Causes Of Crime Research Articles

ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND CRIME REDUCTION IN NIGERIA

Unemployment and underemployment has become a serious challenge to development and economic well-beings to human dignity in the society. This paper Titled entrepreneurship and crime reduction in Nigeria. The paper identity causes of crime in Nigeria, roles of entrepreneurship in crime reduction as well as ways to stimulate entrepreneurship in crime reduction. Secondary data was used for data collection. the paper recommended that government and private sectors must establish various means of reducing causes of crime in Nigeria, government should put more emphases on entrepreneurship as it reduces the prevalence of unemployment and poverty which in turns reduces crime in Nigeria and finally all ways to stimulate entrepreneurship needed to stress for it effective functioning in crime reduction.

Multivariate analysis of homicide and intentional crime rates in South America: An application of the HJ biplot

This study aims to analyze the rates of homicide and other intentional crimes in various South American countries using the HJ Biplot multivariate analysis technique. The goal is to identify regional crime patterns and examine correlations with socioeconomic factors such as poverty, inequality, and unemployment. The research is a quantitative, descriptive, and exploratory study using data from the United Nations Data Portal for the year 2020. It employs the HJ Biplot to jointly represent variables and countries in a two-dimensional space, allowing for the visualization of crime patterns and identifying clusters of countries with similar crime profiles. The HJ Biplot reveals three clusters of South American countries based on crime characteristics. Countries like Brazil, Venezuela, and Colombia are associated with high homicide rates, while Ecuador, Peru, and Chile face higher rates of sexual violence and kidnapping. Socioeconomic factors such as economic inequality and lack of job opportunities are strongly correlated with higher crime rates in these regions. The study confirms that socioeconomic disparities contribute significantly to crime in South America, with specific countries displaying unique crime patterns that align with their social and economic contexts. These findings suggest that tailored public policies focusing on social inclusion and crime prevention are needed to address the distinct crime challenges in each country. Policymakers in South America should consider implementing targeted strategies that address the underlying socioeconomic causes of crime, such as promoting education and employment opportunities. Strengthening public security institutions and focusing on community-specific crime prevention efforts could reduce violence and improve safety in the region.

COMMUNITY POLICING AND CRIME PREVENTION IN NIGERIA

Community policing has emerged as a promising strategy for crime prevention and enhancing public safety around the world and in Nigeria. This is due to the difficult task of conventional policing, especially where the community is not actively involved in crime prevention. It has been realized that safety in any given community requires an investment not only of money, but also time and talent, and that sometimes the best solutions are found in understanding the underlying causes of crime and disorder. Nigeria is one of the countries in the world that has embraced the idea of community policing with great enthusiasm for about two decades ago. Consequently, Nigeria, has introduced several policy measures with the main aim of encouraging the community to take up some responsibility for their safety and security of their environment. Drawing on empirical research and case studies, this paper examines the key principles, approaches and challenges of implementing community policing initiatives, to highlight the significance and impact of collaboration between local communities and law enforcement agencies on crime prevention, trust-building and social cohesion in Nigerian communities. The paper also emphasizes the importance of capacity building, sustainable funding, and institutional support in strengthening the effectiveness of community policing in Nigeria.

Controlling embezzlement in Kuwait through situational crime prevention

The literature on the causes of corruption has been preoccupied with the corrupt individual or the socio-political and economic contexts in which corruption occurs. This has resulted in macro-level counter-corruption approaches that focus on the root causes of corruption. In the last few decades, however, new Western criminological theories and approaches have been developing. Environmental criminology – and its family of theories – is one example of theories that provide a different perspective on crime prevention by focusing on the crime rather than the criminal. In this context, situational crime prevention (as part of environmental criminology) brings in micro-level preventive techniques, such as the immediate manipulation of the criminogenic situations, rather than focusing on the distant causes of crime. The Western literature on criminology abounds in successful experiences of the ability of situational crime prevention to prevent several types of crime, including white-collar crime. In the Arab world, nevertheless, there is a dearth of studies, if any, that apply situational crime prevention in terms of crime prevention. This paper furthers another area of research where it has been argued that criminology in the Arab world is still dominated by modern criminology theories where the individual criminal is the centre of attention. As a result, environmental criminology has notably been absent in the Arab criminological discourse. Taking Kuwait as an example of an Arab country, and embezzlement as a unit of analysis, this paper argues that situational crime prevention is also a promising crime prevention approach in the Arab world.

Exploring individual-level predictors of punitive attitudes in Australia

ABSTRACT Western countries tend to display preferences for the harsh punishment of people with criminal justice involvement. Drawing on a representative survey of the Australian population, the present study explores punitive attitudes and what factors shape the development of these attitudes at an individual level. More specifically, the study considers the role of age, sex, level of education, geographic location, perceptions of crime, fear of crime, confidence in the criminal justice system, media consumption, crime causation, beliefs in redeemability, interpersonal trust, political ideology, racial essentialism, and minority threat in predicting the punitive attitudes of Australians. The results indicate that generally Australians are somewhat punitive and that the strongest predictors of these attitudes are: internal attribution of crime, perceptions of rising crime rates, a lack of belief in redeemability, geographic location (specifically rural areas), a lack of interpersonal trust and a lack of support for multicultural principles together, creating a more robust understanding of punitive attitudes in Australia, which is currently lacking.

Fa'avae: A Samoan Theory of Crime from the ‘South’ Pacific

This article presents an interdisciplinary theory on the causes of crime in Samoa. The theory utilises a cultural practice of building the foundation - fa’avae - of a Samoan house, to explain the causes of crime and to articulate a crime prevention strategy from the nuances of the word fa’avae. The interdisciplinary nature of this theory considers two main aspects of the Samoan life of God and family (aiga) to describe both the causes of crime in Samoa, and a way forward to restore aiga and community fractured by crime. The theory calls upon the church through church ministers – faifeau – to become active in the public sphere. This entails speaking out about the causes of crime and working in collaboration with other stakeholders in devising culturally appropriate crime prevention approaches for Samoa, likely to also be familiar to other ‘South’ Pacific nations.

Quantitative Analysis of Causative Factors of Crime: A Case Study of District Sahiwal (Pakistan)

It is a postindustrial society in which the dynamics of social interaction and values have changed. Due to rapid technological changes, the social relations and bounding with social norms have been weakening. The impatience, delinquency, and criminal attitude of the people are increasing daily. The research objectives of this current study were to examine the causative factors of crime in district Sahiwal and to identify the elements that shape and influence criminal behavior in the region. The researcher used the quantitative method and exploited purposive sampling. The data was gathered from 120 criminals from Central Jail, Sahiwal, Pakistan. The analysis used Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) to uncover significant patterns and relationships of variables. It was found that low socio-economic status and less academic qualification were the real causes of crime in the studied area. Based on the results, it is suggested that addressing the underlying issues of bad company, poverty, unemployment, and lack of education and strengthening legal and social frameworks can create a safer, more stable community in Sahiwal. The study's findings emphasize that only through targeted interventions that address both the symptoms and the root causes of crime can meaningful progress be made in reducing crime rates and improving the quality of life for the residents of district Sahiwal. The concerned institutions should collaborate with the concerned institutions to uplift the socio-economic status of the people, and strict law and order should be enforced to tackle deviance and crime in Sahiwal, Pakistan.

Psychosocial Causes of Crime; Offender as Victim. Post-Soviet Georgian Perspective

This study explores the psychosocial causes of crime, particularly focusing on the unique socio-cultural context of post-Soviet Georgia. It examines how offenders can be both perpetrators and victims due to tough environments. It shows how socio-economic issues and the breakdown of traditional support systems influence criminal behavior. This study explores the experiences and motivations behind criminal behavior among older individuals in post-Soviet Georgia. It aims to understand how the collapse of socio-economic structures and the influence of criminal subcultures contributed to the rise in crime during this period. Using mixed approache, the study combines a thorough literature review with in-depth interviews of 12 men aged 35 to 50, who were convicted of violent crimes in Georgia during and shortly after the collapse of the Soviet Union. The findings suggest that economic hardship, social stigmatization, and the appeal of criminal subcultures were major drivers of criminal behavior. Many participants pointed to tough economic conditions, societal pressures, and a feeling of learned helplessness as key factors behind their actions. The study also highlights the long-lasting effects of early stigmatization and the socio-economic challenges faced during the post-Soviet era. The study concludes that to effectively address criminal behavior, it’s essential to create comprehensive rehabilitation and reintegration programs. These programs should address both psychological and biological factors, provide economic support, build social networks, and offer trauma-informed care. There’s a clear need for targeted interventions that not only prevent crime but also help former offenders reintegrate into society.

Campus Security and Crime Prevention: A View from a Police Chief with a Ph.D. in Criminology

Campus security and crime prevention is a critical issue to the police department of any educational institutions in the United States. The article interviewed a police chief with doctorate degree in criminology of an urban university in Texas. He believed that an advanced degree is helpful to his career for making informative decisions in daily operations and earning trust from the community is the most essential factor to law enforcement officers. He suggested a balance between usage of technology and community policing, and a focus on the causes of crime that can be used to prevent crime.

Analisis Pengangguran Terhadap Tindakan Kriminalitas di Kota Bekasi

This study aims to determine whether unemployment affects criminality in Bekasi City through a literature study approach. Unemployment is often considered as one of the main factors driving crime, as economic limitations can force individuals to commit criminal acts as a means of survival. This study collected and reviewed various previous studies, including journal articles, research reports, and relevant statistical data, to explore the relationship between unemployment and crime. The results of the literature review show that unemployment is not the only cause of crime. Rather, there are other factors that influence crime rates, such as education, socio-economic conditions, and local government policies. The findings are expected to provide insights or a deeper understanding of the social dynamics that influence criminality

ANTHROPOLOGICAL APPROACHES TO THE STUDY OF CRIME: HISTORY AND CURRENT STATE

The purpose of the study is to identify the relationship between anthropological approaches to the study of crime and the possibility of their application in modern criminology to prevent crime. Materials and methods. The methodological tools correspond to the goals and objectives of the study and include the use of a dialectical-materialistic method of cognition, due to which it was possible to consider the subject of research in development, taking into account its interrelationships with historically changing legal phenomena. The comparative historical method as the main method allowed the authors to analyze the development of the institute of criminal anthropology and its patterns. The methods of formal logic, such as description, comparison, analysis and synthesis, made it possible to fully disclose the criminological and legal aspects of the phenomenon under study. The applied private scientific methods, such as comparative legal, formal legal and structural-functional ones were used to determine the interrelationships and interdependencies of the studied phenomena, as well as to make the necessary generalizations and conclusions. The results of the study. The relevance of this topic is due to the fact that today there are controversial issues regarding the anthropological approach to the study of crime. However, thanks to anthropological research, the study of the causes of crimes was initiated, which shed light on the appearance of deviant behavior of a person, which gave a great impetus to the development of criminology as a science. The anthropological aspect of crime has given answers to many questions about the causes of crime, and also marked the beginning of the race to find the truth: are criminals born or made? The anthropological theory in criminology is evaluated and assessments are given on the application of certain anthropological knowledge to crime prevention in the modern world. The importance of criminal anthropology in the system of crime prevention measures is substantiated. Conclusions. It is concluded that the anthropology of crime has generated ideas and views on the causality of crime as a result of the interaction of biological factors and surrounding realities and conditions that affect progressive or regressive development. It is noted that criminals have brain disorders, instability, genetic mutations, pathologies of their behavior and mental disorders that push them to commit crimes or act as the only solution in a stressful situation, since such people simply do not have a chance to arouse thought in a different way.

Efforts to Combat Criminal Acts of Unlicensed Cosmetics Distribution in Makassar City

This empirical legal research aims to investigate the causes of crimes related to the circulation of cosmetics without distribution permits in Makassar City and propose countermeasures. Conducted at the Sub Directorate 1 of Trade Industry of the Special Criminal Investigation Directorate of South Sulawesi Police and the Makassar Food and Drug Monitoring Center (BPOM), the study utilizes primary data gathered through informant interviews and secondary data from various sources like laws, regulations, and research findings. Factors contributing to these crimes include inadequate supervision, high permit costs, slow processing, aggressive marketing, competitive pricing, and the allure of fast cosmetics. Countermeasures involve Pre-Emptive, Preventive, and Repressive strategies. However, obstacles such as insufficient witness participation, difficulty accessing expert assistance, limited investigator resources, budget constraints, and inadequate infrastructure hinder these efforts.

Factors Attributed to Crime Causation among Persons Deprived of Liberty in a Rural Jail in the Philippines

Beyond every crime that happens because of different factors or reasons. Understanding the factors that cause crime is necessary to find ways and means to counter the reasons for the crimes and to recommend possible solutions. Other important of understanding the causes of crime include; pinpointing risk factors can help crime prevention managers where to allocate funds; safety and security for the society are attained hence programs to deter crimes are crafted, and law enforcement agencies can determine how society will help in mitigating the effects of crime This study was conducted to determine the factors why the Persons Deprived of Liberty (PDLs) in Mountain Province District Jail (MPDJ), Philippines committed crimes; and also, to craft a program to address the surfaced factors why PDLs in MPDJ committed crimes. The study employed a qualitative-descriptive research design. Although the MPDJ covers male and female dorms, only sixteen male PDLs serve as the study’s participants because there was no sentenced district female prisoner incarcerated when the study was conducted. An interview was employed to gather the data needed for the study. The participants' responses during the interview were recorded and noted using paper and pen. In light of the findings from the study, PDLs in Mountain Province District Jail committed crimes because of internal and external factors. Specifically, it includes; pleasure, impulsivity, and uncontrolled emotion for internal factors, while external factors that caused them to commit crime include; the influence of liquor, lack of education, peer influence, and poverty. Programs to address the surfaced factors why PDLs in Mountain Province District Jail committed crimes include; skill building, information dissemination, and training programs for livelihood.

Examining Crime-Specific and Crime-General Theories of Crime Causation at Place: The Case of Property and Violent Crime on Street Segments in Tel Aviv-Yafo

AbstractWe use data on street segments in Tel Aviv-Yafo to examine whether general or specific crime factors are key to understanding crime rates on street segments. We pose two questions. (1) What causal factors explain the property and violent crimes at the same locations? (2) What are the differences and similarities between the risk factors of the two crime types? Our study capitalizes on data drawn from the Israeli Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS) to identify social and opportunity data at the street segment level. The dependent variable is the average counts of violent and property crimes in Tel Aviv-Yafo between 2010 and 2014. Zero-inflated negative binomial (ZINB) regression explains violent and property crime variations. While many of the significant factors that explain crime are similar between the two crime types, there are also distinct criminogenic factors predicting violent and property crime. Overall, our results support the position of common or general crime causes at places, but at the same time, they suggest the importance of understanding specific causes for specific crime types.

Penerapan Restorative Justice Dalam Sistem Peradilan Pidana Anak

The application of restorative justice with certain requirements must be implemented and used to provide opportunities and possibilities for crime victims to obtain restitution, a sense of security, enable perpetrators to understand the causes and consequences of their behavior and take responsibility in a meaningful way and enable society to understand the main causes of crimes, to promote society's sense of justice and prevent crime. A special restorative justice process strategy for children/adolescents that is balanced should be based on the idea that the source of children's crimes and violations is the community, family, school, so that strategies that only focus on individual perpetrators are not appropriate. This restorative justice will feature flexible procedures and a series of actions that can be adapted to the applicable criminal justice system and are fair to the parties.

Controlling Corruption Crimes In Indonesian Public Officials Using Multiple Factor Approaches

The research aims to examine the control of corruption crimes in Indonesian public officials using multiple factor approaches. This research is qualitative research with primary data sources directly from the Corruption Eradication Commission with a period of 2028-2022 . The results of this research explain that corruption committed by public officials is a crime that involves exploiting power and authority to obtain personal economic gain. Corruption behavior becomes interesting to discuss by studying patterns so that we can predict future corruption behavior and find out how to prevent corruption crimes. This paper finds that corruption committed by public officials is a type of individual bureaucratic crime and governmental occupational crime. The individual type of bureaucratic crime is the type that most often occurs in corruption of public officials. There are 6 fields where corruption is carried out, where the field of development project licensing is the field where corruption occurs the most. The mode most often used in corruption of public officials is the abuse of authority followed by bribery behavior. Early theories of criminal behavior have been criticized because they emphasized one factor as the cause of crime. Factors such as inherited physical traits, biological inferiority, weak minds, emotional disorders, or poverty are described as the sole causes of crime. The multifactor approach in criminology grew out of differences in the single factor approach. Its adherents argue that crime must be understood in terms of the multiple contributions made by various factors. The assumption is that crime is the product of many biological, psychological, economic and social factors and that different crimes will be the result of different combinations of factors. Therefore, the 'correct' approach in criminology is an eclectic approach that emphasizes the identification and analysis of a variety of factors

Tinjauan Kriminologi Perkara Tindak Pidana Penyebaran Video Porno Melalui Media Sosial

ABSTRACT. The Criminological Review of the Crime of Pornography Through Social Media Applications is based on the large amount of pornographic content that is widely spread on social media applications and the public's lack of understanding about the criminal act of pornography itself. The crime of pornography is regulated in Law No. 44 of 2008 concerning pornography, generally stated in article 4 paragraphs (1) and (2). Law Number 19 of 2016 concerning amendments to Law Number 11 of 2008 concerning Information and Electronic Transactions. The problem formulation of this research is what are the factors that cause perpetrators to commit the criminal act of distributing pornographic videos via social media and what are the crime prevention efforts against the criminal act of distributing pornographic videos via social media. Using criminal law policy theory and the theory of the causes of crime (criminology). The research method used in this research is the juridical-normative method, namely by examining statutory regulations, legal theories, legal principles, and relevant legal doctrines to answer the legal problems being researched. The results of this research conclude that the factors causing the perpetrators to commit the criminal act of distributing pornographic videos via social media, namely the main motive of the perpetrators, the lack of legal awareness of the perpetrators, and the ease of use of social media. Responding to the existing phenomenon requires legal firmness, especially from officials who act in law enforcement as well as the important role of all levels of society to be aware of the dangers of pornographic content and to be more concerned about the surrounding environment. In tackling the criminal act of distributing pornographic videos via social media, this can be done by protecting victims, monitoring content on social media, counseling and education, as well as strict law enforcement.

Negative Binomial Panel Regression Modeling on Amount of Crimes In Lampung Province

Crime in Lampung province is among the 10 highest in Indonesia in 2021. This study aims to obtain a model of the number of crimes and factors influencing it using negative binomial panel regression. The data used is in the form of panel data from the Lampung Province BPS website and publications for 2017-2021. The condition of data on the number of crimes as discrete and overdispersed data makes the negative binomial panel regression method more suitable than Poisson panel regression. Overdispersion is a state where the variance of the data is greater than the mean value of the data. Overdispersion causes the standard error (SE) of the estimated value to decrease, so that variables that should not be significant become significant. The factors thought to be the cause of crime are percentage of poverty (X1), population density (X2), expenditure per capita (X3), unemployment rate (X4), regional gross domestic income (X5), and the average duration of schooling (X6). The results of the analysis obtained for the selected panel data model are the negative binomial random effects (REBN), the influencing factors being X1, X3, X4 and X5. The districts/cities with the largest individual random effects were in the Way Kanan district and the smallest were in Metro City.

Characteristics of crimes committed with the use of information and telecommunication technologies or in the sphere of computer information in modern conditions

The article studies the features of crimes committed with the use of information and telecommunication technologies or in the sphere of computer information in modern conditions, as well as identifies the leading directions and measures to counteract such crimes. Types of crimes and their statistics are analyzed. Special attention is paid to the personality of criminals, their classification. The main causes of crimes and their connection with the behavior of the victim are studied.

Key determinants of environmental crime in Russia

The subject of the study is the peculiarities of ensuring environmental security in countering environmental crime. Effective counteraction to it is impossible without detailed data on the causes of environmental crime. Modern Russian concepts of the determination of criminal behavior are diverse, but they are based on the analysis of the social complex of causes of crime. Scientists divide the established approaches into three groups depending on the presence in the center of determinants of social processes, subjective causes, or biological properties of the criminal’s personality. Environmental crime has peculiarities, and both general and specific determinants may underlie the genesis of criminal behavior. Using a wide range of general scientific methods (primarily content analysis and instrumental analysis), the authors substantiate the conclusion about the selfserving nature of environmental crime. The main criminal threat to environmental security is acts of socially dangerous behavior committed against natural resources and aimed at illegal trafficking. The perpetrator, acting for personal enrichment, does not realise the damage to the natural environment most times. Other types of environmental crimes relate to improper fulfilment by economic entities of their obligations in environmentally safe operation of industrial and other facilities. The listed types have a small percentage of the overall structure of environmental crime. Such factors as the demand for natural resource products and marginalization of part of the population living in resource-rich but economically depressed regions of Russia underlie the determinants of criminal behavior.