Causes Of Fear Research Articles

Fear of the Cancer Coming Back: A Metasynthesis of Fear of Recurrence in Breast Cancer.

This review aimed to consolidate existing knowledge on this phenomenon by incorporating direct testimonies from individuals who have experienced breast cancer. A thorough metasynthesis of qualitative studies was conducted. English articles published prior to September 18 2023 were searched from eight databases, including PubMed, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, Embase, the Chinese biomedical literature service system, the China National Knowledge Infrastructure, the Wanfang Database, and the Wipu Database. After screening the titles, abstracts, and full texts, six articles were finally included in the quality appraisal and metaaggregation. A total of 30 research findings were distilled and integrated into three themes: causes of fear of cancer recurrence (FCR); feelings of FCR; coping with FCR; and six subthemes: disease treatment factors; psychological factors; FCR is worry and fear; overcoming; negative response; positive response. FCR is a subjective feeling; it is influenced by the interplay between the external environment (adjuvant therapy) and internal environment (psychological factors). Therefore, future care measures should be designed comprehensively, considering the individual characteristics of breast cancer survivors and the external environment. This could be the primary focus for addressing FCR in cancer patients in the future.

Fear of COVID-19 among Frontline Nurses in a National University Hospital in the Philippines: A Mixed-Methods Study.

Nurses are at the forefront of caring for patients during the height of the COVID-19 pandemic. Nurses themselves are exposed to serious risk and even death while providing care for these patients. Among other healthcare professionals, nurses are mostly exposed to psychologically distressing situations during this time of crisis. Fear of COVID-19 can affect nurses' overall well-being, which in turn may affect their job performance and lead to a decline in the quality of patient care. To determine the level of fear of COVID-19, and to explore the experiences of COVID-19-related fear of frontline nurses in a national university hospital in the Philippines. To achieve the study objectives, the study utilized a convergent mixed methodology approach. In the quantitative phase, a random sample of participants completed the Fear of COVID-19 scale (FCV-19S) in order to assess their level of fear of COVID-19. Semi-structured interviews were conducted in the qualitative strand. Participants in the qualitative phase was selected using maximum variation sampling. Integration of data was done through a narrative contiguous approach. Quantitative data was obtained from 206 frontline registered nurses. The mean age of the participants was 35.5 years (SD =8.17). Overall, the composite score of the fear of COVID-19 scale was 21.76 (SD = 4.92), indicating an elevated level of fear. Having friends and relatives who tested positive predicted fear of COVID-19 (β = -3.658; p = 0.005; CI: -6.213 to -1.104). Three major themes categories emerged from qualitative data analysis: (1) balancing feelings of fear and moral obligation, (2) challenges experienced while providing frontline work, and (3) resilience amidst challenges. For the reporting and integration of our mixed-method results, a narrative contiguous approach was implemented. Frontline nurses reported an elevated level of fear during the height of the COVID-19 pandemic. This study was also able to capture the impact of COVID-19 on the mental health of nurses, specifically on their fear experiences. Understanding the underlying causes of fear, such as uncertainties surrounding guidelines and protocols, shortage of personal protective equipment, and moral distress, offers invaluable insights for shaping proactive strategies and policies aimed at mitigating these concerns in subsequent pandemics.

Public Fear of Pancreatic Diseases: Causes and Clinical Outcomes at a Single Korean Center.

The public fear of pancreatic diseases including pancreatic cancer (PC) appears to be growing. The aims of this study were to evaluate the causes of fear of pancreatic diseases and assess clinical outcomes of such individuals. This was a retrospective study of 249 individuals who visited the Pancreatobiliary Diseases Center at Ewha Womans University Seoul Hospital due to the fear of pancreatic diseases between January 2019 and August 2021. Those referred from other departments or external medical facilities were excluded. Collected data included demographic details, comorbidities, causes of fear of pancreatic diseases, and the presence of pancreatic lesions in imaging studies. The median age was 55 years (range, 22 to 82 years). One hundred eleven subjects (44.6%) were male. The causes of fear of pancreatic diseases were abdominal pain (n=144, 57.8%), back pain (n=114, 45.8%), body weight change (n=35, 14.1%), family history of pancreatic diseases (n=32, 12.9%), and others (n=39, 15.7%). Within the group with family history of pancreatic diseases, 25 subjects had a first-degree relative with PC. Of the 200 subjects who underwent imaging, there was no evidence of pancreatic diseases in 182 (91.0%). Pancreatic lesions identified were cystic lesions (n=15, 7.5%), non-specific calcification (n=1, 0.5%), lipoma (n=1, 0.5%), and solid tumor (n=1, 0.5%), later diagnosed as unresectable PC. Abdominal pain and back pain were the major causes of fear of pancreatic diseases. The prevalence of PC among those who underwent imaging was 0.5%. Such characteristics should be considered when consulting individuals with fear of pancreatic diseases.

PENYAMPAIAN RASA TAKUT DALAM FILM HOROR QODRAT KARYA CHARLES GOZALI

The growth in popularity of horror films can be seen from the high number of horror films produced and their success at the box office. One example of a famous horror film is Qodrat, directed by Charles Gozali, which was released in October 2022. Qodrat is a horror genre film that combines action and religion with a duration of 102 minutes where Vino G. Bastian plays the main character in this film as a Qodrat chaplain. The aim of this research is to find out every scene that shows fear in the horror film Qodrat by Charles Gozali and to draw conclusions from the film about what are the signs and signifieds through semiotic analysis. This research uses a qualitative approach with Ferdinand de Saussure's semiotic analysis method. In this theory, semiotics is divided into two parts, namely the signifier and the signified. This research was carried out by observing signs in several scenes, including the scenes at minute 35:30 and minute 1:05:39 which contain fear in the film Qodrat. Observations were made by watching films via the application streaming platform and taking screen captures of scenes that were deemed to contain markers and signs. The results of this research show that from the two Hude theories and Aditya's theory, differences can be seen where Hude expresses fear that occurs in changes in behavior, whereas according to Aditya the cause of fear can occur because of fear related to places, for example fear of the dark (achluphobia).

초등학교 1학년 학생의 수학 불안 종단 연구

Objectives The purpose of the study in to investigate the state of math-anxiety in first-grade elementary school students and the causes. Methods I conducted a longitudinal study on math-anxiety on 380 first-grade elementary school students from March 2022 to February 2024. Students' level of math-anxiety was investigated three times using the math-anxiety survey items, and the cause of math-anxiety was confirmed through follow-up interviews. Results Most first grade elementary school students who participated in this study had no or low math-anxiety, but there were a small number of students with high math-anxiety. In particular, math-anxiety was highest at the beginning of first grade. Students most frequently cited concerns about failing in mathematics learning as a cause of fear. Conclusions The finding that math-anxiety is highest at the beginning of first grade suggests that students feel more anxious when faced with math tasks they find difficult before they have adapted to new mathematics learning situations. The results of this study are expected to help understand math -anxiety in elementary school students and develop teaching methods to prevent math-anxiety in students.

Analysis of the Causes of Fear of Success Through Literature Review

Fear of success is a common psychological phenomenon, explicitly referring to the fear of winning in a competitive environment. Success generally brings joy to people, but at specific times, it generates joy. Success also comes with a psychological state of fear. This article uses a literature review method to study the causes of fear of success. It mainly collects literature through reading, communicating with people with fear of success, and summarizing the reasons for this phenomenon. It mainly includes two parts: internal and external factors. Internal factors include negative experiences, poor self-efficacy, shyness or social anxiety, and insufficient personal conditions; external factors include the influence of national culture, conformity psychology, and the surrounding environment and finding corresponding reasonable solutions from them, such as boldly acknowledging the existence of the "Jonah complex," achieving self-acceptance, being brave in "volunteering," and taking the initiative to face challenges. The results of this study will help us understand the reasons for fear of success, and based on this, objectively analyze facts, treat problems rationally, actively solve problems, and better achieve self-acceptance to promote human psychological development and create a better life.

Influence of diagnosis of gestational diabetes mellitus on fear of childbirth

IntroductionConsidering the relationship between Gestational Diabetes Mellitus and maternal and perinatal adverse outcomes, it's pertinent to investigate whether this diagnosis is a predictor of fear of childbirth. As there is little data about the fear of childbirth in Brazil, it´s necessary to understand better the population, and this way the authors can identify factors that influence this fear as well as propose public health policies to treat it. ObjectiveThe main goal was to compare the prevalence of fear of childbirth between the groups of low-risk pregnancy and gestational diabetes mellitus. Material and methodsIn this cohort study, the sample consisted of 319 patients divided into low-risk pregnancy group (n = 152) and gestational diabetes mellitus group (n = 167). Patients have undergone a semi-structured interview with epidemiological, obstetric, and anthropometric data and the main cause of fear of childbirth. In addition, the patients have marked an “X” on the scale into the Fear of Birth Scale to describe their fear. After delivery, data have been collected through electronic medical records. ResultsThe prevalence of fear of childbirth found was higher for the gestational diabetes mellitus group (46.05%) compared to the low-risk pregnancy group (34.73%) with a cutoff score ≥ 54. In the whole sample, the main cause of fear of childbirth (score ≥ 60) was the pain of labor and delivery (31.58%). ConclusionsThe prevalence of fear of childbirth in the present study was greater than 30%, highlighting the relevance of implementing this assessment during prenatal care.

Perceptions and experiences of users who received outpatient COVID-19 care in Santiago, Chile

To explore the perceptions and experiences of COVID-19 patients who received outpatient treatment in public health services in the Metropolitan Region of Chile. An exploratory rapid qualitative study was conducted. Individual, telephonic and semi-structured interviews were conducted with patients who received a COVID-19 diagnosis confirmed by a PCR test and who had outpatient treatment for the disease. A thematic analysis was performed. Nine interviews were conducted (six female and three male participants). The main emerging themes were: life before COVID-19, living with the disease at home, recovery process, and Ineffective sanitary measures. Most of the participants highlighted the lack of information about their health and the uncertainty about COVID-19 as the cause of fear for their wellbeing. They also felt guilty for putting at risk others due to their COVID-19-positive status. The experiences of patients show the need to strengthen communication and information strategies for patients who receive outpatient care during the pandemic. This is key to reducing misinformation, fear and uncertainty about the progression of the disease and the potential recovery. Consequently, this could impact clinical outcomes and patient satisfaction.

Emocje w narracjach, czyli o strukturze pojęcia strachu u dzieci w wieku przedszkolnym i wczesnoszkolnym

The article presents research on the structure and content of the concept of sadness, based on the statements of preschool and early school age children. The research was carried out in a transverse (transversal) system among children selected from six age groups: 4.0−4.11, 5.0−5.11, 6.0−6.11, 7.0−7.11, 8.0−8.11, 9.0−9.11. Data collected from a sample of 240 children were used to analyze the test results. There were 20 girls and 20 boys in each of the six designated age group. In order to describe the content and structure of emotional concepts the experimental technique created by S. Grabias (2012) was used. It allowed to obtain an information on six basic components of a given concept, i.e. definition/definition category, carrier, features, activities, causes, circumstances /effect and in addition his assessment. When describing the emotions of fear, the youngest children mainly used tautological definitions containing synonyms and the oldest ones were dominated by abstract definitions. When talking about the symptoms of emotions, the surveyed children focused primarily on the perceptual indicators of experiencing it. The face and changes in facial expression are particularly significant to them. When describing a person experiencing fear, preschool children mainly referred to typical behaviors related to this emotion, i.e.: afraid, shouting, crying. Analyzes concerning the indications of children for the activities performed by the carrier of the emotion fear show that among the respondents in general, flight from the object of fear was dominant. In the opinion of the surveyed children, the main cause of fear are situations related to the violation of physical body, causing fear and anxiety in humans. Children’s descriptions of reactions to other people’s fear reflect their own tendency to self-regulate, that is, finding ways to deal with experiences. Fear in the perception of the respondents is a negative emotion.

Assessment of Choice and Anxiety toward Different Dentist’s Attires among 5–12-Year-Old Children in Dental Operatory

Abstract Introduction: Fear and anxiety toward dentists, syringes, and white coats are significant issues affecting the treatment of pediatric patients. According to D.C.I guidelines for the COVID-19 pandemic, it was made mandatory to wear personal protective equipment (PPE) for dental professionals, adding one more cause of fear and anxiety, which made it more challenging to treat pediatric patients. Friendly dentist attire can make a positive impact on a patient’s behavior. Aim: This study aimed to assessment of choice for dentist’s attire and their effect on anxiety of 5–12-year-old children. Materials and Methods: The present study was conducted in the Department of Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry, IDS, Bareilly. To assess the choice of dentist’s attire, a questionnaire consisting of 15 closed and open-ended questions was formulated and was asked to be filled by 182 patients with the help of their parents, who reported in our operatory. To assess the pre- and postanxiety levels among patients, vitals (blood pressure and pulse rate) and facial image scores were recorded. Data obtained were subjected to statistical analysis. Results: Majority of the children, i.e., 58.8%, showed preference for modified PPE with cartoon characters. Facial Image Scale: Score 2, i.e., sad face, was scored by 7% of children at baseline, and was reduced to only 1% after attire selection. Significant differences were seen in physiological parameters. Conclusion: Clinician’s attire and appearance play a major role in behavior modification of anxious children. Modified PPE with cartoon characters was the attire of choice for the majority of children.

Experiences and Coping Mechanisms to Deal with Difficult Emotions among Women in Early Adulthood: A Qualitative Study

Difficult emotions are defined as the emotions that are considered to have negative connotations. Researches showed that there are some significant differences in the way difficult emotions are dealt with among genders. This study explored these emotions in women and also focused on finding out strategies that women use to effectively deal with these emotions. A qualitative exploratory research design was used in this study. The sampling technique used in this research study was convenient sampling. The participants included seven female early adults in their 20’s (Age range 21-29; M=25, SD=1.3). Semi-structured, in-depth interviews of almost 60 minutes long were conducted. The collected data was then analyzed through thematic analysis method. Codes, themes, super-themes and clusters were generated after conducting thematic analysis. The results of the study include 5 clusters i.e. “the difficult emotion of sadness”, “the difficult emotion of anger”, “the difficult emotion of fear”, “the difficult emotion of guilt” and “the difficult emotion of grief”. Along with this, after analysis 10 super themes were generated i.e. “causes of sadness”, “coping strategies for sadness”, “causes of anger”, “coping strategies for anger’, “causes of fear”, “coping strategies of fear”, “causes of guilt”, “coping strategies of guilt”, “causes of grief” and “coping strategies of grief”. Two of the themes among all the themes generated in the current study i.e. “challenging thoughts” and “using religious strategies” were found to be common coping strategies among women to deal with all the difficult emotions explored in the current study. Quantitative studies should be conducted and experimental studies should also be done to further provide pieces of evidence for the level of effectiveness of each coping technique, to get more objective results and how much of a long-term effect these strategies have on the individual. Similar studies should also be done with men.

Patient-reported perioperative anaesthesia-related anxiety is associated with impaired patient satisfaction: a secondary analysis from a prospective observational study in Switzerland

Perioperative anxiety is common. The relationship between anxiety and patient satisfaction with anaesthesia is still under debate. We assessed the prevalence and different causes of anaesthesia-related fears leading to perioperative anxiety and its association with patient satisfaction. A multiple-time validated, psychometrically developed questionnaire assessing the presence of anxiety, causes of fear, and different dimensions of patient satisfaction was sent to patients after discharge. The clinical data were obtained from a previous study. The sample size was calculated to recruit a minimum of 300 completed questionnaires. Statistical analyses included multivariate logistic regression models. Complete data were available for 474 of the 600 patients recruited for the study (response rate: 79%). A total of 141 patients (30%) reported anxiety regarding anaesthesia before hospital admission. The prevalence of anxiety was significantly associated with patient age (< 54 years: n = 196, prevalence = 37%; > 54 years: n = 263, prevalence = 24%; p = 0.002), female sex (female: n = 242, prevalence 39%; male: n = 223, prevalence 20%; p < 0.001), and surgical speciality (gynaecology (n = 61, prevalence = 49%), otolaryngology (n = 56, prevalence = 46%); p < 0.001). Fear of not awakening from anaesthesia (n = 44, prevalence = 32%, SD 45.8) and developing postoperative nausea or vomiting (n = 42, prevalence = 30%, SD 46.0) were the most reported anaesthesia-related causes of fear. Anxiety was associated with impaired overall patient satisfaction (mean dissatisfaction score 15%, versus 23%, SD 16.3 in the anxious group, SD 16.3, p < 0.001), especially regarding the dimensions “information and involvement in decision-making” (14% of deficits stated in the non-anxious group compared to 23% in the anxious group, p < 0.001), “respect and trust” (2% vs 6.26%, p < 0.001) and “continuity of care” (50% vs 57%, p < 0.015). Patient-reported anaesthesia-related anxiety is common and may affect important outcome parameters such as patient satisfaction. presented in e-poster format at Euroanaesthesia 2023, June 3–5, Glasgow.

A Walk-through towards Network Steganography Techniques

2D and 3D digital multimedia files offer numerous benefits like excellent quality, compression, editing, reliable copying, etc. These qualities of the multimedia files, on the other hand, are the cause of fear including the fear of getting access to data during communication. Steganography plays an important role in providing security to the data in communication. Changing the type of cover file from digital multimedia files to protocols improve the security of the communication system. Protocols are an integral part of the communication system and these protocols can also be used to hide secret data resulting in low chances of detection. This paper is intended to help improve existing network steganography techniques by enhancing bandwidth and decreasing detection rates through reviewing previous related work. Recent papers of the last 21 years on network steganography techniques have been studied, analyzed, and summarized. This review can help researchers to understand the existing trends in network steganography techniques to pursue further work in this area for algorithms’ improvement. The paper is divided according to the layers of the OSI model.

Attitude towards death in civil population living in the armed conflict zone in the context of existential fulfillment

Introduction. In the conditions of living in an armed conflict zone, the attitude of the civilian population to life and death may acquire its characteristics. Their study is of particular importance for the implementation of psychological assistance. Existential fulfillment is defined as living at the same time the correspondence of what is happening in life to one’s inner values and the circumstances of the outside world. In this regard, the authors consider the issues of psychological consequences for people living in armed conflict zones for people in connection with existential fulfillment.Goal. Determination of the attitude to the death of civilians living in the zone of armed conflict in the context of their existential fullness.Materials and methods. The study used a content analysis of the concept of “death” and the causes of fear of death, as well as the technique of Diagnostics of Existential Fulfillment" (V. B. Shumsky, E. M. Ukolova, E. N. Osin and Ya. D. Lupandina). The significance of the differences was checked using Fisher’s φ-criterion.Results. The majority of respondents are not so much afraid of the approach of death as the probability of injury and becoming disabled or that their children will be orphaned due to the death of their parents. The respondents living in the area of the SVO have medium (55.3%) and low (44.7%) levels of existential fulfillment. People with a pronounced fear of death or the consequences associated with it have a lower overall level of existential fulfillment than those who are not afraid of death, are philosophical about it, or do not think about it.Discussion and conclusion. The attitude to death and the level of existential fulfillment are closely related and depend on many parameters. The main reasons for the lack of existential fulfillment are traumatization, a sense of uselessness, unfulfillment in life, the insignificance of the process of life as a whole, and loss of meaning due to living for a long time in conditions of military operations, a low percentage of life prospects, lack of basic conditions for life. The general personality value–semantic orientation can be considered through the prism of its attitude to death.

The Fear of the COVID-19 Pandemic and Its Relation to Religion

It is known that the COVID-19 pandemic can be a cause of fear and anxiety. There exists a deep need to seek refuge from anxiety in a reality that would offer a sense of greater certainty. Within this framework, religion can be assessed in three different ways. Its negative assessment is linked with a pragmatic approach to the world. Alongside the negative assessment of religion, there is also a positive one. However, there is still a third possible approach, that of using religion as a response to the difficulties of the pandemic. Religion can function as a factor in rationalizing the time of the pandemic. Religion can also generate two strategies by which a person can respond to difficult situations. These strategies can be referred to as a kenotic one and a palliative one.

Effect of lifestyles on fear of pregnancy: Development and psychometric testing of the fear of pregnancy scale

ObjectivePregnancy may be a cause of fear for some women. Fear of pregnancy is a woman’s belief that her health or life may get worse due to pregnancy. This study aimed to develop a valid and reliable instrument to measure fear of pregnancy in women, and determine the effect of lifestyle on fear of pregnancy. MethodsThis study was conducted in three phases. For the first phase, item generation and selection were made through qualitative interviews and literature review. In the second phase, items were administered to 398 women of reproductive age. The scale development phase was completed with exploratory factor analysis and internal consistency analysis. In the third phase, the Fear of Pregnancy Scale was developed, and was administered, together with the Lifestyle Scale, to women of reproductive age (n = 748). ResultsThe Fear of Pregnancy Scale was found to be a valid and reliable instrument for women of reproductive age. Perfectionism, control and self-esteem lifestyles were found to influence fear of pregnancy. Furthermore, fear of pregnancy was significantly more common in primiparous women and women with insufficient information about pregnancy. ConclusionThis study found that fear of pregnancy was moderate and varied with lifestyle. Factors associated with fear of pregnancy that remain unspoken, and how they affect women’s lives are not yet known. Evaluation of fear of pregnancy in women can be an important step in showing adaptation to future pregnancy, and revealing its effects on reproductive health.

FACTORS WHICH CAUSE OF ANXIETY AND DEPRESSION IN PREGNANT WOMEN THROUGHOUT COVID-19

Background: COVID-19 has become a critical general medical condition and is causing unfavorable health outcomes for both mother and child. Objective: To determine the causes of fear and mental stress in pregnant women during the COVID-19. Method: By searching for sources used from PubMed and google scholar. The articles sourced are national and international articles published from 2016 to 2021. Results: During the Covid-19 pandemic, most pregnant women experienced increased fear and mental stress. One research article in Turkey showed that the mean IDAS II score of pregnant women increased from 184.78 ± 49.67 before the pandemic to 202.57 ± 52.90, during the COVID-19 pandemic. Mothers with symptoms of mental distress and anxiety are at risk of abortion and early labor (&lt;39 weeks), as well as postpartum depression. Conclusion: Multiple factors involving of maternal age, low education, work, work, social support, lack of physical activity, economy, fear of COVID-19, gestational age were the cause of anxiety and mental stress in pregnant women during the COVID-19. Keywords: anxiety, depression, pregnant.

여성 노인의 범죄두려움에 관한 내러티브 연구

Despite a decline in overall crime in the last decade, the fear of being a victim of crime has increased. The fear of crime is a psychological fear that anyone can have, regardless of gender or age. Research to identify the cause of fear of crime is constantly being conducted both at home and abroad. In particular, research on fear of crime has been carried out quantitatively, focusing on factors such as crime victim experience, crime vulnerability, regional disorder, social integration, and community police activities. However, in quantitative research on fear of crime, it is not easy to clearly identify the cause due to differences in fear of crime among research subjects. Therefore, in this study, we tried to identify the cause of the fear of crime, focusing on the research subjects who were highly aware of the fear of crime. In particular, based on previous studies, this study targeted female elderly people with high fear of crime despite low crime damage. In addition, the causes of fear of crime were divided into personal factors and environmental factors, focusing on female elderly people, and the causes of fear of crime felt by them were identified. As a result of the study, it was investigated that the cause of the fear of crime of the elderly female is the fear of crime due to the vulnerability of crime, and that the media's crime reports and disorder in the region maximize the fear of crime. Based on the results of this study, A public safety policy proposal was made to relieve the fear of crime for the elderly women.

Exploring the Factors for Successful Oral Presentation and The Source of Fear

Oral presentation requires some level of performance to a crowd of people, unlike reading, writing, or listening. Hence, fear of speaking in a foreign language is a common concern of students, especially when presenting in front of a large audience. Many people who fear public speaking avoid public speaking situations altogether, or struggle in those situations due to lack of confidence and skills. Therefore, learning a foreign language requires the use of communication strategies so that students face less difficulty and become proficient. ?This study aimed to identify the success factors of students in oral presentations and examined the causes of fear among Arabic language students in a Malaysian public university. For that purpose, a set of questionnaires was distributed to students studying three different levels of Arabic as a third language from various faculties at Universiti Teknologi MARA, Shah Alam, Selangor Campus. The questionnaire was systematically designed from Endler (1980) for oral communication strategies with the addition source of fear adapted from Yaman and (Kavasog?lu, 2013). The survey has three sections which are demographic profile, communication strategies, and fear of oral presentation. The study involved 321 students that were selected through purposive sampling. The findings of the study show that oral presentation in Arabic is dominant despite being on a moderate scale of use. Also, students’ nervousness and the capacity of the audience have an influence on their speaking skills in simulations and role-play activities. The study recommends recognizing the anxiety sources and levels of anxiety when preparing ?for and delivering an oral presentation. It clearly represents a step closer to a successful ?presentation among non-native speakers. It also suggests that both lecturers and students ?be more aware of foreign language speaking anxiety. ? Overall, as this study investigates effective communication strategies and its associated factors of fear, it is hoped that the study will provide practical suggestions for teachers and meaningful recommendations for future research.

Review of Lubrication and Cooling in Computer Numerical Control (CNC) Machine Tools: A Content and Visualization Analysis, Research Hotspots and Gaps

Lubrication and cooling (LC) are critical for mechanical devices’ effective and dependable functioning, because they decrease friction and wear of moving components, ensuring superior efficiency. However, the cutting fluids in machining operations are a key cause of fear, due to their high cost, environmental impact, and health risks, particularly in computer numerical control (CNC) machine tools (MTs). During the industrial revolutions, MTs superseded manual labour and increased efficiency and output. Therefore, much research was conducted on lubrication and cooling in CNC machine tools (LC in CNC MTs). Therefore, it has become necessary to review and highlight research hotspots and gaps using specific means that can benefit budding researchers. The present review aims to identify research hotspots and gaps of LC in CNC MTs utilizing content and visualization analysis, employing VOSviewer and Biblioshiny software. The analysis comprises 136 documents retrieved by Scopus between 1988 and 2022. The analysis revealed a consistent growth in publications, primarily consisting of articles, with a minor proportion of review documents and conference papers. The keywords were categorized into seven clusters, with a notable prevalence of ‘surface roughness’ and ‘CNC machine tools’. A word cloud was generated to visualize the author’s frequently used keywords, where larger font sizes represented higher frequency. The treemaps demonstrated that ‘CNC’ appeared 34 times and contributed 8%, followed by ‘machine’, ‘tool’, ‘machining’, and ‘thermal’. In the abstract-terms tree plot, ‘machine’ appeared 235 times and contributed 7%, followed by ‘CNC’, ‘machining’, ‘tool’, and ‘cutting’. The content and visualization analysis identified six research hotspots: computer control systems, machine tools, computer numerical control, machining, numerical control systems, and surface roughness (Ra). The research gaps are temperature, cooling systems, cutting forces, energy utilization, tool life, nanoparticles, electric power utilization, and energy conservation. Based on hotspots and gaps, literature evaluations extensively addressed the strong roadmap of technical improvements and problems of LC in CNC MTs. A complete visualization and content analysis also produced a conceptual framework for best practices, and the study offers insight into the issues and prospects.