolated from Bundu, Enugu, and Ibadan watersides were 100% while those isolated from Egede, and Etche were 75% resistant to Augmentin. On the other hand, Escherichia coli from Etche and Egede watersides were both 8.3 and 15% resistant to Gentamycin. However, Escherichia coli was 100% susceptible to Nitrofurantoin, Ofloxacin and Ceftriaxone across the five slums. E. coli strains are usually described as indicator organisms which indicate faecal pollution. The high prevalence of biofilm-producing E. coli and their resistance to multiple antibiotics suggest that the inhabitants are highly predisposed to the risk of water related and water-borne diseases and therefore need urgent intervention strategies to prevent the spread of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in these areas.

Characterization and antibiotic resistance profile of pathogenic bacteria from drinking and surface water in Odisha

The study was aimed at identifying pathogenic bacteria from various water sources, such as drinking water distribution channels, groundwaters, and various surface water bodies. The water samples were analyzed for their physicochemical parameters and analyzed for the presence of both fecal coliforms and nonfermentors, including Aeromonas and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Most of the isolates were multiple antibiotic resistant (MAR), and the organisms tested were resistant to cefoperazone/sulbactam (CFS), cefuroxime (CXM), norfloxacin (NX) and cefepime/tazobactam (CPT). All isolates were susceptible to ceftriaxone (CTR), and fecal coliforms and Pseudomonas spp. were susceptible to imipenem/cilastatin (IC) and ceftazidime (CAZ). Moreover, the findings indicate multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) and high-level resistance to antibiotics in nonfermentors, such as Aeromonas and Pseudomonas spp. These organisms have a high prevalence in surface water bodies and a high potential to form biofilms in pipelines. Therefore, it has become important to include these bacteria in the surveillance of the water quality index. We found 13.33% nonfermentors in our study. Since contamination of drinking water can occur at the source or during supply, the exact cause needs to be explored. In our study, we tried to determine the extent of bacterial contamination in various sources, with alarming findings for surface water, supply water, bore wells, and tube wells, which yielded 100%, 80%, 40%, and 20% positive results, respectively.