Causes Of Convergence Research Articles

Convergent Journalism in Modern Media Discourse

Purpose of the study. Identify the preconditions for the convergent journalism emergence. Analyze sources and literature covering the topic of convergent journalism. Explore the causes of modern media convergence, and follow and explore the principles of convergent journalism. Research methodology. The proposed article has used two groups of methods: empirical (observation, forecasting, research and comparison) which allowed characterizing, predict and explore the state of convergent journalism in modern media discourse, and theoretical (historical and systemic approach) allowed to identify the prerequisites and causes of convergence in the media. The scientific novelty of the obtained results lies in the fact that for the first time the main features of the convergence of modern media were clarified, and the work’s principles of the new convergent edition were clarified and the effect of convergent journalism on media was revealed. Findings. According to the research goal, the reasons for the emergence of convergent journalism were clarified, and its influence on modern media was analyzed, which turned into convergent media. It has been also investigated that the idea of convergence becomes the main idea for creating new type of content, as well as the emergence of new media, created precisely in order to focus on the target audience and submit a full-scale information product.

Convergent Evolution of Tetrodotoxin-Resistant Sodium Channels in Predators and Prey.

Convergent evolution of similar adaptive traits may arise from either common or disparate molecular and physiological mechanisms. The forces that determine the degree of underlying mechanistic similarities across convergent phenotypes are highly debated and poorly understood. Some garter snakes are able to consume newts that possess the channel blocking compound tetrodotoxin (TTX). Despite belonging to unrelated lineages, both the predators and prey have independently evolved remarkably similar physiological mechanisms of resistance to TTX that involve chemical and structural changes in voltage-gated sodium channels (NaV). The evolution of TTX resistance in this predator-prey pair constitutes a natural experiment that allows us to explore the causes of molecular convergence. Here, we review broad patterns of convergence at the level of amino acid changes in NaV channels of animals that evolved TTX resistance and make comparisons to known TTX-resistant channels that did not evolve under the selective pressures imposed by TTX. We conclude that convergence likely stems from the interplay of the target specificity of TTX and functional constraints of NaV that are shared among taxa. These and other factors can limit channel evolution to favor a few functionally permissible paths of adaptation, which can explain the observed predictability of changes to channel structure. By studying the functional causes of convergence in NaV channels, we can further our understanding of the role of these important channel proteins at the center of the evolution of the nervous system.

Determining the Null Model for Detecting Adaptive Convergence from Genomic Data: A Case Study using Echolocating Mammals.

Convergent evolution occurs when the same trait arises independently in multiple lineages. In most cases of phenotypic convergence such transitions are adaptive, so finding the underlying molecular causes of convergence can provide insight into the process of adaptation. Convergent evolution at the genomic level also lends itself to study by comparative methods, although molecular convergence can also occur by chance, adding noise to this process. Parker et al. studied convergence across the genomes of several mammals, including echolocating bats and dolphins (Parker J, Tsagkogeorga G, Cotton JA, Liu Y, Provero P, Stupka E, Rossiter SJ. 2013. Genome-wide signatures of convergent evolution in echolocating mammals. Nature 502:228-231). On the basis of a null distribution of site-specific likelihood support (SSLS) generated using simulated topologies, they concluded that there was evidence for genome-wide adaptive convergence between echolocating taxa. Here, we demonstrate that methods based on SSLS do not adequately measure convergence, and reiterate the use of an empirical null model that directly compares convergent substitutions between all pairs of species. We find that when the proper comparisons are made there is no surprising excess of convergence between echolocating mammals, even in sensory genes.

Software Protection in Convergent Multimedia Environment

New technologies and its convergence for the creation and storage of cultural works threaten copyright, but add that what is historically remarkable is its resilience. On the contrary, hybrid legal regimes emerged outside classical frameworks, thus violating economic premises and historical balances of rights. Copyright law has by and large been formulated according to principles of “technological neutrality”. It has focused on the nature of the use of the work, rather than the medium, by which the use is accomplished, or the physical facilities or equipment involved. Thus the law has granted to copyright holders the right to reproduce the work, to adapt it, to perform it publicly, and to communicate it to the public. Nevertheless, the increased extension of copyright protection and increased capacity to store, transmit, process information enhances the ubiquity of creativeness, on one hand, multiplying the distribution chains for cultural goods and, on the other hand, making it easier to copy them. The immediate consequence of both is a gradually decreasing on the number of exceptions to the monopoly. This trend touched all fair uses, and led to the question about what will be the implications on economic competition and technological diffusion. The same forces that give rise to convergence have also given rise to problems for copyright model of technological neutrality: the technique and media have changed to such an extent that rights drafted to be neutral and capacious may either no longer fit, or may fit too much .It has therefore become necessary to re-examine the question of what rights should exist in which works, and how they can be enforced and licensed, in order to maintain meaningful incentives and appropriate balances .In other words, the causes of convergence may also lead to a potential convergence of separate right in the copyright “bundle” and a shift in the established boundaries, categories and roles of copyright law .

The causes of convergence in Western immigration control

In recent years, some scholars have argued that there has been a convergence of the immigration control policies of the industrial democracies. This article demonstrates that, in fact, there has been an extraordinary similarity among the immigration control policies of the major receiving countries for over a century. It examines six alternative explanations for these similarities in immigration control policies: (1) a global hegemon that forces or persuades various countries to act in unison; (2) global or regional migration regimes and organizations; (3) interdependence between the immigration control policies of various countries; (4) emulation of immigration control policies of one country by other countries; (5) the world system approach; and (6) interdependence between the socioeconomic and foreign policy factors that lead to immigration control policies. The article argues that it is the last factor that explains most of the similarity among the immigration control policies. It demonstrates how global economic cycles, shared migratory pressures, alliances that produce common foreign policy considerations, wars that receiving countries are involved in and global ideological cycles produce the convergence of immigration control policies in various receiving countries.

State per-capita income change since 1950: sharecropping's collapse and other causes of convergence

Introduction Empirical Studies Explaining Income Theoretical Explanations of Income Convergence Hypotheses and Preliminary Evidence Methodology, Variables, and Correlation Findings Regression Analysis Further Analysis, Summary, and Conclusions Index

The role of woodland fragments, soil types, and dominant species in secondary succession on the western Carpathian foothills

Four seventy-year-old broadleaved recent woods adjacent to three ancient woodland fragments, which all together covered an area of 27.5 ha, were investigated. Two of the recent woods were established naturally and two were planted. The ancient woodlands, including oak-hornbeam and oak-pine woods, were the only near source of diaspores of woodland species. The recent woods differed in area, location, soil richness and light conditions. On the basis of the data from 236 systematically located plots the similarities and differences in ground vegetation between the ancient and recent woods were studied by detrended correspondence analysis (DCA). Even after 70 yr of forest vegetation recovery in the recent woodlands differences were found in the vegetation of the woods examined. The direction of secondary succession was strongly determined by soil conditions. Mature woodlands showed higher beta-diversity. The causes of convergence and divergence in the composition of the communities were analyzed and discussed. The greatest similarity was found between recent and adjacent ancient woods growing on rich brown soils. The greatest divergence was observed in the recent woods growing on poor soils and more open to light, where the very great density of Carex brizoides inhibited the rate of succession. The results obtained indicate that with no isolation and only small distances from ancient woods the community composition in recent woods is to a greater degree dependent upon soil conditions, light and the influence of dominants than on the modes of species dispersal. The regeneration of ground vegetation of woodland communities is possible to a high degree, close to ancient woodlands, on rich brown soils.