Cause Of Bubbles Research Articles

Overcoming bubble formation in polydimethylsiloxane-made PCR chips: mechanism and elimination with a high-pressure liquid seal

The thermal expansion of gas and the air permeability of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) were previously thought to be the main causes of bubbles and water loss during polymerase chain reaction (PCR), resulting in a very complex chip design and operation. Here, by calculating and characterizing bubble formation, we discovered that water vapor is the main cause of bubbling. During PCR, heat increases the volume of the bubble by a factor of only ~0.2 in the absence of water vapor but by a factor of ~6.4 in the presence of water vapor. In addition, the phenomenon of “respiration” due to the repeated evaporation and condensation of water vapor accelerates the expansion of bubbles and the loss of water. A water seal above 109 kPa can effectively prevent bubbles in a bare PDMS chip with a simple structure, which is significant for the wide application of PDMS chips.

The Influence of the Roll-Laminating Process on the Bonding Quality of Polymer-Coated Steel Interface

Polymer-coated steel (PCS) is a new type of metal packaging material under development, which has better performance in saving resources, energy, and environmental protection. The lamination process has an important influence on the bonding quality of the PCS interface. PCS samples under different lamination temperatures and lamination speeds were prepared through experiments. A binding rate is defined to represent the real bonding area of the PCS interface. The micro-scratch tester and scanner are used to study the influence of the lamination process on the bonding rate and bonding strength of the PCS interface. It is proposed that the bonding rate and bonding strength of the PCS interface increases with the increase of lamination temperature and increases with the decrease of lamination speed. The PCS interface bonding rate and bonding strength are positively correlated. SEM and DSC experiments revealed the cause of bubbles on the PCS surface. It is proposed that controlling the uniformity of the TFS surface temperature can reduce the quality defects of PCS surface bubbles. Relevant research results bring guiding significance for the formation of enterprises.

Bubbles in history

Bubbles have become ubiquitous. This ubiquity has stimulated research over the past three decades into bubbles in history. In this article, we provide a systematic overview of research into historical bubbles. Our analysis reveals that there is no coherent approach to the study of bubbles and much of the debate has unhelpfully focussed on the rationality/irrationality dichotomy. We then suggest a new framework for the study of historical bubbles, which helps us understand the causes of bubbles and their economic consequences. We conclude by suggesting ways in which business history can contribute to the study of historical bubbles.

Overconfidence and Herd Effect in Behavioral Finance

There are some puzzles in the securities market that are difficult to explain in traditional financial theory, such as excessive trading in the stock market, financial bubbles and crashes. The financial bubble is an important research content of behavioral finance. This paper first briefly combs many bubbles and crashes in the history of human finance, and analyzes the causes of bubbles. Then, from the perspective of behavioral finance, this paper discusses the influence that overconfidence and herd effect of investors on securities trading decisions and earnings. (1) Overconfidence leads to frequent trading of investors and loss of wealth; (2) China's stock investors exist The herd effect and this effect will increase the risk of stock price crashes. Finally, according to the significant overconfidence and herding effects among domestic investors, this paper lists some suggestions.

Analysing the power transformer temperature limitation for avoidance of bubble formation

Failure of a transformer is a costly incident which can impact power system operation and result in loss of supply to customers. Transformers can fail through a number of mechanisms, one of which is from the formation of bubbles within the insulation. Currently, the loading guidance is set to avoid certain overload temperatures as high temperature is the main cause of bubbles forming. This paper analyses the limit set within the loading guides, comparing the most commonly cited temperature limit of 140°C with values taken from across the full spectra of available studies in literature. It is concluded that there is sufficient evidence for further investigation into formation of bubbles from transformer insulation as employing a single temperature limit may be inadequate. Use of a single temperature value is unsuitable, given the wide range of potential scenarios that the transformer fleet can present. It has become the go-to rationale that the moisture content of the solid insulation is the key driver for transformer bubbling temperature. This is true, however, it is shown that other factors such as solid insulation aged condition (determined through degree of polymerisation value) and the insulation type are also important considerations.

Testing for bubbles in the art markets: An empirical investigation

The market for artworks emerged about ten years ago and seems to have coincided with a rapid increase in the number of participants and record-breaking prices. This raises the question of whether this market is experiencing a rational bubble or not. In this paper, we apply a battery of tests to detect explosive behavior in the art markets from 1998 to 2015. According to the Markov Switching ADF test, two regimes exist for all the indices, but no bubble is found. However, applying the right- tailed ADF, we detect more than one bubble with most of the bubbles happening in the period 2002–2005. Then, accounting for the volatility shifts, we apply the bootstrap tests and find similar results. We argue that the market has been going through some adjustment after the 2008 financial crisis and becoming more sensitive to economic and geopolitical events, with the artworks demonstrating a level of maturity similar to other alternative investment classes. Our findings have important implications in recognizing the cause of bubbles and to take steps in reducing their impact on the economy.

When Will Occur the Crude Oil Bubbles?

In this paper, we apply a recursive unit root test to investigate whether there exist multiple bubbles in crude oil price. The method is best suited for a practical implementation of a time series and delivers a consistent date-stamping strategy for the origination and termination of multiple bubbles. The empirical result indicates that there exist six bubbles during 1986–2016 when the oil price deviate from its intrinsic value based on market fundamentals. Specifically, oil price contains the fundamentals and bubble components. The dates of the bubbles correspond to specific events in the politics and financial markets. The authorities should actively fight speculative bubbles or just observe their evolutions and speculation activities may decrease, which is favour of the stabilisation of the staple commodities including crude oil price. These findings have important economic and policy implications to recognise the cause of bubbles and take corresponding measures to reduce the impact on the real economy cause of the fluctuation of crude oil price.

Bubbles, gullibility, and other challenges for economics, psychology, sociology, and information sciences

Gullibility is the principal cause of bubbles. Investors and the general public get snared by a "beautiful illusion" and throw caution to the wind. Attempts to identify and control bubbles are complicated by the fact that the authorities who might naturally be expected to take action have often (especially in recent years) been among the most gullible, and were cheerleaders for the exuberant behavior. Hence what is needed is an objective measure of gullibility.
 
 This paper argues that it should be possible to develop such a measure. Examples demonstrate, contrary to the efficient market dogma, that in some manias, even top business and technology leaders fall prey to collective hallucinations and become irrational in objective terms. During the Internet bubble, for example large classes of them first became unable to comprehend compound interest, and then lost even the ability to do simple arithmetic, to the point of not being able to distinguish 2 from 10. This phenomenon, together with advances in analysis of social networks and related areas, points to possible ways to develop objective and quantitative tools for measuring gullibility and other aspects of human behavior implicated in bubbles. It cannot be expected to infallibly detect all destructive bubbles, and may trigger false alarms, but it ought to alert observers to periods where collective investment behavior is becoming irrational.
 
 The proposed gullibility index might help in developing realistic economic models. It should also assist in illuminating and guiding decision-making.

Bubbles, Gullibility, and Other Challenges for Economics, Psychology, Sociology, and Information Sciences

Gullibility is the principal cause of bubbles. Investors and the general public get snared by a beautiful illusion and throw caution to the wind. Attempts to identify and control bubbles are complicated by the fact that the authorities who might naturally be expected to take action have often (especially in recent years) been among the most gullible, and were cheerleaders for the exuberant behavior. Hence what is needed is an objective measure of gullibility.This paper argues that it should be possible to develop such a measure. Examples demonstrate, contrary to the efficient market dogma, that in some manias, even top business and technology leaders fall prey to collective hallucinations and become irrational in objective terms. During the Internet bubble, for example large classes of them first became unable to comprehend compound interest, and then lost even the ability to do simple arithmetic, to the point of not being able to distinguish 2 from 10. This phenomenon, together with advances in analysis of social networks and related areas, points to possible ways to develop objective and quantitative tools for measuring gullibility and other aspects of human behavior implicated in bubbles. It cannot be expected to infallibly detect all destructive bubbles, and may trigger false alarms, but it ought to alert observers to periods where collective investment behavior is becoming irrational.The proposed gullibility index might help in developing realistic economic models. It should also assist in illuminating and guiding decision making.

FORMATION OF ECONOMIC BUBBLES: CAUSES AND POSSIBLE PREVENTIONS

The article deals with economic bubbles and analyses causes, means of prevention and results of economic bubbles. The exact cause of economic bubbles has been analyzed by many economists. The article discusses with different theories explaining the causes of bubbles formation and presents the possibilities to apply Logistic function for prediction of bubbles enabling to take preventive measures against bubbles creation. Some economists think that bubbles are related to inflation and therefore believe that the factors causing inflation could also be the same factors that cause bubbles to occur. Other economists think that there is a basic fundamental value to every asset and the bubbles represent an increase or rise over that fundamental value. There are also chaotic theories regarding the formation of bubbles. These theories argue that bubbles come from certain critical states on the market that originate from the communication of economic players. The aim of the article is to present a new theory explaining formation of economic bubbles based on Logistic growth models encountering the limited (financial, natural, physical, human etc.) capital resources. Santrauka Nagrinėjami ekonominiai burbulai bei supažindinama su jų susidarymo priežastimis, galimais jų prognozavimo metodais ir išvengimo galimybėmis. Juos analizuoja daugelis ekonomistų, tačiau nėra vieningo sutarimo dėl šių burbulų susidarymo priežasčių. Straipsnyje aptariamos įvairios jų susidarymo teorijos. Ekonominiai burbulai susidaro akcijų, nekilnojamojo turto, žaliavų ir kitose rinkose. Straipsnio tikslas – supažindinti su nauja logistinio augimo teorija ir pritaikyti logistinius modelius ekonominių burbulų analizei bei prognozei, todėl straipsnyje tie burbulai analizuojami pritaikant logistinio augimo koncepciją. Siekiama parodyti, kaip jie susidaro išsenkant augimo ištekliams ir priartėjus prie prisotinimo fazės, po kurios prasideda staigus nuosmukis. Taigi remiantis logistinio augimo dėsniais, detaliai išnagrinėtais straipsnyje, galima prognozuoti ekonominių burbulų susidarymą, o kartu ir valdyti šį procesą.

What Caused Enron?: A Capsule Social and Economic History of the 1990's

Between January 1997 and June 2002, approximately 10% of all listed companies in the United States announced at least one financial statement restatement. The stock prices of restating companies declined 10% on average on the announcement of these restatements, with restating firms losing over $100 billion in market capitalization over a short three day trading window surrounding these restatements. Such generalized financial irregularity requires a more generic causal explanation than can be found in the facts of Enron, WorldCom or other specific case histories. Several different explanations are plausible, each focusing on a different actor (but none giving primary attention to the board of directors): 1. The Gatekeeper Story looks to the professional reputational intermediaries on whom investors rely for verification and certification - i.e., auditors, analysts, debt rating agencies and attorneys - and views the surge in financial restatements as the product of both (a) reduced legal exposure for gatekeepers (as the result of legislation and judicial decisions in the 1990's sheltering them from liability) and (b) the increased potential for consulting income or other benefits from their clients (resulting in gatekeeper acquiescence in accounting or financial irregularities). This is essentially the story to which the Sarbanes-Oxley Act responds. 2. The Misaligned Incentives Story instead focuses on managers and a dramatic change in executive compensation during the 1990's, as firms shifted from cash to equity-based compensation. Stock options (and legal changes that enabled management to exercise the option and sell the security without any delay) arguably gave management a strong incentive to inflate reported earnings and create short-term price spikes that were unsustainable, but which they alone could exploit. Sarbanes-Oxley does not address this potential cause of irregularities. 3. The Herding Story focuses on the incentives of investment fund managers and argues that they are uniquely focused on their quarterly performance vis-a-viz their rivals. As a result, they have an incentive to ride the bubble, even when they sense danger, because they fear more the mistake of being prematurely prophetic. Again, Sarbanes-Oxley does not address this cause of bubbles and price spikes. This comment compares and contrasts these explanations, finding them highly complementary.

ChemInform Abstract: BUBBLE FORMATION IN GLASS BY REACTION WITH SILICON AND SILICON‐GERMANIUM ALLOYS

AbstractDie Ursache der Blasenbildung an einer Glas/Si‐ oder Glas/SiGe‐Grenzfläche, die sich bei Verschmelzen der Gläser mit Si‐ oder SiGe‐Plättchen bilden, wird ermittelt.

Bubble Formation in Glass by Reaction with Silicon and Silicon‐Germanium Alloys

The cause of bubbles at a glass/Si, glass/SiGe interface, which form when some glasses are fused on Si or SiGe, was determined. Water, bonded as OH groups in the glass, was reduced by the Si at high temperatures to form H2. The gas released by this reaction formed bubbles only in those glasses with low permeability to H2.