Duct Cavity Research Articles

Superoxide dismutase inhibits cytotoxic killing of Fasciola gigantica newly excysted juveniles expressed by sheep invitro

Fasciola gigantica faces a series of threats from various free radicals produced by the host immune system during its invasion through the abdominal cavity and establishment in the bile duct of ruminants, limiting the fluke viability. The role of the superoxide radical produced by Muzaffarnagari sheep immune effector cells against F. gigantica newly excysted juveniles (NEJs) is highlighted in this study, as is the critical role of superoxide dismutase enzyme (SOD) in dismutation of superoxide radicals derived from host immune effector cells in vitro. Three concentrations of the ovine immune effector cells viz. 2.5, 5, and 10 × 106 cells were tested for their ability to induced cytotoxic killing of the parasite. All the three cell concentrations caused significant (p < 0.01) cytotoxic killing of NEJs in comparison to the control groups. Also, reduction of the immune effector cell concentration directly correlates with the NEJs killing. Attachment of immune effector cells to the parasite tegument in the presence of anti-F. gigantica antibodies was found to be critical in inducing NEJs killing via antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC). However, the addition of SOD greatly inhibits cytotoxic killing of NEJs, demonstrating the importance of SOD enzyme in fluke survival and parasite evasion of the host immunity. Thus, F. gigantica SOD warrants a promising candidate for immunoprophylactic studies in ruminants against the tropical liver fluke.

Numerical and Experimental Analysis of the Noise Generated in a Ducted Cavity Working in Various Conditions

Flow over a cavity or a gap may induce pressure fluctuations that are emitted as sound waves and perceived by a human as noise. This phenomenon may occur in different kinds of industrial machines or in everyday life devices, e.g., cars. For this reason, it is important to predict the flow conditions that intensify or attenuate the noise. This research paper presents the numerical and experimental analysis of the pressure fluctuations in a deep, ducted cavity. The experimental test stand made it possible to investigate the flow over a cavity with air velocity in the range of 30–80 m/s. The pressure fluctuations were measured using miniature microphones located in the duct and the cavity wall and processed with LabView software. The phenomena were also analysed using the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) technique. The several modelling approaches were tested and validated against the experimental data. The highest sound pressure levels were obtained for 40 and 70 m/s. The sound frequency increased with the flow velocity.

Total Reflection of Two Guided Waves for Embedded Trapped Modes

To investigate the mechanism of wave trapping, acoustic embedded trapped modes associated with two-resonant-mode interference in two-dimensional duct–cavity structures are calculated by the feedback-loop closure principle, which allows us to analyze the traveling modes that construct the trapped modes. The exact two coexisting resonant modes that underpin an embedded trapped mode in a cavity open to two semi-infinite ducts are numerically demonstrated. At the interface between the cavity segment and a duct, total reflection can occur for a particular combination of two propagative guided waves in the cavity. With a particular cavity length and a particular frequency, total reflection also happens for the two reflected waves at the opposite end of the cavity. In this way, the two coexisting standing waves underpin a trapped mode. It is found that the two standing waves are not two closed-cavity modes. Thus, this work presents a new understanding of such embedded trapped modes as a product of total reflection of two guided waves at the interface between two waveguides, rather than interference between two eigenmodes of a closed cavity. Such total reflection of multiple guide modes is a result of mutual cancellation in transmission to the propagative channel(s) of the ducts. Thus, trapped modes involving more than two standing waves may occur at higher frequencies where more traveling modes in the ducts are propagative. For quasi-trapped modes, the Fano scattering phenomenon owing to the effects of two acoustic channels is also shown.

A Multiscale Agent-Based Model of Ductal Carcinoma In Situ.

Objective:we present a multiscale agent-based model of Ductal Carcinoma in Situ (DCIS) in order to gain a detailed understanding of the cell-scale population dynamics, phenotypic distributions, and the associated interplay of important molecular signaling pathways that are involved in DCIS ductal invasion into the duct cavity (a process we refer to as duct advance rate here).Methods:DCIS is modeled mathematically through a hybridized discrete cell-scale model and a continuum molecular scale model, which are explicitly linked through a bidirectional feedback mechanism.Results:we find that duct advance rates occur in two distinct phases, characterized by an early exponential population expansion, followed by a long-term steady linear phase of population expansion, a result that is consistent with other modeling work. We further found that the rates were influenced most strongly by endocrine and paracrine signaling intensity, as well as by the effects of cell density induced quiescence within the DCIS population.Conclusion:our model analysis identified a complex interplay between phenotypic diversity that may provide a tumor adaptation mechanism to overcome proliferation limiting conditions, allowing for dynamic shifts in phenotypic populations in response to variation in molecular signaling intensity. Further, sensitivity analysis determined DCIS axial advance rates and calcification rates were most sensitive to cell cycle time variation.Significance:this model may serve as a useful tool to study the cell-scale dynamics involved in DCIS initiation and intraductal invasion, and may provide insights into promising areas of future experimental research.

Influence of duct parameters on the acoustic wave generation

PurposeThis paper aims to determine the influence of geometrical features of the channel on the acoustic wave generation in a ducted cavity. The analysis is focussed on the effects of the change in the entrance length upstream the cavity and the height. The study is supposed to investigate boundary layer and acoustic wave parameters, and an attempt will be made to determine the correlation between the geometrical dimension and those parameters.Design/methodology/approachAnalysis is conducted with the aim of a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) tool and selected results are validated with experimental investigations. The influence of grid resolution and time discretization is analysed. Four different entrance lengths and height are investigated. Qualitative and quantitative comparison between cases is presented.FindingsThe investigations prove the small influence of the entrance length on acoustic wave generation, but channel height due to wave reflection and interference inside of the cavity has a significant impact on wave frequency and sound pressure level. Channel height has also impact on generation and shape of the vortex created in the cavity inlet.Originality/valueThe paper extends the knowledge of phenomena taking place in the ducted cavities. Results obtained from these investigations will be useful in designing new cooling techniques and in noise reduction. The CFD analysis makes it possible to determine the correlations between channel dimensions and SPL function and frequency of sound waves.

A cavity-by-cavity description of the aeroacoustic instability over a liner with a grazing flow

This paper presents a two-dimensional (2-D) cavity-by-cavity description of a convective instability near a lined wall with low dissipation due to the coupling of hydrodynamic modes with resonance of the wall. For a liner consisting of an array of deep cavities periodically placed along a duct containing a mean shear flow, the acoustic and hydrodynamic disturbances are described by the linearized Euler equations. The Bloch modes and the scattering matrix of periodic cells are used to examine the instability over the liner. The unstable Bloch mode is due to the coupling of a hydrodynamic mode in the shear flow with the cavity resonance. It is demonstrated that even when all the transverse modes are stable in the duct–cavity system, i.e. when the Kelvin–Helmholtz instability of the shear flow over the cavities does not occur, such an instability over the liner can still exist. The unstable Bloch wave, excited by the incident sound wave at the upstream part of the liner, convectively grows along the liner, and regenerates sound near the downstream edge of the liner with a sound level higher than the incident sound level. It is shown that a homogenized approach, where the wall effect is described by a homogeneous impedance, can also explain the unstable behaviour above the liner. It reveals that a small wall resistance and a small and positive reactance are two necessary conditions for such an instability.

Particle Image Velocimetry Measurements of Aeroacoustic Sources of a Shallow Cavity in a Pipeline

The aeroacoustic sources generated by flow over a ducted shallow cavity in the presence of a longitudinal plane sound wave are examined at various Strouhal numbers and sound intensities. The cavity is exposed to high Reynolds number fully developed pipe flow. Extensive particle image velocimetry (PIV) flow measurements are performed to characterize the unsteady velocity field and finite element analysis is used to obtain the acoustic velocity field. Howe's aeroacoustic integrand is then used to compute the spatial and temporal distributions of the aeroacoustic sources resulting from the cavity shear layer interaction with the sound field. The results show two aeroacoustic sources separated by a sink along the cavity shear layer. This distribution is different from that reported for the closed side-branch resonance case, which shows a single source at the downstream corner and a sink at the upstream corner of the cavity. The effect of the upstream corner geometry in the present case is, therefore, expected to be different from the case of side-branch resonance. The time-averaged sound power distribution is computed and the total sound power per cycle is compared with the aeroacoustic source strength measured by means of the standing wave method (SWM) (Mohamed, S., Graf, H. R., and Ziada, S., 2011, “Aeroacoustic Source of a Shallow Cavity in a Pipeline,” ASME Paper No. PVP2011-57437). The merits of these two methods in determining the aeroacoustic sources are highlighted.

Hydatid Recurrence Medically Treated by Albendazole

Introduction: Hydatidosis or Cystic Echinococcosis (CE) is a highly endemic parasitosis in Tunisia. The combination of surgery with an adjuvant anti-hydatid medical treatment was shown to reduce the risk of relapses, recurrences and post-operative complications. Case Report: We report the case of a liver hydatid cyst recurrence in a woman hospitalized for acute cholangitis of hydatid origin. The patient had a resection of the protruding dome and a bipolar drainage of the main bile duct and cystic cavity with a postoperative biliary fistula and a collection of the residual cavity that required endoscopic sphincterotomy. The patient was then followed up every 6 months. Three years after the intervention, CT scan showed a hydatid recurrence of two new liver cysts. Surgery was expected to be difficult and risky. Medical treatment with albendazole was decided before surgery. The CT scan performed after 9 months showed important regression of two hydatic cysts. Medical treatment has been extended. Two years later, CT scan was in favor of an involuted aspect of both cysts. The treatment of CE is primarily surgical; medical treatment alone or associated with surgery can be a good alternative, especially in case of hydatid recurrence and when surgery is risky, mainly in stage I hydatic cyst.

Acoustic Response of Multiple Shallow Cavities and Prediction of Self-Excited Acoustic Oscillations

Self-sustaining oscillations of flow over ducted cavities and in corrugated pipes are a known source of tonal noise and excessive vibration in industrial applications. Corrugated pipes can be modeled as a series of axisymmetric cavities. In the current study, the aero-acoustic sources generated by one-, two-, and three-cavity configurations have been experimentally investigated by means of the standing wave method (SWM) for a wide range of Strouhal numbers and acoustic excitation levels. The source strength is found to increase in a nonlinear manner with increasing the number of cavities. Moreover, the self-excited acoustic resonances of the same cavity combinations are investigated. The source characteristics are compared with the observed lock-in range from the self-excited experiments. A prediction model is also developed to utilize the measured source characteristics for estimating the amplitude of the cavities self-sustained oscillations. The self-excited experimental data are used to assess the effect of acoustic absorption at the cavity edges. This absorption is found to be substantial and must be accounted for in the prediction model. When the model is supplemented with appropriate loss coefficients, it predicts fairly well the pulsation amplitude within the resonance lock-in range of the studied multiple cavity configurations.

Supersonic Cavity-Based Flow Control Using a Quasi-DC Discharge

The Quasi-DC (Q-DC) discharge is studied as an active flow control authority on a rear-facing cavity in a supersonic duct by creating an oblique shockwave that impinges the cavity. This geometry simulates the geometry of a typical scramjet flameholding scheme. The tests were performed at the University of Notre Dame in the SBR-50 supersonic blowdown rig with dried air at M=2. Schlieren imaging is used to view the flow field with and without the Q-DC discharge in operation. A significant change in the flow field structure is observed. Pressure sensors detect a pressure increase throughout the entire rear-facing cavity while the Q-DC discharge is operating. This reveals that the cavity redistributes the pressure increase from the shockwave as a result of the flow within the cavity being subsonic. As a result of this pressure absorption and redistribution, the impinging shockwave created by the Q-DC is almost completely absorbed. This absorption is confirmed by the schlieren images. The data reveal that the discharge power is the dominating influence, as compared to electrode/discharge geometry, on the pressure increase produced in the cavity. There is a nearly linear correlation between the power of the discharge and the pressure increase produced directly behind the discharge, in the cavity, and on the ramp of the cavity (to varying magnitudes). It is suggested that the 11 electrode system may be slightly more effective than the 7 electrode system.

Shape effects of single axisymmetric cavity in a circular duct on flow induced acoustic oscillations

The acoustic oscillations excited by flow past an axisymmetric cavity in a circular duct are experimentally investigated. The focus of the work is on the effects of different dimensions and shapes of the cavity, namely, rectangular, V, and U shapes. A large number of transducers are used to simultaneously record the variation of acoustic pressure axially and azimuthally in the duct. The trapped acoustic modes excited in the duct are confirmed by the observation of axial decay of the acoustic pressure amplitude away from the cavity. Shifts are observed between tangential natural acoustic modes of the duct, corresponding to which the amplitudes rise and fall. The subdominant mode amplitude increases simultaneously as the dominant mode decreases during a mode shift. The experimentally observed azimuthal variation of amplitude and phase indicate the prevalence of mixed standing and spinning wave modes, which are separated so as to evaluate the spin ratio, defined as the ratio of the amplitude of the spinning part to the total amplitude comprising both the spinning and standing modes. It is found that the spin ratio reaches low values corresponding to when the mode shifts occur. Accordingly, the ratio of the dominant to subdominant amplitudes registers a spike. The results suggest that, when a dominant mode prevails over a velocity range, the acoustic energy is substantially contributed towards the spinning mode, whereas during conditions of mode shifts, the amplitudes of the competing modes decrease, leaving only their standing wave patterns to prevail mostly. The depth of the cavity affects the natural frequency excited, whereas the length influences the amplitude. The U- and V-shaped cavities offer lesser effective geometric depths to the acoustic modes. The shape of the cavity influences the amplitude excited, with the U-shaped cavity registering the lowest levels. It is expected that the dynamics in the shear layers between the central large-scale vortex and the corner vortices accommodated by the cavity shape contributes to the acoustic oscillations excited.

Effect of impingement edge geometry on the acoustic resonance excitation and Strouhal numbers in a ducted shallow cavity

Flow-excited acoustic resonance in ducted cavities can produce high levels of acoustic pressure that may lead to severe damage. This occurs when the flow instability over the cavity mouth, which is created by the free shear layer separation at the upstream edge, is coupled with one of the acoustic modes in the accommodating enclosure. Acoustic resonance can cause high amplitude fluctuating acoustic loads in and near the cavity. Such acoustic loads could cause damage in sensitive applications such as aircraft weapon bays. Therefore, the suppression and mitigation of these resonances are very important. Much of the work done in the past focused on the fluid-dynamic oscillation mechanism or suppressing the resonance by altering the edge condition at the shear layer separation. However, the effect of the downstream edge has received much less attention. This paper considers the effect of the impingement edge geometry on the acoustic resonance excitation and Strouhal number values of the flow instabilities in a ducted shallow cavity with an aspect ratio of 1.0. Several edges, including chamfered edges with different angles and round edges with different radii, were investigated. In addition, some downstream edges that have never been studied before, such as saw-tooth edges, spanwise cylinders, higher and lower steps, and straight and delta spoilers, are investigated. The experiments are conducted in an open-loop wind tunnel that can generate flows with a Mach number up to 0.45. The study shows that when some edge geometries, such as lower steps, chamfered, round, and saw-tooth edges, are installed downstream, they demonstrate a promising reduction in the acoustic resonance. On the other hand, higher steps and straight spoilers resulted in intensifying the acoustic resonance. In addition, the effect of edge geometry on the Strouhal number is presented.

Flow-Excited Acoustic Resonance of Trapped Modes of a Ducted Rectangular Cavity

Flow over ducted cavities can lead to strong resonances of the trapped acoustic modes due to the presence of the cavity within the duct. Aly and Ziada (2010, “Flow-Excited Resonance of Trapped Modes of Ducted Shallow Cavities,” J. Fluids Struct., 26(1), pp. 92–120; 2011, “Azimuthal Behaviour of Flow-Excited Diametral Modes of Internal Shallow Cavities,” J. Sound Vib., 330(15), pp. 3666–3683; and 2012, “Effect of Mean Flow on the Trapped Modes of Internal Cavities,” J. Fluids Struct., 33, pp. 70–84) investigated the excitation mechanism of acoustic trapped modes in axisymmetric cavities. These trapped modes in axisymmetric cavities tend to spin because they do not have preferred orientation. The present paper investigates rectangular cross-sectional cavities as this cavity geometry introduces an orientation preference to the excited acoustic mode. Three cavities are investigated, one of which is square while the other two are rectangular. In each case, numerical simulations are performed to characterize the acoustic mode shapes and the associated acoustic particle velocity fields. The test results show the existence of stationary modes, being excited either consecutively or simultaneously, and a particular spinning mode for the cavity with square cross section. The computed acoustic pressure and particle velocity fields of the excited modes suggest complex oscillation patterns of the cavity shear layer because it is excited, at the upstream corner, by periodic distributions of the particle velocity along the shear layer circumference.

An observational and comparative study on intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm of the biliary tract and the pancreas from a Chinese cohort

Intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms of the biliary tract (BT-IPMNs) are unique but very rare biliary tumors. The relationship between BT-IPMNs and intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm of the pancreas (P-IPMNs) was still unclear and controversial. We aimed to evaluate the clinical, radiological, histopathological, and prognostic characteristics of BT-IPMNs and P-IPMNs to achieve a better understanding of these two rare bilio-pancreatic diseases and their connections. Data of a total of 116 patients who were all surgically treated and histopathologically diagnosed as BT-IPMNs or P-IPMNs from January 2004 to December 2014 in our single institution was all retrospectively collected and analyzed. This study respectively enrolled 32 patients with BT-IPMNs and 84 ones with P-IPMNs. The differences between BT-IPMNs and P-IPMNs in age, sex ratios, clinical presentation, elevated tumor markers and proportion of malignancy were not statistically significant (P>0.05), while the tumor diameter of BT-IPMNs was notably smaller than P-IPMNs (1.72cm, 4.56cm, respectively; P=0.028). Patients with BT-IPMNs were more likely manifest the symptoms of cholangitis, compared to those with P-IPMNs who showed pancreatitis (75%, 30%, respectively; P=0.039). Bile duct dilatation (100%), tumor of bile duct cavity (50%) or/and cystic dilatation of the bile duct (50%) were the typical manifestations of preoperative imaging examinations of BT-IPMNs, in which tumors were mainly located in intrahepatic or hepatic hilar region (26, 81%). Surgery has been the curable treatment for BT-IPMNs in which left hepatic lobectomy was the most commonly performed procedure (20, 63%). Finally, compared with P-IPMNs, the overall mean survival time of patients with BT-IPMNs was a little shorter (59.1mon, 86.7mon, respectively; P=0.002). BT-IPMNs are a sort of rare and separate biliary tract neoplasm, which might be related with the stones of biliary tract or the infections of parasite. Although arising in different organs and representing different features, BT-IPMNs and P-IPMNs shared considerable clinical and pathological similarities which might represent related or similar development process in the bilio-pancreatic duct systems.

Effects of different models of thermal conductivity on turbulent nanofluid flow through rectangular cavity in duct

This article concerns the turbulent forced convection of nanofluids confined in a shallow cavity heated from all sides with a uniform temperature. This study aims to make a numerical analysis on the performance of a nanofluid composed of solid particles of alumina (Al2O3) dispersed in a base fluid (pure water) for various models of the thermal conductivity. The governing equations of the hydrodynamic flow and heat transfer are discretized by the finite volume method using a drawing power law. Numerical simulations are performed for a Reynolds number ranging from 4×104–105 and a volume fraction of the nanoparticles between 0 and 0.04. The obtained results show that the heat transfer is enhanced with the studied parameters for all models of thermal conductivity.

Bound states in the continuum in open acoustic resonators

We consider bound states in the continuum (BSCs) or embedded trapped modes in two- and three-dimensional acoustic axisymmetric duct–cavity structures. We demonstrate numerically that, under variation of the length of the cavity, multiple BSCs occur due to the Friedrich–Wintgen two-mode full destructive interference mechanism. The BSCs are detected by tracing the resonant widths to the points of the collapse of Fano resonances where one of the two resonant modes acquires infinite life-time. It is shown that the approach of the acoustic coupled mode theory cast in the truncated form of a two-mode approximation allows us to analytically predict the BSC frequencies and shape functions to a good accuracy in both two and three dimensions.

Clinical evaluation of Iodine-125 brachytherapy for cholangiocarcinoma

Objective To evaluate efficacy and safety of Iodine-125 seeds used in brachytherapy for cholangiocarcinoma. Methods A total of 65 cases of cholangiocarcinoma patients were diagnosed and treated with ERCP. The Iodine-125 seeds were implanted into bile duct cavity by self-made carrier (applicator) in various ways, and Iodine-125 seeds were replaced to improve the local irradiation dose. Follow-up was regularly made through endoscopy and ultrasonography to evaluate feasibility, efficacy and complications. Results Self-expanding metal stents, single or double plastic stents were successfully placed in 65 patients. At first , single row of Iodine-125 seeds were inserted to 59 patients, double row Iodine-125 were inserted to 6 patients , and the average activity of the first irradiation was 5.775 mCi. Iodine-125 were replaced in 4 patients after three months, in 41 patients after six months, in 5 patients after one year. The total dose was up to 14 mCi. In the follow-up of 6-35 months, the longest survival time was 35 months in two patients, where the Iodine-125 seeds were replaced 3 times as a whole and there was no serious complications. Conclusion Iodine-125 brachytherapy on cholangiocarcinoma by ERCP, where biliary stents and Iodine-125 seeds can be replaced at any time , is convenient, less invasive and can obviously prolong survival time. Key words: Iodine-125; Cholangiocarcinoma; Brachytherapy; Stent; Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography

Comparison of viscosity variation formulations for turbulent flow of Al2O3–water nanofluid over a heated cavity in a duct

The viscosity of nanofluid is one of the most critical parameter in nanofluids, which should be considered by researches and need to be investigated thoroughly. This paper compares the several models of the viscosity of turbulent forced convection of Al2O3 nanofluid over a heated cavity in a horizontal duct. It extends the previous work by the same authors by considering several viscosity models on water–Al2O3 nanofluids at small volume particle fraction. The governing equations are discretized by the finite volume method based one point closure of a first order turbulence model. The effects of various parameters such as Reynolds number (1⋅104⩽Re⩽1⋅105) and nanoparticles concentration (0⩽ϕ⩽4%) on the heat transfer and flow characteristics are investigated and discussed. Five different viscosity models (Pack and Cho, Maiga, Einstein, Brinkman and Batchlor) are tested. The results are analyzed through the thermal and dynamical fields with a special interest to the skin friction coefficient and Nusselt number evolutions. It was found average Nusselt number increases with the volume fraction of nanoparticles for the whole range of Reynolds number. As a result, The Einstein, Brinkman and Batchlor viscosity models show similar results and lesser friction and heat transfer. Pack and Cho viscosity model gives maximum friction and heat transfer.

Turbulent forced convection of nanofluid over a heated shallow cavity in a duct

This work presents a numerical investigation of turbulent forced convection of a nanofluid over a heated cavity in a horizontal duct. The objective of this study is to show the effects of nanofluid on heat transfer in such a configuration. The two-dimensional Cartesian coordinate system is used to solve the governing equations which are conservations of mass, momentum and energy. The numerical predictions based on finite volume method are performed by ANSYS FLUENT 14.0 CFD code. Numerical simulations are carried out for pure water and four different nanofluids (water–Cu, water–CuO, water–Ag and water–Al2O3). The results are analyzed through the thermal and dynamical fields with a particular interest to the kinetic energy, skin friction coefficient and Nusselt number evolutions. The range of parameters of Reynolds number is 40,000≤Re≤100,000 and different nanoparticle volume fractions. The maximum shear stress is obtained for the lightest nanoparticle of smaller thermal conductivity (Al2O3). It is found that the average Nusselt number increases with the volume fraction of nanoparticles for the whole tested range of Reynolds number. The nanoparticle type on average Nusselt number has an insignificant effect; the smallest values are obtained for the heavier particle with greatest value of thermal conductivity (Ag). Two correlations of average Nusselt number versus Reynolds number and volume fraction of each type of nanoparticles over the cavity wall are proposed in this paper.

Numerical Analysis of Turbulent Forced Convection of Nanofluid Flow over a Heated Shallow Cavity

This work presents a numerical investigation of turbulent forced convection of a nanofluid over a heated cavity in a horizontal duct. Heat transfers in separated flows are frequently encountered in engineering applications, such as: heat exchangers, axial and centrifugal compressor blades, gas turbines blades, and microelectronic circuit boards. Thus, it is very essential to understand the mechanisms of heat transfer in such regions in order to enhance heat transfer. Different volume fractions of nanoparticles are presented in the base fluid and different types of nanoparticles are used. The objective of this study is to check the effect of nanofluid on heat transfer in such a configuration. Numerical simulations are performed for pure water and four nanofluids (Cu, CuO, Ag, and Al2O3). The results are analyzed through the thermal and dynamical fields with a particular interest to the skin friction coefficient and Nusselt number evolutions. The average Nusselt number increases with the volume fraction of nanoparticles for the whole tested range of Reynolds number. A correlation of average Nusselt number versus Reynolds number and volume fraction of each type of nanoparticles over the cavity wall is proposed in this paper.