Causes Of Delinquency Research Articles

Causes Behind Escalation of Juvenile Delinquency in Quetta City A Case Study of Juvenile Prisoners in Balochistan Province

Juvenile delinquency is a substantial issue both universally and nationally, mostly in Balochistan. This study objects to explore the causes backing to juvenile delinquency in Quetta city of Balochistan Province. The research was conducted at one of the Jail, located in Quetta city of Province of Balochistan. Data was collected through two rounds of interviews: one with juvenile offenders and another with legal professionals. Information on the juveniles’ age, education, socioeconomic background, family history, and employment status was gathered through structured questionnaires. The collected data was analyzed and compiled to identify the underlying causes of delinquency. The results revealed that juvenile delinquency in Quetta is driven by multiple factors, with poverty and illiteracy emerging as the most significant contributors. These findings underscore the urgent need for targeted interventions to address the socio-economic challenges faced by at-risk youth in the region and gives a comprehensive approach that tackle systematic issues, support families and provide opportunities for youth.

A multifaceted approach to identifying and managing juvenile delinquency by integrating psycho-physiological indicators.

To understand and treat juvenile delinquency, the study explores the relevance of psycho-physiological indicators. It also emphasizes the necessity for thorough research to minimize the gap existing between psycho-physiological measurements and conventional psychosocial components. The study focuses on the relevance of personality features, habituation, and autonomic arousal required to monitor the proper management of delinquent conduct. Through the integration of biological, psychological, and social elements into a multidimensional approach, researchers can uncover novel insights and create cutting-edge therapies for youths who are at risk of delinquent behavior. The study proposes to develop a comprehensive framework that considers biological antecedents in addition to conventional metrics to reach the root cause of delinquency; thereby drawing special attention to current literature and research that emphasizes the psycho-physiological correlates of delinquency. By examining the complex interactions between stress, physiology, emotions, behavior, and social structures, the study highlights the intricacy of delinquent conduct and the necessity for adopting a multifaceted strategy to fully address the problematic areas. Future research paths are emphasized, with a focus on the significance of longitudinal studies, moderating and mediating variables, and creative treatment techniques. By utilizing psycho-physiological markers and psychosocial traits, researchers can tailor intervention strategies to meet individual needs effectively. Early identification of psycho-physiological deficits in children is crucial for implementing successful behavior modification techniques and promoting the well-being of future generations. This is expected to help the government agencies to save time and public money.

Credit Portfolio Management in Nepalese Microfinance Institutions (MFIs): A Shifting Guide to Credit Risk Management

This paper attempts to provide a first step toward understanding the role of credit portfolio management in Nepalese microfinance institutions (MFIs) and overcome those problems associated with credit risk management. The credit portfolio management (CPM) has become most crucial functions of the Nepalese MFIs for sound loan portfolio quality. This study is based on descriptive research design. Several findings are made through the review of the literature that is parallel to achieving the objectives of the study. MFIs are financial intermediaries ("banks") that have a direct impact on economic and social transformation, such as job creation, income generation, social change, and poverty alleviation via financial and non-financial activities. The findings show that a credit appraisal system, scientific interest rate, credit monitoring, loan portfolio diversification system, capital optimization, risk framework development, regulatory management, credit control, credit advisory, and credit research, have reduced credit risk and ensured high-performing loans and financial sustainability. The study recommends that MFI’s portfolio management strategies focus more on the internal causes of delinquency which they have more control over and seek practical and achievable solutions to reimbursement delinquency problems. The study's findings will be useful to BFIs, institutional lenders, microfinance experts, regulators, economists, policymakers, and institutional credit rating agencies. The result reveals that portfolio diversification has a significant impact on credit portfolio management in Nepalese MFIs.

A Developmental Perspective on Girls’ Delinquency: Testing the Family Stress Model

Although there has been an increased focus on identifying causes of delinquency among girls, this is still a relatively understudied area of research, particularly among young women of color and those on the economic margins. Past research has identified economic disadvantage, exposure to maltreatment, and lack of positive parental supervision as antecedents in the development of delinquency, with family factors being especially influential for girls. There has been less attention on how these factors combine to produce a developmental cascade. The current study addresses this gap by implementing the family stress model, a conceptual paradigm that emphasizes the impact of economic hardship on family processes and, ultimately, youth outcomes. We address the study hypotheses with prospective, longitudinal data from a sample of Black girls ( N = 421) from two-caregiver and single-mother families. Results demonstrate support for the family stress model in both household types. Specifically, economic stress was associated with an increase in caregivers’ psychological distress, conflict between caregivers, and disrupted parenting, which was, in turn, associated with increased delinquent behavior. The current study adds to the literature on the negative effects of economic hardship on families and youth by illustrating how economic stress indirectly influences girls’ delinquent behavior through its detrimental impact on family processes.

Perceived justice, negative emotions and delinquency in Chinese high schools and vocational schools

ABSTRACT General strain theory (GST) has been applied to explain the causes of delinquency in Western and China context, which argues that strain is a major source of criminal motivation. Being an important source of strain, the subjective perception of justice has the potential to promote negative emotions and delinquency. Using a sample of 2081 students from 11 middle schools and 11 vocational schools in South China, the current study tests associations and intervening paths between perceived justice, life satisfaction, negative emotions and delinquency. Results revealed that dissatisfactory perceived justice promoted delinquency, and this relationship was mediated by life satisfaction and negative emotions. Limitations and future research directions are discussed.

CAUSES LEADING TO JUVENILE DELINQUENCY: A CASE STUDY CONDUCTED AT PUNJAB, PAKISTAN

Juvenile Delinquency is unlawful act committed by the individual below the age of 18 years. The study was aimed to find out the causes of juvenile delinquency in Punjab, Pakistan. The study was also aimed to find out the demographic and socioeconomic information of the respondents as well as to investigate the possible risk factors of delinquency. The nature of the study was qualitative and case study method was applied. The population of the study was juvenile delinquents from prisons of the Punjab, Pakistan. The multistage sampling technique was used for the selection of Districts, Jails & respondents. The tool for data collection was interview guide and sample size was comprised of eight in-depth case studies. It is concluded that there are several socioeconomic causesleading to juvenile delinquency. The respondents claimed that family dysfunctionsincludingrestrictive behavior, parental negligence, improper supervision, and parental unlawful behavior are linked with juvenile delinquency. Some respondents reported that the motivation by peers and friends for indulgence in deviancy and peer rejection also become the leading causes of delinquency. The study also concluded that deteriorated neighborhood, direct exposure to violence and fighting movies on media also considered as the risk factors toward delinquency among juveniles. Moreover, the poverty, illiteracy, poor educational performance at school and lack of moral education may turn juvenilesinto delinquents.

The resilience of youth delinquent. Education as a protective factor

Adolescents face difficult developmental tasks and multiple challenges and are exposed to very varied risk factors. In case the protection factors are not strong enough, they can generate many difficulties or emotional and behavioral disorders, especially due to the fragility and vulnerability of the adolescent's inner world during this period. This paper presents an analysis of the protection factors underlying the resilience of young offenders admitted in educational centers in Romania. The analysis is part of a broader research conducted in a doctoral thesis. The conclusions show us that the basic pillar of reeducating these young people relies in completing their studies at least at the level of primary school and the orientation towards learning a profession, so that those who blame material deprivation as the cause of delinquency have the possibility to earn a living through work.

Criminal behavior in frontotemporal dementia and Alzheimer's disease

Seniorenkriminalität ist insgesamt ein seltenes Phänomen. Bei älteren Straftätern hat es die Justiz in hohem Maß mit Ersttätern zu tun, die mehrheitlich männlichen Geschlechts sind. Eine mögliche Ursache von Erstkriminalität im höheren Lebensalter stellen Demenzerkrankungen dar. Es ist jedoch wenig dazu bekannt, wie häufig Demenzerkrankungen tatsächlich Ursache delinquenten Verhaltens im höheren Lebensalter sind. Die Demenzprävalenz in Studien mit forensischen Kohorten älterer Straftäter ist sehr heterogen, was vor allem studienmethodisch begründet ist. Längsschnittlich begehen etwa 50 % aller Patienten mit frontotemporaler Demenz und etwa 10 % aller Patienten mit Alzheimer-Demenz Delikte im Erkrankungsverlauf. Die neurobiologischen Entstehungsmechanismen von Delinquenzverhalten im Rahmen von Demenzen sind unvollständig verstanden. Nach aktuellen Erkenntnissen wird davon ausgegangen, dass Erstdelinquenz im Rahmen von Demenzerkrankungen als Folge von Beeinträchtigungen der sozialen Kognition, Empathiefähigkeit und der Verhaltenskontrolle zu verstehen ist. Bedeutsam sind insbesondere frontale und anteriore temporale Hirnstrukturen. Demenzerkrankungen können zu Beeinträchtigungen der Schuldfähigkeit führen, weshalb forensisch-psychiatrische Sachverständige auch mit Demenzerkranken konfrontiert sind. Hierbei müssen ätiologiespezifische Besonderheiten berücksichtigt werden. Insbesondere Erstdelikte im Rahmen wesensuntypischer Persönlichkeitsänderungen nach dem 50. Lebensjahr sollten an eine neurodegenerative Ätiologie denken lassen. Insbesondere frontotemporale Demenzerkrankungen, wie die behaviorale Variante einer frontotemporalen Demenz (bvFTD), aber auch die semantische Demenz (svPPA), prädisponieren zu delinquentem Verhalten.Diese Arbeit fasst aktuelle Erkenntnisse zu dieser forensisch-psychiatrisch, aber auch klinisch relevanten Thematik zusammen.

The Fraud Triangle and Model of Criminogenesis

The fraud triangle (FT) predominantly focuses on individual perpetrators and ignores the complexity and diversity of causes of delinquency in business organisations. To this end, this article discusses the limitations of the FT in practice to analyse misconduct in the organisational context. The paper also provides suggestions to remediate conceptual weaknesses of the FT by addressing the realm of criminogenic antecedents facilitating, enabling and promoting illegal and unethical behaviour in organisational settings. In discussing the reasons as to why the FT fails to comprehensively explain the root-cause of misconduct displayed in businesses, this paper draws on relevant literature and theoretical perspectives on employee criminal and unethical conduct in the organisational context. The model of criminogenesis introduced in this article aims to evaluate the source of employee criminal and unethical activities. Thus, it reveals that employee behaviour is influenced by individual, organisational and environmental dynamics, including for instance: personality traits such as narcissistic, Machiavellian, and hubristic traits; criminogenic organisational settings; unethical organisational culture; poor leadership and social pressure. Employees lacking morality and self-regulation capabilities might be vulnerable to the influence of criminogenic forces, processes and conditions that increase individual propensity for unlawful and unethical practices. The general aim of the article is to contribute to the discussion on the causation of illicit and unethical acts carried out in, and by business organisations by connecting three different domains (environment, organisation, and individual) and addressing the effect of criminogenesis at the micro-, meso-, and macro- levels.

Juveniles Justice

The research paper addresses the problem of mastering the literature to analyze theories, interventions, strategies, and treatment programs for juvenile delinquency. The solution to this problem will help juveniles, families, and the community works together to prevent juvenile offending and make amends to the community and victims. This researcher identifies evidence-based intervention programs, theoretical causes, and multisystem therapies through secondary resources to solve this problem. These resources examine the use of evidence-based intervention and early education programs to reduce the risk of juvenile delinquency. Combined, the resources determine that an evidence-based intervention is designed specifically for juvenile offenders. The juveniles range from committing part-one index crimes to falling in and out of home services. The writing assignment describes and justifies the research problem. The literature approach compares and summarizes sources used to address theories that explain the causes of delinquency and intervention designed to stop misconduct. The research paper identifies the relationship between age and crime theory, non-parent-child attachment, and objects that lead to juvenile delinquency. The research findings illustrate how this researcher presented criminology literature to support the research problem.

Spiritual Jewish Criminology: The Basic Premises and the Pyramid.

Religion and spiritual traditions entail vast wisdom and knowledge which have proved their productivity in achieving criminal rehabilitation, crime desistance, and crime prevention. Unfortunately, the literature on their role is relatively scarce and was not, until recently, regarded as part of mainstream criminology. This study used a hermeneutic phenomenological approach in which 39 participants were interviewed and many of the religious scriptures selected at their recommendation were analyzed. The findings reveal three central and unique themes that deal with the purpose of creation, human nature, and the question of free will. Through these premises, this study suggests that Spiritual Jewish criminology, a faith-based theory stemming from Jewish scriptures, offers a universal paradigm that explains a person's life as a spiritual journey, completed according to the Pyramid Model. The pyramid is built on two axes that describe a person's desirable movement: the first ranges from egocentrism to altrocentrism, while the second ranges from materialism to the spiritual. The study's discussion deals with the Pyramid Model's ability to explain the causes of delinquency, the onset of a criminal career, and the way out of this criminal world through treatment and rehabilitation.

PEMBINAAN KENAKALAN ANAK OLEH YAYASAN SINAI DI SUKOHARJO

Juvenile delinquency is getting more worrying in both developed and developing countries over times. Juvenile delinquency is also a problem with which any family often complains. One of attempts to be taken to deal with juvenile delinquency is to conduct rehabilitation or mentoring. This research aimed to analyze the type of juvenile delinquency and its cause, to find out the form of building and the factors supporting and inhibiting the mentoring. This research employed Max Weber’s Social Action theory. This qualitative research with case study was conducted in Sukoharjo. The sampling technique employed was purposive sampling technique. The informant of research consists of Chairperson and Mentors of Children in SINAI Foundation of Sukoharjo, and children who have ever committed delinquency and live in SINAI Foundation. Data was collected through observation, in-depth interview, and documentation. To validate the data, source triangulation was used. Technique of analyzing data used was Miles and Huberman’s interactive analysis model. The result of research showed that type of delinquency committed by children residing SINAI Foundation is non-conform action including escaping from home or foundation and playing truant, and antisocial or asocial action including not paying transportation ticket or cost when going by public transportation and large vehicles crossing the road. The cause of delinquency committed by children residing SINAI Foundation included internal and external factors. Internal factor included wish coming from inside. External factor included family environment, economic condition, and friendship environment. The form of children mentoring conducted by SINAI foundation included mental spiritual building, skill building, and discipline building. The factor supporting the mentor was a belief inside assuming that mentoring the needy children was the form of worship to God and that fellow human beings should help each other. Meanwhile the factors supporting the child to attend the mentoring were the presence of complete and feasible facilities for residence and the fulfilled daily need, the access to education and the presence of friends or relatives living there. The factor inhibiting the Mentor included queer SINAI Foundation resident’s queer behavior and sometimes accident occurring during mentoring or treatment. The factor inhibiting the children attending the mentoring was the Mentor’s resoluteness making them sometimes upset and longing for seeing their parents.

EXPLORING PARENTAL RISK FACTORS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF DELINQUENCY AMONG CHILDREN

Purpose of the study: To explore and analyze the influence of various parental risk factors contributing to the development of delinquency in children. Methodology: A total of hundred and sixteen juvenile delinquents (100 boys and 16 girls) in the age range of 11- 18 years, residing in the four Government-run Observation and Special Homes (O&SHs) of Odisha. Descriptive statistics (i.e., percent) and qualitative method (i.e. narrative) have been used to analyze the data. Main Findings: Absence of proper parental guidance and supervision is found to be the major cause of delinquency in children. Parental rejection and deprivation i.e. mother’s love and emotional support is the major cause of delinquency in girls. Lack of parental involvement and less quality time spent by parents with boys are the main reasons behind their delinquency. Applications of this study: The results of this study imply the need to conduct further research about parenting behavior and their attitude towards their children from a gender-based perspective. It also implies the need for a greater number of studies to be carried out on Indian parents and their attitude and behavior towards their children in general and based on the child’s gender in particular. Novelty/Originality of this study: The present study tries to address one of the many gaps existing in the literature regarding the matter of parenting style adopted by parents leading to delinquency in children. It further shows the difference in parental attitude and behavior towards their son’s and daughter’s leading to delinquency.

Residential Differentials in Incidence of Juvenile Delinquency in Ijaiye Low Cost Housing Estate, Lagos, Nigeria

Within the framework of the three residential areas, this study investigated the variation in the incidence, causes, and fear of juvenile delinquency in Ijaiye Low Cost Housing Estate, Lagos. Using random systematic sampling 199 copies of a structured questionnaire were distributed in the selected localities in a ratio of 3:2:1 among the three residential densities. An index termed Incidence of Juvenile Delinquency (IJD) was used in measuring the level of occurrence of twenty crime types in the study area. Other indices developed in the study included Causes of Juvenile Delinquency (CJD); Fear of Crime Incidence Index (FDI); Effectiveness of Delinquency Control Measures Index (EDCMI). CJD was used to measure residents’ perceived causes of juvenile delinquency, FDI was developed to investigate residents’ perceived feelings of fear of juvenile delinquency while EDCMI was used to measure the effectiveness of control measures used by adult residents’ in curbing delinquency in their zones. It was observed that smoking (IJD =2.86), cultism (IJD= 0.64) and reckless endangerment (IJD= 0.21) had the highest IJD recorded in high, medium and low density residential area respectively. The observed variation in incidence of juvenile delinquency is significant among the three residential areas in the Estate (F = 516.050, p = 0.000). Influence of peer group and social media each with CJD of 1.23 were perceived as the major causes of delinquency in Ijaiye Low Cost Housing Estate. Adults residents had higher fear of property being destroyed, being attacked early in the morning and at night due to the reduced level of police patrol in the area. The level of fear of delinquency in the high density (FDI = 1.81) was more than twice the level of fear in the study area (FDI = 0.79) while the medium density (FDI = 0.45) had almost four times that of the low density area (FDI = 0.12). The study concluded that the level of incidence and fear of delinquency decreased from the high to the low density area. The study suggests that areas of high incidences and impact should receive greater attention in the provision of any intervention while other areas must not be neglected. DOI : 10.7176/DCS/9-9-05 Publication date :September 30 th 2019

What ‘Difference’ Does a Camera Make? Crime, Youth, and Representation in Mid-Century Mexico City

This article examines the discourse on juvenile crime in mid-century Mexico City through an analysis of visual culture namely the nota roja genre of sensationalist press, and the role photography played in ‘capturing’ delinquency. Placing visual technologies like photography as more active players in nation-building, the article traces the social role of photography in shaping moral panics and public perceptions of crime. Not breaking entirely from its Porfirian past, I observe how elites and the new urban middle class conflated criminality with the clases humildes and saw the causes of delinquency in the ‘degenerative’ traits of the poor. In a time of rapid demographic change and the expansion of mass culture, tabloid representations of juvenile crime reflected anxieties around social reproduction and the fear of political instability. This photographic record of life in Mexico City reveals one way that capitalinos would come to ‘see’ social difference and youthful citizenship in the post-revolutionary period.

Understanding the Link Between Discrimination and Juvenile Delinquency Among Chinese Migrant Children

Prior research has identified discrimination as a cause of delinquency among migrant children. Few studies, however, have examined how discrimination is related to delinquency. The current research aims at bringing more understanding to this issue. Based on the general strain theory, this study posits that discrimination facilitates delinquent behavior because it reduces social support, generates negative emotions, and erodes social bonds. To test these hypotheses, this study collected survey data from a probability sample of 1,300 migrant children who attended secondary schools in one of the largest cities in China. Structural equation modeling analysis was conducted to test the direct and indirect effects of discrimination on delinquency. The results show that perceived discrimination reported by the students was positively related to delinquency through all three mediating mechanisms. This study suggests that strengthening social support may provide an effective strategy to reduce delinquency among migrant children in a short and intermediate term while ending discrimination represents a more long-term solution.

Предупреждение безнадзорности и правонарушений детей младшего школьного возраста

The article discusses the especially topical today problem of rise in crime among children and adolescents, and decrease in the age threshold of committing offenses. The results of a study conducted at the regional level based on the consolidation of efforts of various departments are disclosed. The causes of delinquency in childhood are indicated, pedagogical factors that positively influence the solution of the problem of prevention of neglect and offenses of younger schoolchildren are described.

Предупреждение безнадзорности и правонарушений детей младшего школьного возраста

The article discusses the especially topical today problem of rise in crime among children and adolescents, and decrease in the age threshold of committing offenses. The results of a study conducted at the regional level based on the consolidation of efforts of various departments are disclosed. The causes of delinquency in childhood are indicated, pedagogical factors that positively influence the solution of the problem of prevention of neglect and offenses of younger schoolchildren are described.

Within-individual versus between-individual predictors of antisocial behaviour: A longitudinal study of young people in Victoria, Australia.

In an influential 2002 paper, Farrington and colleagues argued that to understand 'causes' of delinquency, within-individual analyses of longitudinal data are required (compared to the vast majority of analyses that have focused on between-individual differences). The current paper aimed to complete similar analyses to those conducted by Farrington and colleagues by focusing on the developmental correlates and risk factors for antisocial behaviour and by comparing within-individual and between-individual predictors of antisocial behaviour using data from the youngest Victorian cohort of the International Youth Development Study, a state-wide representative sample of 927 students from Victoria, Australia. Data analysed in the current paper are from participants in Year 6 (age 11-12 years) in 2003 to Year 11 (age 16-17 years) in 2008 (N = 791; 85% retention) with data collected almost annually. Participants completed a self-report survey of risk and protective factors and antisocial behaviour. Complete data were available for 563 participants. The results of this study showed all but one of the forward- (family conflict) and backward-lagged (low attachment to parents) correlations were statistically significant for the within-individual analyses compared with all analyses being statistically significant for the between-individual analyses. In general, between-individual correlations were greater in magnitude than within-individual correlations. Given that forward-lagged within-individual correlations provide more salient measures of causes of delinquency, it is important that longitudinal studies with multi-wave data analyse and report their data using both between-individual and within-individual correlations to inform current prevention and early intervention programs seeking to reduce rates of antisocial behaviour.

Youth of Color and California's Carceral State: The Fred C. Nelles Youth Correctional Facility

Youth of Color and California’s Carceral State: The Fred C. Nelles Youth Correctional Facility Miroslava Chavez-Garcia Miroslava Chavez-Garcia is a professor of Chicano and Chicana studies at the University of California, Santa Bar- bara. I would like to thank Khalil Gibran Muhammad, Kelly Lytle-Hernandez, and the anonymous reviewers of the Journal of American History for their patience and insightful comments and criticism. I would also like to thank all the editors of this special issue for giving me the opportunity to share my work. Readers may contact Chavez-Garcia at mchavezgarcia@chicst.ucsb.edu. For a work that extends the themes covered in this essay, see Miroslava Chavez-Garcia, States of Delinquency: Race and Science in the Making of California’s Juvenile Justice System (Berkeley, 2012). doi: 10.1093/jahist/jav197 © The Author 2015. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Organization of American Historians. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com. June 2015 The Journal of American History Downloaded from http://jah.oxfordjournals.org/ by guest on June 17, 2015 The Fred C. Nelles Youth Correctional Facility, originally known as Whittier State School when it opened in 1891, lies dormant as a result of massive California state budget cuts in the early 2000s. Though the facility is closed, its history remains alive, intimately tied to the early practices of the emerging carceral state in California. Beginning in the 1910s, with the support of Gov. Hiram Johnson and under the guidance of the progres- sive reformer and newly appointed facility superintendent Fred C. Nelles, Whittier State School used a rigorous science- and scientific-research-based approach in determining the causes of delinquency among its young incarcerated population. Relying on leading thinkers and practitioners in the nascent fields of psychology, education, social work, and eugenics, state officials implemented the latest tools and techniques—namely, intel- ligence testing and fieldwork—to understand and contain the sources of juvenile crime. To aid in the interpretation of the research, officials also drew on the latest ideas about and ideologies of race, intelligence, heredity, and crime. Those Whittier State School resi- dents classified through this process as “normal” and “borderline normal” remained in the institution and received individualized attention, while those considered beyond the assistance of the program were labeled “feebleminded” and “defective” and farmed out to alternative sites of imprisonment or simply returned home, leaving Nelles with what he considered a group of pliable juvenile inmates. Nelles’s winnowing process proved successful. Within a few years of its founding, Whittier State School became known nationally and internationally as a premiere site of rehabilitative confinement. 1 Nelles’s achievement in implementing the new policies and practices took a toll, though, on the most vulnerable inmates: the impoverished and poorly educated racial and ethnic minorities (in particular Mexicans, Mexican Americans, and African Ameri- cans). In poking and probing juvenile inmates’ intelligence, heredity, and environment, state officials labeled a generation of youths of color as “feebleminded delinquents” whose biology or race linked them to criminality. That most Mexican youths who took the in-