Cedrelopsis Grevei Research Articles

Beyond the Bark: An Overview of the Chemistry and Biological Activities of Selected Bark Essential Oils.

Essential oils have been used by indigenous peoples for medicinal purposes since ancient times. Their easy availability played an important role. Even today, essential oils are used in various fields-be it as aromatic substances in the food industry, as an aid in antibiotic therapy, in aromatherapy, in various household products or in cosmetics. The benefits they bring to the body and health are proven by many sources. Due to their complex composition, they offer properties that will be used more and more in the future. Synergistic effects of various components in an essential oil are also part of the reason for their effectiveness. Infectious diseases will always recur, so it is important to find active ingredients for different therapies or new research approaches. Essential oils extracted from the bark of trees have not been researched as extensively as from other plant components. Therefore, this review will focus on bringing together previous research on selected bark oils to provide an overview of barks that are economically, medicinally, and ethnopharmaceutically relevant. The bark oils described are Cinnamomum verum, Cedrelopsis grevei, Drypetes gossweileri, Cryptocarya massoy, Vanillosmopsis arborea and Cedrus deodara. Literature from various databases, such as Scifinder, Scopus, Google Scholar, and PubMed, among others, were used.

Synthesis of graphene sheets from graphite flake mediated with extracts of various indigenous plants from Madagascar

Graphene, a single layer graphitic based material, is nowadays the most promising and studied material due to its unique physical and chemical properties [1]. The “top-down” method of synthesizing graphene from graphene oxide (GO) by chemical reduction is the most economical and efficient method. Oxygen based components of GO, such as epoxide, carbonyl, carboxyl and hydroxyl groups have to be eliminated, as much as possible to be more closed to a monomolecular layer of graphite. However, chemical reducing agents, such as hydrazine, are harsh and environmentally unfriendly to be used for large scale production [8].Madagascar has great varieties of indigenous plants, some of them have a power to heal illness and cancers [16], and used as herbal medicine by traditional health practitioners. This study will complete all reports done on bio-synthesis of graphene by green chemistry process [1]. Hence, physical and optical properties of the obtained graphene sheets mediated by Catharanthus roseus (CR), Phyllarthron madagascariense K. Schum (PM), Cinnamomum camphora cineoliferum (CCC), Cedrelopsis grevei Baill (CGB) and Artemisia annua (AA) natural extracts are reported on this work. Optical and physical properties of the obtained graphene sheets through Raman shift and X-Ray diffraction spectroscopy, confirmed the reduction and conversion of the bulk graphitic material to few-layered reduced graphene oxide. Hence, bio-active compounds extracted from Catharanthus roseus (CR), Phyllarthron madagascariense K. Schum (PM), Cinnamomum camphora cineoliferum (CCC), Cedrelopsis grevei Baill (CGB) and Artemisia annua (AA), can be used and are effective chelating agent for the synthesizing of graphene sheets.

“Mangidy”: Malagasy folk beverages sold in Madagascar’s marketplaces

Background: “Mangidy” is a common Malagasy infusion or decoction meant to heal or to prevent many different ailments. It is generally sold by ambulant merchants in different places of large cities’ markets, especially in Antananarivo, the capital city of Madagascar. However, despite its popularity in Madagascar, there has been virtually no scientific documentation of its constituent plants and the conditions for which it is prescribed. Methods: The present study is aimed to conduct a survey in Antananarivo markets to identify the different plant species used to make “mangidy” and their medical properties. One hundred and five informants between the ages of 17 and 75 years old were interviewed using semi-structured interviews. Results and Discussion: The results indicated 24 plant species that have been used to make “mangidy”. Cedrelopsis grevei Baill., Cereus triangularis (L.) Haw., Paramollugo nudicaulis (Lam.) Thulin and Cinnamomum camphora (L.) J. Presl were frequently cited. Usually, two to five plant species were used together as a remedy for a wide range of diseases such as asthenia, stomach-ache, hyperglycemia, and erectile dysfunction. However, consumption of “mangidy” is currently medically questionable as the dosage is not well defined and the side effects are still undocumented. Conclusions: This study highlights the importance of plants in making “mangidy” beverages and how important they are for some Malagasy people. However, more research is needed to investigate the identity, safety, and efficacy of the compounds contained in these plants so they can be used appropriately and safely. Keywords: Mangidy, herbal tea, ethnobotany, Antananarivo, Madagascar.

Chemical Composition and Behavioral Effects of Five Plant Essential Oils on the Green Pea Aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris) (Homoptera: Aphididae).

Essential oils (EOs) from Schinus molle, Helichrysum gymnocephalum, Cedrelopsis grevei and Melaleuca viridiflora, four aromatic and medicinal plants, are commonly used in folk medicine. EOs were characterized by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and quantified by gas chromatography-flame ionization detection (GC-FID); then evaluated for their behavioral effects on adults of the green pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris) using a Perspex four-armed olfactometer in order to test the compatibility of their use as phytoinsecticides to control this insect pest. Our results showed that the EOs from the leaves of S.molle, M.viridiflora and C.grevei did not change aphids' behavior. However, S.molle fruits EO seemed to be attractive while H.gymnocephalum leaves EO exhibited repellency towards aphids at a dose of 10μl. The major compounds in S.molle fruits EO were 6-epi-shyobunol (16.22%) and d-limonene (15.35%). While, in H.gymnocephalum leaves EO, 1,8-cineole was the main compound (47.4%). The difference in aphids' responses to these two EOs could be attributed to the differences in their compositions. Our findings suggest that these two EOs have potential applications for the integrated pest management of A.pisum (Harris).

The most used medicinal plants by communities in Mahaboboka, Amboronabo, Mikoboka, Southwestern Madagascar

sBackgroundThis paper reports a study undertaken in three remote communities (Mahaboboka, Amboronabo, Mikoboka), located in Sakaraha, Southwestern Madagascar. Not only villages are far away from sanitary infrastructures and doctors but drugs and consulting fees are unaffordable to villagers. They rely essentially on natural resources for health care as for most of rural areas in Madagascar. This paper aims to document medicinal plants used by communities in Sakaraha and to present the most important plant species used in traditional medicine.MethodsSemi – structured interview was conducted within 214 informants in 34 villages of the study area. Different ailments encountered in the site study were classified in various categories. For data analysis, frequency of citation (Fq), Informant Consensus Factor (Fic), Fidelity Level (FL) and Use Value (UV) were assessed to find agreement among informants about the use of plants as remedies. Mann-Whitney, Kruskall-Wallis and Spearman correlation tests were performed to determine use of medicinal plants following social status of informants.ResultsA total of 235 medicinal plant species belonging to 198 genera and 75 families were inventoried. The richest families in species used for medicinal purposes were: Fabaceae, Apocynaceae, Rubiaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Asteraceae, and Poaceae. Plant species cited by informants were used to treat 76 various ailments classified in 13 categories. Leaves and leafy twigs were the most used plant parts and decoction was the mostly cited way of preparation of these medicinal plants species. In average, local people cited 6.7 ± 6.03 medicinal taxa among them, Cedrelopsis grevei is the most cited medicinal plants (Fq. 0.28). With Cedrelopsis grevei (UV = 0.48), Henonia scoparia (UV = 0.43) are mostly used species. Leonotis nepetifolia (FL = 96%) and Strychnos henningsii (FL = 92%) are plant species claimed by high percentage of informants to treat the Digestive System Disorder.ConclusionsThis study highlighted that medicinal plants used by people from three communities in the Southwestern Madagascar are diverse. These plants species ensure care to all family members including babies, children, mothers and adult people. Through this study, newly reported medicinal plants were identified for further work.

Chemical profile and biological activities of Cedrelopsis grevei H. Baillon bark essential oil

Cedrelopsis grevei H. Baillon bark, endemic plant from Madagascar, is used in folk medicine for the treatment of rheumatism, muscular pain, and for its antifungal and antibiotic activities. In this paper, the phytochemical composition, antioxidant, antimicrobial, and cytotoxic activities of C. grevei bark essential oil (EO), its non-polar (I and II) and polar (III) fractions and its main compounds (ishwarane, β-elemene and α-copaene) were investigated.The GC–MS analysis pointed out the presence of 36 components, representing about 80% as semi-quantitative characterization of the total. The presence of ishwarane, β-elemene and α-copaene as the main constituents highlighted its peculiar composition as a sesquiterpene-rich phytocomplex. Moreover, the quantification was performed for the first time by means of the experimental and predicted response factors (ERFs and PRFs, respectively).As regards the biological activity, C. grevei EO and its fractions showed weak antioxidant activity against Trolox. The whole EO demonstrated instead considerable antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis, while its polar-fraction evidenced an interesting bioactivity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Candida albicans. Finally, C. grevei EO and its fractions exhibited an interesting cytotoxic activity on human lung cancer cells (A549) and human colorectal cancer cells (CaCo-2).

Antioxidant activity and hepatoprotective potential of Cedrelopsis grevei on cypermethrin induced oxidative stress and liver damage in male mice.

BackgroundThe liver is the most sensitive and main target organ of pesticide toxicity and damage, they play an essential role in metabolism and detoxification of pesticides. Due to these functions, hepatotoxicity continues to be among the main threats to public health, and they remain problems throughout the world. Therefore, the present study was designed to evaluate the antioxidant and hepatoprotective effects of Cedrelopsis grevei leaves against cypermethrin (Cyp) induced oxidative stress and liver damage in male mice.MethodsThe extracts were subjected to different analyses (phenolics, tannin, flavonoids, antioxidant activity and reducing power assays). For hepatoprotective evaluation, male mice were daily exposed to Cyp and/or C. grevei by gavages for 28 days. Hepatoprotective effects were demonstrated by significant alterations in serum liver dysfunction biomarker enzymes, liver lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzymes.ResultsThe antioxidant activity of C. grevei methanolic extract was the highest with an IC50 < 225 μg/ml by DPPH assay. The high dose of methanolic extract (300 mg/kg. b.wt.) was effective to attenuate the perturbations in the tested enzymes. Histopathological examination in the liver tissue of those mice, demonstrated that a co-administration of methanolic extract (150 & 300 mg/kg/day) showed marked improvement in its histological structure in comparison to Cyp-treated group alone and represented by nil to moderate degree in inflammatory cells.ConclusionsIn view of the data of the present study, it can deduce that cypermethrin caused oxidative damage and liver dysfunction in male mice. C. grevei extract has protective effects on cypermethrin-induced lipid peroxidation, oxidative stress and liver damage. Results indicated that administration of C. grevei is useful, easy, and economical to protect humans against pesticide toxicity. The results presented here can be considered as the first information on the hepatoprotective and antioxidant properties of C. grevei extracts. In a future study, we will identify and investigate the components responsible for the hepatoprotective and antioxidant activities of C. grevei.

Utilisations villageoises et potentialités technologiques des bois de forêts secondaires dans le Menabe central, Madagascar

Les forêts secondaires sont actuellement des composantes importantes de nom- breux paysages forestiers. Dans le Menabe central, au Sud-Ouest de Madagascar, la valorisation des forêts secondaires permet de mieux assurer le maintien des forêts pri- maires qui ont tendance à se raréfier et qui sont actuellement intégrées dans un sys- tème de gestion plus stricte à travers la mise en place d’une aire protégée. Cette étude a été menée pour mieux connaître les utilisations villageoises et les potentialités des forêts secondaires dans la région du Menabe. L’approche socio-économique a permis d’identifier trois types d’utilisations des bois prélevés dans les forêts secon- daires : les constructions permanentes, les constructions légères et les sources d’éner- gie. Trois espèces de forêts secondaires ont été identifiées comme prioritaires dans les choix des villageois : Rhopalocarpus luci- dus, Ziziphus mauritiana et Grewia picta. L’analyse des caractères physico-méca- niques des bois de ces trois espèces a mis en évidence des propriétés technologiques intéressantes, comparables aux quatre espèces de référence devenues rares ou absentes dans leur zone de prélèvement : Hernandia voyroni, Dalbergia spp., Cedre- lopsis grevei, Commiphora mafaiboa. Ces forêts secondaires méritent désormais d’être prises en compte et valorisées dans le cadre des politiques de gestion forestière au niveau national et international pour assurer leur durabilité.

The Bark Essential Oil Composition and Chemotaxonomical Appraisal of Cedrelopsis Grevei H. Baillon from Madagascar

Cedrelopsis grevei is an aromatic and endemic tree of Madagascar. Its essential oil, resulting from its bark, and known under the name katrafay oil, is used in Madagascar in traditional medicine and in aromatherapy in the areas of the North. The chemical composition of this oil shows a great variability. This work proposed to study some determinants of this variability. Sampling was carried out tree by tree, in six representative sites of the distribution area of the species, followed by distillation and analysis by GC-MS. Twenty one samples were thus analyzed and 71 molecules were identified in at least one sample. A principal components analysis was performed considering the thirteen principal compounds identified in these essential oils. Four chemical patterns were distinguished. The first is characterized by eudesmane skeletons, mainly represented by selinenes (3.4-17.2%) and eudesmols (9.9-37.8% and 0-11.1% for the α- and γ- isomers, respectively); the second is rich in α-pinene (2.1-30.0%) and copaborneol (4.7-20.0%); the third is dominated by α-copaene (5.9-11.8%) and ishwarane (13.7-22.1%), and the last by cadinane skeletons (cadinenes 0.5-35.2%, T-muurolol 0-11.8% and α-cadinol 0-6.7%). Variable amounts of α-bisabolol were found in samples belonging to these four groups. Our study indicates a linkage between the zone of gathering and the essential oil chemical composition. There was not much variability between trees in the same zone, but there were big differences from one zone to another. These results make it possible to propose methods for sustainable collection and durable management of the species.

Cedrelopsis grevei improves endothelial vasodilatation in aged rats through an increase of NO participation

Cedrelopsis grevei Baill. (Ptaeroxylaceae) trunk bark extract is empirically used in Madagascar against several pathologies, from persistent catarrh to hypertension. The effect C. grevei extract on age-related changes in systolic blood pressure (SBP) and endothelial function was investigated. Rats (90–100 week-old) received treatment either with C. grevei extract (80 mg kg −1) or vehicle for 8 weeks. SBP was evaluated by tail-cuff and vascular reactivity and endothelial vasodilatation of both aortae and small mesenteric arteries (SMA) were assessed by acetylcholine (ACh) in the presence or in the absence of either reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavengers superoxide dismutase (SOD) plus catalase or the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, N G- l-arginine methyl ester ( l-NAME). Plasma nitric oxide (NO) was evaluated by nitrite assay and expressions of eNOS, Cu/Zn-, Mn- and EC-SOD were determined by Western Blot. C. grevei administration prevented the increase of SBP and improved endothelium-dependent relaxations in aortae and SMA from aged rat via increased NO and decreased participation of ROS. Furthermore, C. grevei treatment enhanced plasma nitrite content but did not modify eNOS, Cu/Zn-, Mn- or EC-SOD expressions in the two arteries studied. These results suggest that C. grevei prevents both increased blood pressure and age-related endothelial dysfunction supporting the empirical use of C. grevei trunk bark extract against mild hypertension often associated with aging.

Comparative analysis by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry of the essential oils from bark and leaves of Cedrelopsis grevei Baill, an aromatic and medicinal plant from Madagascar

The essential oils from bark and leaves of Cedrelopsis grevei Baill (Ptaeroxylaceae), an aromatic and medicinal plant from Madagascar, are widely used in folk medicine. These two commercially available oils have been examined separately by means of GC–MS. The oil constituents were identified according to their mass spectra and their relative retention indices determined on both polar and non-polar stationary phase capillary columns. A total of 55 compounds have been identified constituting 76.7% (bark) and 91.6% (leaves) of the volatile constituents. Both oils were found to have a similar composition; however the relative percentages of some compounds notably differed. The bark essential oil contained β-pinene (17.1%), cis-sesquisabinene hydrate (12.8%) and caryophyllene oxide (7.0%) as the main components whereas the leaf essential oil was largely dominated by trans-β-farnesene (35.6%); β-pinene (12.8%), cis-sesquisabinene hydrate (9.8%) and ar-curcumene (8.6%) were also present as major components. As far as we know, this is the first report on the Cedrelopsis grevei bark and leaf essential oils which therapeutic properties may be attractive for aromatherapy.

Composition and chemical variability of the bark oil of Cedrelopsis grevei H. Baillon from Madagascar

AbstractA commercial sample of Cedrelopsis grevei H. Baillon from Madagascar was repeatedly chromatographed and the combined analysis of all the fractions by GC, GC–MS and 13C‐NMR led to the identification of 114 components. The major constituents were (E)‐β‐caryophyllene (9.3%), α‐copaene (7.7%), α‐selinene (5.8%), δ‐cadinene (4.9%), β‐selinene (4.5%), α‐humulene (3.3%) and β‐bisabolene (2.8%). Analysis of five other commercial samples confirmed the pre‐eminence of sesquiterpene hydrocarbons and exhibited a variation in the contents of the main components: ishwarane (1.0–17.4%), (E)‐β‐caryophyllene (1.3–12.5%), α‐copaene (4.9–11.0%), β‐elemene (0.2–9.6%) and α‐selinene (1.1–9.4%). Copyright © 2003 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.

Cedrelopsis grevei induced hypotension and improved endothelial vasodilatation through an increase of Cu/Zn SOD protein expression.

This study was designed to investigate the cardiovascular consequences of oral administration of Cedrelopsis grevei (CG) in normotensive rats. Experiments were designed to investigate hemodynamic parameters in vivo as well as the consequences of CG treatment on the vasoconstriction response to norepinephrine and the vasorelaxant response to ACh ex vivo in isolated aortas and small mesenteric arteries (SMA). Treatment of male Wistar rats with 80 mg/kg CG for 4 wk induced a progressive decrease in systolic blood pressure. In the aorta, CG did not significantly alter the response to norepinephrine despite the participation of extraendothelial nitric oxide (NO)-induced hyporeactivity. In the SMA, contraction to norepinephrine was not modified by CG treatment even though it enhanced the participation of endothelial NO. Endothelium-dependent relaxation to ACh was increased in both the aorta and SMA from CG-treated rats. In the aorta from CG-treated rats, the mechanism involved superoxide dismutase (SOD)- and catalase-sensitive free radical production. The latter was associated with enhanced expression of Cu/Zn SOD and endothelial NO synthase. These results suggest that oral administration of CG produces a decrease in blood pressure in normotensive rats. This hemodynamic effect was associated with enhanced endothelium-dependent relaxation and an induction of Cu/Zn SOD and endothelial NO synthase expressions in the vessel wall. They also show subtle mechanisms that compensate for the increased participation of NO to maintain unchanged agonist-induced contractility. These data provide a pharmacological basis for the empirical use of CG against cardiovascular diseases.

Secondary metabolites from Cedrelopsis grevei (Ptaeroxylaceae)

From the hexane extract of the stem bark of Cedrelopsis grevei (Ptaeroxylaceae) was isolated the triterpenoid derivative, cedashnine, and the quassinoid, cedphiline, along with cedmiline, scoparone, β-amyrin and sitosteryl glucoside.

Chalcones from the seed of Cedrelopsis grevei (Ptaeroxylaceae)

The seed of Cedrelopsis grevei (Ptaeroxylaceae) has yielded the known compounds uvangoletin, 5,7-dimethylpinocembrin, cardamonin, flavokawin B, 2′-methoxyhelikrausichalcone, and the novel prenylated chalcones, cedreprenone and cedrediprenone. Cedridiprenone has been shown to exhibit superoxide scavenging properties.

THE CHEMISTRY OF THE PTAEROXYLACEAE

Compounds isolated from the Ptaeroxylaceae family are discussed. The similarity of compounds isolated from Ptaeroxylon obliquum and Cedrelopsis grevei of the Ptaeroxylaceae family and from Cneorum tricoccon and Neochamaelea pulverulenta of the Cneoraceae family suggests a very close relationship between these families. Key Words: Ptaeroxylaceae, Ptaeroxylon obliquun, Cedrelopsis grevei, Cneoraceae, Neochamaelea pulverulrenta (syn Cneorum pulverulentum), coumarins, chromones, diterpenoid, limonoid, derivative, cedmiline, cedmilinol, cneorun X. Nig. J. Nat Prod. And Med. Vol.3 1999: 15-18

The heartwood chromones of Cedrelopsis grevei

The heartwood of Cedrelopsis grevei Baill. is shown to contain the known chromones heteropeucenin, alloptaeroxylin, ptaeroglycol, and peucenin. It also contains three new ones, greveichromenol, greveiglycol, and alloptaeroxylin methyl ether, and possibly a fourth, a methyl ether of greveiglycol which, however, may be an artefact. Greveichromenol is allocated structure (VIa) on spectroscopic grounds together with a conversion into isopeucenin. Greveiglycol (VIIIa) and the methyl ether (VIIIb) are allocated these structures on spectroscopic grounds together with syntheses from alloptaeroxylin methyl ether. A long range coupling is noted between the protons of the methyl group and the proton at position 3 in derivatives of 2-methylchromone, but it seems variable in magnitude and therefore of limited diagnostic value. Comparisons of the pyrones of divers samples of the heartwoods of Cedrelopsis grevei and of Ptaeroxylon obliquum show that these are closely related species but that their constituents are unsuitable for more detailed taxonomic purposes. P. obliquum has been found to contain peucenin 7-methyl ether, overlooked in the earlier study, and not previously encountered as a natural product.

The isolation and structure elucidation of some derivatives of dimethylallyl-coumarin, chromone, quinoline, and phenol from Fagara species, and from Cedrelopsis grevei

Extraction of the heartwood of Fagara leprieurii has given 6,7,8-trimethoxycoumarin and skimmianie; Fagara zanthoxyloides gave a new phenol, zanthoxylol, identified as 3-dimethylallyl-4-hydroxyphenylpropanol and 3-dimethylallyl-4-methoxy-2-quinolone. Only sitosterol was obtained from Fagara lemairei. Cedrelopsis grevei gave the known chromone ptaeroxylin and 8-dimethylallyl-7-hydroxy-6-methoxycoumarin.