Caustic Lime Research Articles

Additive for improving the quality of foam concrete made on the basis of micro silica and quicklime

The article presents studies of the use of plasticizing additives in combination with fine aggregate (microsilica) and CaOH quicklime for the production of foam concrete. The research will determine the effect of plasticizing additives and active fillers on the properties of foam concrete during their production. The main issue in the production of foam concrete is the time of setting, as their increase leads to shrinkage of foam concrete mixture and as a consequence of the uneven structure of the material. Therefore, the use of plasticizer additives in the production of foam concrete is not recommended. Plasticizer, as a surface-active substance, increases the setting time of the cement binder. However, examining the features of micro silica in combination with caustic lime and plasticizer was found to reduce the time setting. Laboratory studies have shown that the use of these components will produce foam concrete with the projected density, with a uniformly distributed pore structure, high strength, and frost resistance. According to the results of the study, the influence of the number of additives components on the qualitative characteristics of foam concrete was determined, and the optimal composition of the components, plasticizer additives, micro silica, and caustic lime was selected.

Solutions and washing times of phenolic foam in lettuce seedlings production

The main characteristics of the phenolic foam are inherent to a substrate of excellent quality such as sterility, excellent aeration and high load-bearing capacity. However, as it comes from a phenolic resin, the foam has some residues that can affect the development of plants. Thus, this work aimed to evaluate different treatments for washing phenolic foam under the germination and initial growth of lettuce seedlings in two immersion times. The experimental design was completely randomized (DIC), in a 5x2 factorial scheme, containing four replications with 56 plants per plot. Each repetition was composed of a phenolic foam board. The experimental factors consisted of different substances: caustic soda (NaOH), pint lime (CaOH2), citric acid (C6H8O7), vinegar (CH3COOH) and water in solution with distilled water, and two immersion times (30 minutes and 18 hours). For the witness treatment, there was no immersion. After 18-hour immersion, the treatment with citric acid presented the best development for height and biomass in the lettuce seedlings. On the other hand, the 4,0% vinegar pretreatment was not considered viable for phenolic foam for any of the times analysed. There was a significant decrease in seedling biomass when no treatment in the foam was carried out before sowing the lettuce seeds. The caustic soda presented lower results for emergence speed index, fresh aerial biomass, height and number of leaves for the 18-hour immersion compared to the 30-minute immersion.

DETERMINATION OF THE DISINFECTANT ACTION OF CAUSTIC LIME ON THE MICROFLORA OF SLUDGE OF WASTEWATER OF CLEANING FACILITIES FOR SEWERAGE AND CATTLE-BREEDING COMPLEXES

Introduction. The main task of treating sewage sludge is to obtain the final product, the properties of which would ensure the possibility of its utilization and minimize the damage to the environment. The sanitary and hygiene characteristics of the sediment are assessed by the presence of pathogenic microorganisms and helminths eggs. The degree of disinfection of the sediments is controlled according to SanPiN 2.1.7.573 - 96. The objective of the work. Determination of optimal doses of caustic lime for disinfection of microbial contamination of sewage sludge of household wastewater of sewerage cleaning facilities (SCF) and liquid manure of the swine complex. Material and methods. The object of the study were microbial communities of the sludge of the SCF household wastewater and liquid manure of the swine complex. Standard microbiological research methods were used in the work according to MU 2.1.5.800 - 99 and MR N FTs/4022. For representativeness, analyses were performed in triplicate. Results. Caustic lime was added in the amount of 1 to 10% of the volume (mass) of the sludge under study into the sludge of household wastewater (humidity of 97 - 98%). The contact time was 0.5 hours, 1 hour, 3 hours. At a concentration of caustic lime of 5 and 6%, the absence of microflora was noted after 1 hour, at a concentration of caustic lime 8 - 10% - after 0.5 hours. After 3 hours, for any amount of caustic lime (from 1 to 10%) in the native sludge of wastewater sewerage, all the microorganisms under study were not shown. Into the liquid manure (humidity less than 85%), caustic lime was added in the amount of 4 - 10% of the volume (mass) of the material being examined. The exposure was of 1 and 3 hours. The complete death of microbes at any exposure was observed at a concentration of caustic lime 9 and 10%. Conclusion. The investigations have shown the dynamics of death of microorganisms in studying the impact of caustic lime on both native and sterilized material to be the same. The total death of microorganisms during the treatment of sludge from household wastewater was observed at a concentration of caustic lime of 7 - 9%. The complete death of microbes in liquid manure (native and sterilized) at any exposure was observed at a concentration of caustic lime 9 and 10%.

EFFECT OF TIMING OF CAUSTIC BLOOM THINNING SPRAYS DURING BLOOM ON FRUIT SET, YIELD AND FRUIT SIZE OF PEACH

A field study was conducted at Geneva, New York, USA in 2008 where we evaluated the effect of timing of spray application the 2 caustic bloom thinning chemicals, ammonium thiosulfate (ATS) and lime sulfur + fish oil (LS+FO) on ‘Redhaven’ and ‘Babygold 5’ peach trees on Bailey rootstock. The trials were sprayed with an airblast sprayer at 1,200 liter/ha water volume. ATS was sprayed at a concentration of 4 liter / 100 liter water while LS+FO was sprayed at a concentration of 4 liter / 100 liter water of LS and 2 liter / 100 liter water of FO. Trees were treated either on the day of the first open blossom or at one day intervals thereafter for the next 7 days. ATS caused more thinning than LS+FO at each timing except on day 7 when trees were at petal fall. Both blossom-thinning chemicals were less effective on the first day blossoms were open than 2-3 days later. At 4-5 days after the first open blossom both chemicals were less effective while at 6 days after the first open blossom ATS was again effective and at 7 days after first open blossom LS+FO was an effective thinner. Fruit size was greatest and yield was lowest at 2 days after first open blossom. With ‘Redhaven’ this timing resulted in over thinning. The best timing appeared to be when 30-40% of the blossoms were open and when 80% of the blossoms were open.

Myanmar: An Endemic Country for Oral Cancer.

Myanmar: An Endemic Country for Oral Cancer.

Neutralization and Purification of Acidic Waste Waters Containing Hydrofluorosilicic Acid in the Production of Ultrapure Quartz

A method for solid-phase neutralization of waste waters (in the production of ultrapure quartz) by dry caustic lime in a moving bed of the material is studied. This method will make it possible to obtain at the exit from the granulator a solid granular product convenient for subsequent processing (briquetting and drying for the needs of metallurgy or shipment). Advantages of this method over the liquid phase method are that there is no need for preparing milk of lime or filtering finely disperse residue, the volume of wastes waters is smaller and a flux is obtained in a granular form.

Effects of C/N Ratio and pH of Raw Materials on Oil Degradation Efficiency in a Compost Fermentation Process

Waste oil treatment was attempted using a compost fermentation process. To develop a simple method for waste oil treatment, cheap and simple materials were used as compost materials. The fermentation experiment was performed using a domestic composter to determine the optimum conditions of the fermentation. Adjustment of the pH value during the compost fermentation was also important for progression of the oil degradation. When the pH value was not controlled, the pH value decreased quickly and reached about 2 and the oil degradation was stopped. Adding caustic lime to the raw materials caused the pH value of the compost to stabilize at approximately 7. The addition of a nitrogen source had a large effect on oil degradation during the compost fermentation. The optimum value of the CN ratio of the raw materials with pH control was between 10 and 40. When the CN ratio of the materials was adjusted to 10, 20, and 40, the rate constants for oil degradation were very similar. The rate constants for NH4+ consumption were also similar. Oil degradation efficiency reached 83.5% relative to the initial oil content in the compost materials. Repeated batch operation of the compost fermentation was carried out and the compost system could maintain good efficiency for oil degradation over several repeated batch operations. Finally, the compost system was applied to the treatment of recalled mayonnaise, with favorable results being obtained.

Effects of [formula omitted] ratio and pH of raw materials on oil degradation efficiency in a compost fermentation process

Waste oil treatment was attempted using a compost fermentation process. To develop a simple method for waste oil treatment, cheap and simple materials were used as compost materials. The fermentation experiment was performed using a domestic composter to determine the optimum conditions of the fermentation. Adjustment of the pH value during the compost fermentation was also important for progression of the oil degradation. When the pH value was not controlled, the pH value decreased quickly and reached about 2 and the oil degradation was stopped. Adding caustic lime to the raw materials caused the pH value of the compost to stabilize at approximately 7. The addition of a nitrogen source had a large effect on oil degradation during the compost fermentation. The optimum value of the C N ratio of the raw materials with pH control was between 10 and 40. When the C N ratio of the materials was adjusted to 10, 20, and 40, the rate constants for oil degradation were very similar. The rate constants for NH 4 + consumption were also similar. Oil degradation efficiency reached 83.5% relative to the initial oil content in the compost materials. Repeated batch operation of the compost fermentation was carried out and the compost system could maintain good efficiency for oil degradation over several repeated batch operations. Finally, the compost system was applied to the treatment of recalled mayonnaise, with favorable results being obtained.

98/04222 Method for improving the operation of a wet desulfurization process using caustic lime or limestone in a fossil fuel-fired power plant

98/04222 Method for improving the operation of a wet desulfurization process using caustic lime or limestone in a fossil fuel-fired power plant

Treatment of a severe alkali burn

The case history of a 20-year-old male patient who sustained an 85 per cent total body surface area alkali burn to his skin, after falling into a caustic lime pit, is reported. Considerable problems regarding the correct estimate of burn wound depth, predominant location of the deepest burn on the posterior half of the body, appropriate wound coverage, and lack of sufficient skin graft donor sites required a complex treatment plan. Excisions to fascia and intradermal debridement were required to achieve an appropriate bed for wound closure. Five per cent mafenide acetate solution (Sulfamylon) was applied to prevent burn wound sepsis. Human allografts and Biobrane were used extensively to achieve temporary wound closure, to provide mechanical protection of freshly autografted wounds, and to prevent desiccation following application of cultured epidermal autografts on to debrided wounds and split thickness skin grafted donor sites. The case illustrates a number of problems associated with the evaluation and treatment of patients suffering severe alkali burns, and demonstrates the implementation of both established and evolving technologies in the management of these injuries.

Occupational environment of paper mill workers in South India.

The paper reports the findings of environmental surveys conducted in three paper mills situated in south India. Harmful exposures of the workers to the choking wood dust, irritating chlorine gas, offensive mercaptan odours, toxic talc dust, caustic lime dust, etc. have been pointed out.

The Precipitation of Lignosulfonic Acid from Sulfite Waste Liquor by Calcium Hydroxyde

When caustic lime is added in sulfite waste liquor to pH_??_12, lignosulfonic acid (L.S) and the other organic matter (X) are precipitated together.Conditions of precipitation (amount of CaO, concentration of L.S in S.W.L., temperature etc.) and the composition of precipitate were studied.Among nonlignin substances, we found five kinds of sugar, mannonic acid, xylonic acid and four acidic substances which are under investigation. The content of X in the product increases with concentration of L.S. in S.W.L.

COPPER AS AN ESSENTIAL FOR PLANT GROWTH

The stimulating effect of copper on plant growth was noted early in the use of copper salts as fungicides. A few years ago Felix (3) obtained improvement in the growth of certain plants on several peat soils by the application of copper sulphate, both to the soil and in solution to the leaves. Allison, Bryan, and Hunter (1) were able, by the use of copper sulphate, to produce crops on certain otherwise unproductive peats of the Florida Everglades. Other treatments, notably caustic lime, manganese sulphate, and manure also gave improvement, but were not so beneficial as copper sulphate. Bryan (2) also obtained greening in chlorotic leaves of plants grown in this soil by treating them with solutions of copper sulphate or manganese sulphate. These investigations do not furnish final proof, however, that copper is essential to plant growth. The work reported in this paper provides additional evidence on this point. Sunflowers, tomatoes, and flax were used in these investigations. Oneliter pyrex beakers with paraffine-coated, plaster of Paris covers were used as containers for the solutions in which the plants were grown. All water used in making up the nutrient solutions was redistilled from pyrex. In the first experiment with sunflowers the salts used had been repurified for an earlier study (5) on the effects of the absence of boron on plant growth. These salts had been recrystallized from water from a copper still ; this still had the usual block tin condenser. In later experiments the water used for the purification of the salts was redistilled from pyrex. The methods used for the repurification of the salts2 are described in a previous paper and will not be reiterated here. The solutions to which copper was or was not added had the following composition :

Studies on the Lime Requirements of Certain Soils

The experimental results described in the two parts of the paper may be summarised thus:Part I. Lime Requirements for Sterilisation Purposes.(1) The capacity to produce partial sterilisation effects is a property belonging to calcium oxide (caustic lime), but not to calcium carbonate (chalk, limestone, marl, etc.).(2) The amount of lime necessary to produce specific effects in different soils has been found to vary greatly and it is not possible to make any general recommendations.

The Relative Effect of Lime as Oxide and Carbonate on Certain Soils

Caustic lime is found to have two distinct effects on the soil:1. A partial sterilisation effect,2. A chemical action, decomposing some of the soil organic matter.The amount of caustic lime necessary to induce specific changes in the flora and fauna of the soil depends very largely on the character of the soil. The light sandy Millbrook soil, poor in organic matter and in carbonate, reacted sharply with 0·2 to 0·3 per cent. caustic lime; the Rothamsted clay soil, poor in organic matter but rich in carbonate, was found to react to 0·3 to 0·4 per cent.; the acid Woburn soil required an amount between 0·5 and 1·0 per cent., as did also the rich Chelsea garden soil, which already contained carbonate; the Craibstone soil, with a high organic and a low carbonate content, failed to react even to applications of 1·0 per cent, caustic lime.

The Partial Sterilisation of the Soil by means of Caustic Lime

The practical advantages accruing from the use of lime are now generally recognised, but on account of the complexity of the changes induced it is by no means easy to determine, in the case of a field soil, the exact extent to which one effect or set of effects has contributed to the general improvement of the soil in relation to its crop-producing power.

A method of estimating caustic lime by the use of a sugar solution

A method of estimating caustic lime by the use of a sugar solution

Progress in Metallography

THE application of micrographic analysis to the study of alloys has given to the metallurgist a new and important field of investigation, and every improvement in the established methods is worthy of attention. Some of the latest suggestions are made by M. Henri le Chatelier in the Bulletin de la Société d'Encouragement for September, last, the most noteworthy being in connection with the final stages of polishing. It is necessary for this work that the polishing powders should be perfectly classified according to the dimensions of the particles. The method of sorting by means of levigation, described by M. Osmond, is defective, owing to the fact, that the salts of lime in ordinary water cause coagulation and rapid deposition of minute particles suspended in water. Caustic lime and acids induce even more rapid settling, a fact that has proved of great commercial importance in the treatment of ore slimes by cyanide in South Africa.

On “getting” Coal by Means of Caustic Lime

IN an article on this subject (NATURE, vol. xxvi. p. 299) Mr. William Galloway states that this system “has been found by experiment to be incapable of breaking down a hard rock or shale roof,” and is, therefore, not likely to have anything but a limited application.

On “getting” Coal by Means of Caustic Lime

On “getting” Coal by Means of Caustic Lime