CCS Development Research Articles

Association between endothelin-1, nitric oxide, and Gensini score in chronic coronary syndrome

BackgroundChronic coronary syndrome (CCS) is a major public health burden; its pathogenesis involves atherosclerosis and endothelial dysfunction. Endothelin-1 (ET-1) and nitric oxide (NO) are vasoactive substances synthesized by endothelial cells that play a crucial role in CCS development. The Gensini score (GS) is used for evaluating CCS severity based on lumen segment changes, stenosis degree, and coronary stenosis site.MethodsThis prospective study included 71 patients with CCS; we evaluated the relationships between GS and ET-1 and NO serum levels were evaluated in these patients. The GS was calculated for all patients. Serum ET-1 & NO levels among other laboratory parameters were measured.ResultsThe high GS group had higher ET-1 and relatively NO expressions in the than the low GS group. GS was positively correlated with ET-1 and negatively correlated with NO, T4, and TSH levels. The results of the multiple linear regression analysis showed that ET-1 had the most significant effect on GS.ConclusionsWe found a strong association between ET-1, NO, and CCS severity. A combination of ET-1, NO, and GS is an essential predictor of CCS disease severity.

Pre-commercial baseline passive seismic monitoring around CarbonNet's Pelican Site in the offshore Gippsland Basin, Victoria—The first five years

We undertook the design, development, and operation of a two-scale high-performance seismic network in SE Victoria to establish a baseline for natural seismicity around CarbonNet's Pelican Site. This is particularly important for providing assurance of the safety of the CO2 storage space and discriminating between natural and induced seismicity. The new high-precision earthquake catalogue developed from this work demonstrates a significant improvement in monitoring passive seismicity; a 77% average increase in annual event detections relative to pre-2017, magnitude of completeness lowered from 1.2 to 0.7, a minimum detection magnitude of -0.5, and location errors of ≤ ∼1 km within the network. Using the new earthquake catalogue, we also discovered the hitherto unknown deepest seismogenic zone in Australia in the offshore Gippsland Basin, with event depths exceeding 25 km. The spatial distribution of earthquakes indicates no seismic activity within a ∼10 km radius around the Pelican Site, providing confidence in its selection for potential CCS development. Together with the spatial distribution of earthquakes, newly estimated and more robust earthquake magnitude-frequency parameters enable the discrimination of natural versus induced seismicity with greater confidence. Continuous monitoring is recommended to overcome the limitations of the short monitoring time window.

BECCS as climate mitigation option in a Brazilian low carbon energy system: Estimating potential and effect of gigatonne scale CO2 storage

Bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS) can lead to negative emissions, and is seen as an important option to decarbonize energy systems. Its potential decarbonization contribution depends on low-carbon resource availability, its ability to meet end-use demand and the geological storage potential to safely trap CO2. Here an energy system model is used to assess the BECCS decarbonization potential in Brazil, considering uncertainty in low-carbon biomass resources, and storage potential, injection rates and costs of CO2 storage, assessed in eight scenarios. A spatial explicit analysis is done to make improved estimates on the storage potential, injection rates, and costs for CO2 storage in the Rio Bonito saline aquifer of the Paraná basin.Although there are large differences in storage potential (12–117 Gt CO2) and costs (on average 5–15 $/t CO2), the accumulated volume of CO2 stored between 2010 and 2050 is 2.9 Gt CO2 for all scenarios, with injection rates around 240 Mt CO2 in 2050. This shows that BECCS is a cost-competitive option to decarbonize the Brazilian energy system, even under pessimistic estimates of CO2 storage potential and costs, and low biomass availability. The cheapest sink locations are selected, in the high development scenario. When CCS development is low, injection rates are the limiting factor. Locations are selected with the highest injection rates, even though sometimes more expensive. When CO2 storage is limited, total system costs increase, mainly because decarbonization of the industry and freight transport sector relies on more expensive decarbonization options such as green hydrogen.

Understanding Societal Requirements of CCS Projects: Application of the Societal Embeddedness Level Assessment Methodology in Four National Case Studies

The DigiMon project aims to develop and demonstrate an affordable, flexible, societally embedded, and smart digital monitoring early warning system for any subsurface CO2 storage field. The societal embeddedness level (SEL) assessment is a novel methodology which provides insight into the societal requirements for technological innovation to be deployed. The SEL assessment framework was applied in four case studies, concerning CCS development in Norway, the Netherlands, Greece, and Germany. The resulting societal embeddedness levels of CCS, on a scale of 1–4, were SEL 3 in Norway with considerable progress towards level 4, followed by the Netherlands with SEL 2 with several initiatives towards offshore demonstration projects, and then by Greece and Germany with SEL 1. The outcomes of the SEL assessments show which societal requirements have been met in current CCS developments and which ones should be improved for CCS deployment. They also show that monitoring currently is a regulatory requirement as part of permitting procedures, while it may alleviate community concerns on safety, provided that it has certain attributes. The insights from the four national case studies are further used in the DigiMon project to develop the innovative societal embedded DigiMon monitoring system.

The Role of Carbon Capture and Storage in Decarbonizing California’s Electricity Grid

Affordable net-zero carbon electricity systems are critical in achieving a net-zero carbon economy, and California, who has long been a leader in climate policy, established a goal to reach a 100% clean grid by 2045. A capacity expansion and dispatch model is used to assess large-scale electricity power systems for California designed to meet policy standards while minimizing total system costs. The results of the analysis show that despite its comparatively high capital cost, including gas with carbon capture and storage (Gas-CCS) in the mix of electricity generation resources greatly reduces the cost of decarbonization for California as early as 2030 and in 2045. Without Gas-CCS, enormous capacities of solar and battery resources are needed in the future to reliably balance the load of the system throughout the entire year, which results in a highly overbuilt and expensive electricity system. Gas-CCS is able to generate electricity during the night-time and throughout times of the year when solar is not readily available, resulting in cost-effective decarbonization of the grid. In addition or as an alternative to Gas-CCS, we show that bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS) and direct air capture with sequestration (DAC), may also have important roles in play in decarbonizing California’s electricity sector. The scale of CCS development needed in California to cost-effectively meet its 2045 goals is technically feasible and California also has suitable storage sites for CO2. Implementation of CCS in California can be a robust strategy and effective tool for decarbonizing its electricity system and beyond.

Integrated operation for the planning of CO2 capture path in CCS–EOR project

Carbon utilization and storage (CCUS) project represented by enhanced oil recovery (EOR) technology provides a feasible way for the CCS dynamic cost to decline. With the development of CCS and the cost reduction of power plant capture, the possibility of oil companies receiving CO2 from power plants will increase, which makes CO2 and oil resources more fully utilized. Based on this fact, this work proposes a novel model regarding the CCS–EOR project to systematically evaluate the CCS development path and the EOR utilization process. By considering the CO2 source captured by CCS and the utilization process of EOR process, the cost-benefit model of integrated system is established, and the CO2 capture/injection path of CCS/EOR is optimized. This model helps to analyze CCS investment and carbon capture process from the perspective of the whole project process, and provides a feasible reference for practical large-scale engineering decision-making project.

Policy Strategy and Scenario for Long-Term CCS Development in Japan

Japan decided the strategic actions required to achieve the long-term goal of GHG emission reductions of 26% by 2030 and 80% by 2050 compared to the FY 2013. To achieve this target, the development of a long-term policy strategy for CCS strongly required in Japan. However, most Asian countries, including Japan, have not fulfilled this requirement. This study addresses the legal and socio-economic aspects and long-term liabilities of CCS technologies and a comprehensive legal framework and policy strategy for the long-term deployment of CCS in Japan is proposed. Scenarios of deep decarbonization pathways using large-scale CCS technologies under the proposed legal framework and policies would be estimated to address Japan’s INDC and 2050 vision. Based on these results CCS-Ready legislation should be considered and its early enforcement will be required in the proposed CCS legal framework. Finally, to find the most appropriate policy mix for long-term CCS development the evaluation methodology applicable to the established legal framework and policies of CCS in Japan is discussed.

Influence of relative permeability on injection pressure and plume configuration during CO2 injections in a mafic reservoir

Carbon capture and sequestration projects have traditionally targeted deep sedimentary basins; however, mafic reservoirs may also be attractive targets for CO2 disposal on the basis of permanent mineral trapping over relatively short time scales (101 to 102yr). Nevertheless, CCS development in mafic reservoirs is hampered by substantial uncertainty in fracture-controlled reservoir characteristics, particularly with respect to the effects of multi-phase fluid flow, e.g., relative permeability and capillary pressure. The present study quantifies uncertainty surrounding relative permeability effects in a basalt reservoir by developing a numerical modeling experiment on the basis of site characterization data from the Slack Canyon #2 flow top, which is one of three flow tops comprising the injection zone at the Wallula Basalt Sequestration Pilot Project in southeast Washington State. This numerical modeling experiment controls for the effects of curvature in the relative permeability models by performing an ensemble of 399 CO2 injection simulations with constant geometry and reservoir properties, while systematically varying the phase interference parameter (λ) and residual CO2 saturation (Sgr), which govern wetting and non-wetting phase relative permeability, respectively. The relative permeability parameter space is defined by selecting combinations of λ and Sgr that cover a wide range of experimental laboratory measurements. For each simulation, CO2 is injected into the reservoir for 10 years at a constant rate of 2.78kgs−1 (87,856metrictons(MT)yr−1), which is 10% of the annual injection rate proposed for one injection scenario at the Wallula Site. Results from the ensemble of simulations show that relative permeability alone can account for >50MPa of variability in the injection pressure and a two-fold difference in lateral CO2 plume migration. Additionally, this work shows that curvature in the wetting phase relative permeability model is the stronger influence on reservoir pressure accumulation, while curvature in the non-wetting phase relative permeability model strongly governs CO2 plume geometry.

Implementation of DSP Based on Vector Control Model of AC Excitation Control System for a New Hybrid Excitation Synchronous Generator

Permanent magnet generator has the advantages of simple structure, reliable operation and low loss, but it is not easy to adjust voltage, which restricts its wide application. This paper presents a new type of hybrid excitation synchronous generator (HESG) and establishes the mathematical model and simulation of vector control based on its AC excitation system to control the output voltage as the expectation. In application, DSP, as the control system, is traditionally programmed and debugged off-line, which requires heavy workload. Whereas, the design based on model greatly shortens the development cycle. By connecting MATLAB simulation environment to the CCS development environment, the simulation model can be translated into code and downloaded to the targeted DSP through an emulator. This implementation will have specific and indispensable significance for the hardware development and software debugging of motor control system.

Carbon Capture and Storage in Geological Formation; Its Legal, Regulatory Imperatives and Opportunities in India

The Carbon Capture and Storage Technology (CCS) provides a veritable platform to bridge the gap between the seemingly irreconcilable twin global challenges of ensuring a secure, reliable and diversified energy supply and mitigating climate change by reducing atmospheric emissions of carbon dioxide. Making its proper regulatory policy and making it flexible for the government and private company by law to regulate, also exploring the opportunity in this sector is the main aim of this paper. India's total annual emissions were 1725 Mt CO2 in 2011, which comprises of 6% of total global emission [1]. It is very important to control the greenhouse gas emission for the environment protection. This paper discusses the various regulatory policy and technology adopted by some of the countries for successful using CCS technology. The brief geology of sedimentary basins in India is studied, ranging from the category I to category IV and deep-water and potential for mature technology in CCS is reviewed. Areas not suitable for CO2 storage using presently mature technologies were overviewed. CCS and Clean development mechanism was advised for India, considering the various aspects from research and development, project appraisal, approval and validation, implementation, monitoring and verification, carbon credit issued, cap and trade system and its storage potential. The opportunities in oil and gas operations, power sector, and transport sector were discussed briefly.

CCS technology development in China: Status, problems and countermeasures—Based on SWOT analysis

Abstract Currently, the energy structure with coal is given priority to in China. This situation would not change in a short time which results in massive CO2 emissions and increased pressure to natural environment. Carbon capture and storage technology (known as CCS) is a carbon abatement technology that separates CO2 from industrial production or energy conversion, transports to the storage site after compression, and injects to the deep underground to make long-term isolation from the atmosphere. This technology achieves zero emission during fossil energy extraction and conversion, so the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) regarded it as one of the effective methods reducing greenhouse gas emissions in 2005. First, based on the development status of CCS in China, in terms of policies, technology research and CCS projects are described. SWOT is an analysis method that analyses objects all-around from four main aspects of strength, weakness, opportunity and threat. By SWOT, this paper focuses on analyzing the development environment currently in order to find the main stimulatives and obstacles and confirm the feasibility of CCS development in China. Finally, recommendations are proposed addressing the problems and obstacles. The results show that CCS is an effective way to reduce future emissions in China, as with the huge market, and the general support by Chinese government and green groups. However, relevant departments should strengthen economic and policy support at the same time.

Public perceptions of CO2 transportation in pipelines

This paper explores the response by members of the lay public to the prospect of an onshore CO2 pipeline through their locality as part of a proposed CCS development and presents results from deliberative Focus Groups held along a proposed pipeline route. Although there is a reasonable level of general knowledge about CO2 across the lay public, understanding of its specific properties is more limited. The main concerns expressed around pipelines focused on five areas: (i) safe operation of the pipeline; (ii) the risks to people, livestock and vegetation arising from the leakage of CO2 from the pipeline; (iii) the innovative and ‘first of its kind׳ nature of the pipeline and the consequent lack of operational CO2 pipelines in the UK to demonstrate the technology; (iv) impacts on coastal erosion at the landfall site; and (v) the potential disruption to local communities during pipeline construction. Participants expressed scepticism over the motivations of CO2 pipeline developers. Trust that the developer will minimise risk during the route selection and subsequent construction, operation and maintenance of the pipeline is key; building trust within the local community requires early engagement processes, tailored to deliver a variety of engagement and information approaches.

Capacity Building in the UK CCS Research Centre

Abstract A number of commercial-scale projects are currently progressing towards final investment decisions and several studies continue to report that substantial, global deployment of CCS can be expected by the 2050. As CCS technology moves towards widespread commercial-scale deployment, developing ‘fit for purpose’ research capacity that is able to effectively support the development of CCS technology and policy is a significant challenge. A number of exciting opportunities are available to help meet this challenge though. For example, national centres such as the UK CCS Research Centre (UKCCSRC) aim to effectively accelerate capacity building and also ensure that there are excellent opportunities for CCS researchers and practitioners to share their learnings and identify next steps for CCS development. The UKCCSRC was established in spring 2012 with initial core funding provided by £10 M from the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) as part of the Research Councils UK Energy Programme and £2.5 M in match funding from Centre partners. This is complemented by £3.3 M in additional funding from the UK Department of Energy and Climate Change (DECC) to establish new capital facilities that will support innovative research. The Centre is ‘virtual’ providing strong links between around 250 academic researchers based at over 40 UK universities and research institutes and also linking them with over 100 industry and other stakeholder Associate members. In addition there are over 200 Early Career Researchers (ECRs). The UKCCSRC also operates the CCS Community Network, which is a collective of over 500 engineering, technological, natural, environmental, social and economic members with CCS interests. The Network facilitates knowledge exchange on all aspects of CCS R&D and aims to be accessible to anyone interested in contributing to research and innovation in CCS. The UKCCSRC has developed approaches that will allow it to meet the key strategic challenge of understanding ‘real world’ CCS deployment issues, so that the future impact of ongoing research and human and infrastructure capacity development in CCS can be maximised, as much as possible in advance of full-chain CCS deployment and certainly following on rapidly afterwards.

Role of technologies in energy-related CO2 mitigation in China within a climate-protection world: A scenarios analysis using REMIND

In a world with the need of climate protection through emission reduction, China’s domestic mitigation will be put on the national agenda. The large-scale deployment of innovative technologies induced by climate policies is a key determinant for reducing emissions in an effective and efficient manner. A distinguishing feature of the Chinese energy sector (especially electricity generation), is that investment costs are significantly lower than in other world regions. Represented in the methodological framework of the augmented REMIND model, three promising mitigation technologies (also known as technology clusters) in the electricity sector: CCS with advanced coal-generation technologies, nuclear, and renewables are the focus of this study. The scenarios are designed to analyze the roles of these technologies and their associated economic impacts under a climate policy (i.e., a carbon tax). Our results indicate that:(1)Technology policies improving the techno-economic features of low-carbon technologies are insufficient to restrain China’s increasing emissions.(2)Carbon-pricing policies can effectively reduce emissions by making low-carbon options more competitive than conventional fossil fuel alternatives. In the global carbon tax regime framed in this paper, China’s mitigation potential is larger than that of any of other region and the peak of emissions occurs earlier (by 2020) and is 50% lower than in the BASE scenario.(3)CCS is important, but the window of opportunity for its deployment is limited to the near- to mid-term future. It is important to lower the cost of the carbon tax by supplying CCS technology; however, the gains from CCS for the “myopic” fossil fuel sectors are limited, compared to the case without CCS. Therefore, strong social support for CCS development should be implemented, if it is to be an effective mitigation option.(4)The cost of nuclear is a major determinant of the future development pattern in China’s power sector. Renewables are the long-term solution (with large-scale deployment only after 2030, solar PV in particular) for deep emissions mitigation. The creative policies reflected by alternative investment, technology innovation, and climate protection strategies should be explored and implemented to make use of their long-term potential.

Force-Position Adjustment Design of Tractor Hitch System Based on DSP CCS

Tractor electro-hydraulic hitch system is designed with force-position adjustment function. The method of force-position adjustment is proposed. Under the CCS development environment in DSP, system modules are designed according to the characteristics of TMS320F2812, including raise and drop modules, force-position adjustment module. The feasibility of the design is verified by system simulation.

Research of Camera Calibration Based on DSP

To take advantage of the high-efficiency and stability of DSP in the data processing and the functions of OpenCV library, this study brought forward a scheme that camera calibration in DSP embedded system calibration. An arithmetic of camera calibration based on OpenCV is designed by analyzing the camera model and lens distortion. The transplantation of EMCV to DSP is completed and the arithmetic of camera calibration is migrated and optimized based on the CCS development environment and the DSP/BIOS system. On the premise of realizing calibration function, this arithmetic improves the efficiency of program execution and the precision of calibration and lays the foundation for further research of the visual location based on DSP embedded system.

Internet-based public debate of CCS: Lessons from online focus groups in Poland and Spain

This paper makes three contributions to the developing literature on public opinion and understanding of CCS. The first is a discussion of online focus groups as a deliberative method in experimental and perhaps consultative contexts. The second is the role of anchoring and associative reasoning in the development of public opinion of CCS, illustrated through the coincidental timing of the investigation with the Fukushima nuclear accident. The third is a discussion of managing public-facing energy messaging in an age of public access to online information. Two multi-day, online focus groups or “dialogue boards” were held, one in Poland and one in Spain, with participants drawn from regions with active CCS development potential. The nature of the groups led to participants being subject to wider social influence through discussion of the topic off-line. They were also able to research and present evidence on the topic to the group, deepening debate and allowing the emergence of ‘experts’. The study illustrates and affirms the importance of trust in message source, the difficulties of challenging pre-existing concerns and opinion and the challenge potentially posed by access to conflicting online information.

Planning CCS Development in the West Mediterranean

Transport and storage of CO2 are the elements in the CCS chain with the lowest cost, but they may well prove to be the elements defining the timeline for CCS development. The EU FP7 COMET project aimed to pave the road towards CCS development in the West Mediterranean (Portugal, Spain and Morocco). This paper provides the main highlights of the work conducted within COMET. The project addressed the temporal and spatial aspects of the development of the energy sector and other industrial activities in relation with CCS and its participation to CO2 emission reduction taking into account location, capacity and availability of CO2 sources and of potential CO2 storage formations. Special attention was given to a balanced optimization on transport modes, matching the sources and sinks, meeting optimal cost - benefit trade-offs, for a CCS network infrastructure as part of an international cooperation policy.

Potential of Sub-seafloor CO2 Geological Storage in Northern South China Sea and its Importance for CCS Development in South China

The South China, especially Guangdong Province, as the most developed area of China emitted large CO2 from energy consumption and industrial production, actively advocates low-carbon development strategies. As an effective option to reduce CO2 emissions, CCS is potentially an effective option to reduce CO2 emissions to low-carbon economy development of South China, especially to Guangdong province. The CO2 storage potential in sedimentary basins onshore South China is limited as previous indicated. So the potential of sub-seafloor CO2 storage in offshore basins would be important. According to the assessment in this paper, large sedimentary basins offshore in the northern SCS have huge CO2 storage potential. Miocene deltaic, coastal plain, and neritic clastic rocks in these basins contain high-porosity and high-permeability aquifers and excellent seals. The estimated effective storage capacity, which is 2.6% of the theoretical capacity, is ∼300 GtCO2 in PRMB, ∼57 GtCO2 in BBGB, ∼41Gt CO2 in QDNB and∼160Gt CO2 in YGHB. On the whole, the Tertiary sedimentary basins in northern SCS margin have large storage capacities of abut 567Gt CO2, which provide a promising storage option for CCS implementation in South China. As the high costs is a major obstacles for sub-seafloor CO2 storage, the reuse of infrastructures for oil and gas development, such as platforms, wells and pipelines, would be the first choice. Although the theoretical storage capacities of the offshore oil and gas fields in the northern SCS are small, they distributed as groups and clusters and associated with sufficient quantified CO2 storage capacity in the saline aquifers. Further assessments are needed to define the residual life (= equipment life minus the field life) of the infrastructures, their practical and matched storage capacities, as well as a proper character and site screening particularly in regard to containment and risk of leakage. All these have been done well ahead of the real abandons of the oil/gas fields, so that the fields are in “CO2 Storage Readlines (CSR)”.

The GDCCSR Project Promoting Regional CCS-Readiness in the Guangdong Province, South China

Guangdong (GD) is the most economically developed province in China. The 3-year project “Guangdong, China's First CCS Ready Province” (GDCCSR) is aimed to provide a comprehensive review to decision makers on the necessity, feasibility, and roadmap for the CCS development in Guangdong (GD), which is the most economically developed province in China. This paper reported the outcome of the project after the first two years. Although GD is featured by light industry and high dependence on energy import, the CO2 emission from GD is large. Modeling shows the implementation of CCS has a high dependence on carbon price and will be functioning in GD when the carbon price exceeds 130 RMB. The CO2 storage potential is limited inland GD, but in sedimentary basins of northern South China Sea the storage capacity is large enough to store more than 200 years of emissions from LPSs in GD. The high cost of offshore CO2 geological may be offset by utilizing existing infrastructure of depleted oil/gas fields. This possibility is found in northern Pearl River Mouth Basin, which may be matched with a potential low-cost CO2 source from a planned refinery on the coast, and these would make a good oppotunity for a demo project. Benefits of adopting CO2 capture readiness (CCR) have been demonstrated by modelling a planned ultra supercritical pulverised coal power plant in GD. These benefits will be enlared if planned a regional CCR hub. The project has paid particular attention on building capacity and raising public awareness on CCS. The China Low-carbon Energy Action Network (CLEAN) was established in 2010 and is the first CCS network in China. The CCS roadmap for GD is in the process of drafting, which will be a road map for CCS development in GD up to the year of 2030. In general, though 2-year's work the GDCCSR project has made a significant progress toward making the Guangdong province being CCS ready.