CBS System Research Articles

Mencengkeram Indonesia: Pengaruh Amerika Serikat Terhadap Kebijakan IMF Masa Krisis Ekonomi 1997-1998

Indonesia has a rich and intricate history, with one notable period being the 1997-1998 economic crisis. Originating from Thailand, the economic crisis spread to neighboring countries, including Indonesia. Despite seeking assistance from the IMF to mitigate the crisis, Indonesia struggled to revive its economy. This article seeks to address the role of the United States in IMF policies during the 1997-1998 economic crisis in Indonesia. This research tackles the following key questions: (1) What were the socio-economic and political conditions of Indonesia during the 1997-1998 crisis? (2) How did the United States respond to Indonesia's conditions during the crisis? (3) What influence did the United States wield over IMF policies in dealing with Indonesia's economic crisis in 1997-1998? This study employs historical research methods, including topic selection, heuristics, criticism, interpretation, and historiography. The findings reveal several significant points. Firstly, the depreciation of the rupiah against the dollar led to price hikes in basic commodities, widespread layoffs, and social unrest, ultimately resulting in Soeharto's resignation as president on May 21, 1998. Secondly, the United States responded to Indonesia's economic and political conditions due to perceived deviations from democratic principles, human rights violations, and its interest in safeguarding American investment projects in Indonesia. Thirdly, the United States pressured Indonesia to accept IMF conditions and abstain from implementing the CBS system. Soeharto's resignation as president was also influenced by the United States, leveraging human rights issues and the promotion of democratic values.

Humanitarian led community-based surveillance: case study in Ekondo-titi, Cameroon

BackgroundCommunity-based surveillance (CBS) has been used successfully in many situations to strengthen existing health systems as well as in humanitarian crises. The Anglophone crisis of Northwest Southwest Cameroon, led to burning of villages, targeting of health personnel and destruction of health facilities which, in combination with distrust for the government services led to a collapse of surveillance for outbreak prone diseases.MethodsWe evaluated the ability of the CBS system to identify suspected cases of outbreak prone diseases (OPD) as compared to the facility-based surveillance, evaluated the timeliness of the CBS system in identifying an OPD, reporting of OPD to District Health Service (DHS) and timeliness in outbreak response. The paper also assessed the collaboration with the DHS and contribution of the CBS system with regards to strengthening the overall surveillance of the health district and also determine the interventions undertaken to contain suspected/confirmed outbreaks.ResultsIn total 9 alerts of suspected OPDs were generated by the CBS system as compared to 0 by the DHS, with 8 investigated, 5 responses and 3 confirmed outbreaks. Average time from first symptoms to alert generation by the CBS system was 7.3 days. Average time lag from alert generation from the CBS to the DHS was 0.3 days which was essentially within 24 h. There was extensive and synergistic collaboration with the DHS.DiscussionCBS generated a higher number of alerts than traditional outbreak reported used in the region, and had timely investigations and if appropriate, responses. Careful selection of CHWs with strong community engagement led to the success of the project, and the use of the mobile health team in situ allowed for rapid responses to potential outbreaks, as well as for feedback to CHWs and communities. CBS was also well utilized for identification of other events, such as displacement and malnutrition.ConclusionIn conflict settings, CBS can help in outbreak identification as well as other events, and a mobile health team is crucial to the success of the CBS due to the ability to rapidly response to generated alerts. The mobile health team provided timely investigation of 8 of 9 alerts generated. Collaboration with existing DHS structures is important for systems strengthening in such settings.

Clopidogrel metaboliser status based on point-of-care CYP2C19 genetic testing in patients with coronary artery disease

We compared results obtained with the Nanosphere Verigene® System, a novel point-of-care (POC) genetic test capable of analysing 11 CYP2C19 variants within 3 hours, to an established, validated genotyping method (Affymetrix™ DMET+; reference assay) for identifying extensive and reduced metabolisers of clopidogrel. Based on genotyping, patients (N=82) with stable coronary artery disease on clopidogrel 75 mg daily were defined as extensive metabolisers (*1/*1, *1/*17, *17/*17), reduced metabolisers (*1/*2, *1/*8, *2/*2, *2/*3), or of indeterminate metaboliser status (*2/*17). Pharmacokinetic exposure to clopidogrel's active metabolite and pharmacodynamic measures with P2Y12 reaction units (PRU) (VerifyNow®P2Y12 assay) and VASP PRI (PRI) were also assessed. There was a 99.9% overall concordance of marker-level data between the Nanosphere Verigene and DMET+ systems in identifying the CYP2C19 variants and 100% agreement in classifying the patients as extensive (n=59) or reduced metabolisers (n=15). Extensive metabolisers had significantly higher active metabolite exposure than reduced metabolisers (LS means 12.6 ng*h/ml vs 7.7 ng*h/ml; p<0.001). Extensive metabolisers also had lower PRU (LS means 158 vs 212; p=0.003) and VASP PRI (LS means 48% vs 63%, p=0.01) compared to reduced metabolisers. Rates of high on-treatment platelet reactivity were higher in reduced metabolisers compared to extensive metabolisers (VASP PRI ≥ 50%: 79% vs 47%; PRU >235: 33% vs 16%). The Nanosphere Verigene CBS system identified 11 CYP2C19 alleles in less than 3 hours with a high degree of accuracy when compared to a conventional method, and was further validated against pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic phenotypes.

Assessment of the yeast species composition of cocoa bean fermentations in different cocoa-producing regions using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis

The yeast species composition of 12 cocoa bean fermentations carried out in Brazil, Ecuador, Ivory Coast and Malaysia was investigated culture-independently. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis of 26S rRNA gene fragments, obtained through polymerase chain reaction with universal eukaryotic primers, was carried out with two different commercial apparatus (the DCode and CBS systems). In general, this molecular method allowed a rapid monitoring of the yeast species prevailing during fermentation. Under similar and optimal denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis conditions, the CBS system allowed a better separated band pattern than the DCode system and an unambiguous detection of the prevailing species present in the fermentation samples. The most frequent yeast species were Hanseniaspora sp., followed by Pichia kudriavzevii and Saccharomyces cerevisiae, independent of the origin of the cocoa. This indicates a restricted yeast species composition of the cocoa bean fermentation process. Exceptionally, the Ivorian cocoa bean box fermentation samples showed a wider yeast species composition, with Hyphopichia burtonii and Meyerozyma caribbica among the main representatives. Yeasts were not detected in the samples when the temperature inside the fermenting cocoa pulp-bean mass reached values higher than 45 °C or under early acetic acid production conditions.

Simulation of solid oxide fuel cell systems integrated with sequential CaO–CO2 capture unit

Abstract This paper presents preliminary simulation results from the performance analysis of the integrated systems of calcium oxide (CaO)–carbon dioxide (CO2) capture unit and solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC). The CO2 was extracted for further sequestration in the CaO–CO2 capture unit. Three configurations of the integrated systems (CaO-Before-SOFC: CBS, CaO-After-SOFC: CAS and CaO-After-Burner: CAB) were considered. It was found that the CO2 capture efficiency (Ec) is dependent on CaO fresh feed rate (F0) and CaO recycle rate (FR). The improvement of SOFC performance was only realized for the CBS system. The SOFC performance increases with increasing CO2 Ec. The preliminary economic analysis was carried out considering total additional cost per mole of CO2 captured. At a low percentage of CO2 capture ( 94%).

Characteristics and hedonic pricing of differentiated beef demands

AbstractWe estimate a CBS system model of U.S. derived demand for meat. We use this model (1) to examine relationships between three quality categories of beef and three other meats and (2) to simulate how taste shifts have affected demands for meats over time. We extend previous studies by disaggregating wholesale beef production into three quality categories: (1) USDA Choice grade or higher, (2) USDA Select or lower, and (3) cow and bull beef. Innovative features of our empirical model include a breakout of ‘table cuts’ into Choice and Select and the use of a hedonic characterization of the two breakouts to value “Choice‐ness” and “beef‐ness.” Our model demonstrates important shifts in separate demands for Choice and Select beef. We show that, separately, the demand for Choice‐grade beef declined in the 1980s and 1990s and the demand for Select beef increased, a departure from the relatively stable demand characterizations of more aggregated measures of combined Choice and Select beef.

Principe de la vitrification : cinétiques comparatives

Over the last decade, several methods have been designed to improve the survival rate of vitrificated embryos. Although some teams have succeeded, the main remaining drawback of these methods is that they do not provide a leak proof environment for cryopreserved biological samples. To respond to that demand in respect with the European reglementation, the Cryo Bio System company (CBS) designed the HSV High Security Vitrification Kit (HSV). This system is composed of three distinct parts, a High Security thermal-autogenic sealed clear straw, a capillary with its extremity in form of a gutter, and an introducer that can be mounted on the manipulation rod before introduction into the straw. In this study, we confirmed that the CBS vitrification kit is a suitable method for vitrification in association with a small amount of cryoprotector enriched viscous media such as 25 microM Ficool 400, 750 mM Sucrose, 1% Bovine albumin, 20% Dimethyl Sulfoxide and 20% Ethylene glycol in a Phosphate buffered saline solution. We also evaluated the speed of the temperature decrease during vitrification in comparison with four other commercially available non-aseptic methods and showed the protective role of the CBS system during transfer. These physical data have now been confirmed biologically by P. Vanderzwalmen who obtained easily reproductible good results with human embryo using our method. Today, the HSV represents the unique aseptic alternative device (EC and FDA approved) for embryos, oocytes, and biological samples vitrification.

Voter News Service after the Fall

In the 2000 election, Voter News Service (VNS) had a bad night.' So did the television networks and the Associated Press, which jointly own VNS. The two mistakes in Florida spoiled what had been up to that time a superb record of success over nearly a third of a century. When CBS News unilaterally used the methodology between 1967 and 1988 it made five mistakes in naming the winners of state elections and primaries. When the CBS system was adopted by VNS the same methodology erred just once during the 10 years of pooled election coverage leading up to the 2000 election. That was in 1996 in the New Hampshire Senate race. These erroneous projections were withdrawn on air not long after they were made. The past success of this election system was all but ignored by congressional and media critics. Along with Murray Edelman, who directed the statistical and survey operation at VNS, we developed that system for CBS starting in 1967. I directed the CBS election and survey unit until 1990 and the first network pool until 1993. Since 1996 I have been an election consultant to CBS and CNN. In

Consumer allocation models: Choice of functional form

The functional form of consumer allocation models should be able to satisfy theoretical properties derived from the theory of consumer demand. The paper sketches four approaches that meet this condition. Of course, also empirical performance matters. Next to naive goodness-of-fit comparison, non-nested hypothesis testing can be employed. The latter technique is applied to a comparison of four versions of differential demand systems: the Rotterdam system, a version of the Almost Ideal Demand (AID) system, the CBS system and the NBR system. These systems are artificially nested in a more general model using scalar weights in contrast to Barten and McAleer (1991) who use matrix weights for this purpose. Annual data over the period 1921–1981 for The Netherlands for four major groups of consumer expenditure have been used for the empirical application. The CBS system dominates the others.

Differential consumer demand systems

It is shown in this paper that several well-known systems like the Rotterdam model and the Almost Ideal Demand System can be seen as different parametrizations of the budget share differential equation. Using a third parametrization a new system, called the CBS system, is developed and discussed. Special attention is given to the relative price version of the system and in particular to the special case of preference independence. Some estimates for the Netherlands based on time series for 1953–1981, using various approaches, are presented.

Consumer electronics: The problems and promises of high-definition television: Its future looks brighter, yet challenges remain in bandwidth, standards, and compatibility

The principal barriers, such as incompatibility, to the use of high-definition television for home use are examined. A discussion is presented of the CBS system, which is compatible in the sense that a conventional receiver, with the addition of new baseband video-processing circuits, could receive the HDTV signals and display a conventional 525-line color picture. HDTV receivers, when available, could display a high-definition 1050-line picture. Scanning and transmission issues are also considered.

Recorded tapes

It seems to the author admirably demonstrated in a recent article by Camras' that economy is no longer a primary problem with standard tape. How it is time for someone to get rid of the one remaining bogey: hiss. Even the 7-1/2-ips tapes played with a 90-microinch head exhibit altogether too high a hiss level, and the published data on the CBS system doesn't promise much. Surely some of this astronomical packing density obtained by Goldmark, Mee, Goodell, Guckenburg, Rrophy, et al., could be traded for greatly improved signal-to-noise ratio. I know there are a number like me who would nelcome a high-quality, compatible cartridge. I only hope it isn't too late to avoid another 'War of the Speeds.'