Cause Of Caries Research Articles

Combined Phase 1/2a Initial Clinical Safety Trials and Proof-of-Concept Assessment of a Novel Antimicrobial Peptide KSL-W Anti-Plaque Chewing Gum.

The effective control of dental plaque is crucial for oral health, given that pathogenic bacteria in plaque are the primary cause of dental caries. Current antimicrobial agents, although effective, disrupt the oral microbiome and lead to oral dysbiosis, hindering efforts to curb dental caries. Novel antimicrobial peptides offer a promising solution due to their selective bactericidal activity against cariogenic bacteria. This study explores the initial safety and efficacy of KSL-W formulated into chewing gum through a Phase 1 and 2a clinical trial. The combined trial, approved by the FDA, follows a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled design. Phase 1 assessed safety with single doses (2-100 mg), whereas Phase 2a explored both safety and proof of concept in reducing oral bacteria with multiple doses (4-75 mg). Besides adverse events (Phase 1), outcome measures included whole-mouth plaque and gingival index scores and bleeding on probing (Phase 2a). KSL-W demonstrated safety in both phases, with no severe adverse events. The proof-of-concept analysis revealed a decrease in plaque and gingival inflammation, particularly at doses ≥ 20 mg. The 30 mg dose appeared to yield optimal effects without any adverse reactions in subjects. Results from this study indicate that KSL-W is safe for use in humans and provides initial evidence of its potential efficacy in reducing plaque and gingival inflammation. Further research is essential to determine optimal usage and ultimate safety, and to assess its potential in diverse populations. The trial is registered with the FDA (Trial Registration Number: NCT01877421). The clinical trials were registered in the clinicaltrials.gov database under the title "Safety and Tolerability of Antiplaque Chewing Gum in a Gingivitis Population" and the identifier number is NCT01877421. The URL for accessing the study in clinicaltrials.gov is https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT01877421?intr=Antiplaque%20chewing&rank=1.

Therapeutic Patient Education and Eating Habits: A Challenge in Caries Disease.

Dietary Factors and Oral Health: Risky dietary behaviors, particularly excessive sugar consumption, significantly contribute to dental caries. Dental practitioners are tasked with detecting and managing these behaviors to effectively treat caries and prevent recurrences. Although dietary assessment tools exist to identify such behaviors, they have limits. Furthermore, traditional methods, focused on information dissemination and advice, often fall short in promoting sustainable changes in patient behavior toward oral health. From our perspective, there is a necessity to integrate educational approaches with therapeutic management for enhancing the ability current and future dental practitioners to effectively care for their patients' oral health needs. Discussion: Specific educational models have been developed for patients with chronic diseases, through Therapeutic Patient Education (TPE), defined as helping patients acquire or maintain the skills they need to best manage their lives with a chronic disease. Future Directions: By incorporating TPE into dental practice, oral health professionals can empower patients to take control of their eating habits and reduce their risk of caries disease. This holistic approach addresses both the carious lesions and underlying causes of tooth decay, leading to better oral health outcomes for patients.

Antibacterial activity of coriander seeds extract (Coriandrum sativum) against the growth of Streptococcus mutans

Background: Streptococcus mutans is the main cause of dental caries, previously known as part of the normal flora in the oral cavity which plays a role in the process of fermenting carbohydrates to produce acid, and causes tooth demineralization. Chemical-based medicinal products such as toothpaste and mouthwash. Continuous use of chemicals can cause side effects for users such as hypersensitivity, therefore an alternative treatment from natural ingredients such as coriander seeds which can inhibit bacterial growth is needed. Objective: This research aims to determine the lowest concentration of coriander seed extract in 0,75%, 1.5%, 3% inhibiting the growth of Streptococcus mutans. Methods: This study was conducted by soaking the test discs in coriander seed extract concentrations of 0.75%, 1.5% and 3%. each disc was inserted into the bacterial culture to be cultured, incubated and seen whether there was a clear zone or not. Result: Test results showed a clear zone at a concentration 1.5% with an average diameter of 1.5 mm, at concentration of 3% an average diameter of 3.7 mm and at concentration of 0.75% did not show clear zone. Conclusion: Based on the results of the study, the lowest concentration of coriander seed extract was obtained which was able to inhibit the growth of Streptococcus mutans bacteria, is at concentration of 1.5%, the diameter of the inhibition zone of coriander seed extract had weak antibacterial activity.

The Inhibition of Cyanobacteria Spirulina Extract on S. Mutans Biofilm as an Ingredient in Mouthwash

Background: The main cause of dental caries is Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans), to suppress the growth of cariogenic bacteria can be done by using mouthwash containing antibacterial ingredients such as chlorhexidine. Cyanobacteria spirulina extract contains compounds that have secondary metabolites which act as antibacterial and antioxidant including tannins, flavonoids, saponins and terpenoids. Objective: This study aimed to find out he inhibition of Cyanobacteria spirulina against S. mutans biofilm. Materials and Methods: The research sample consisted of 6 groups. Group K(-) was the S. mutans biofilm with aquadest, K(+) was Chlorhexidine 0.2% and four treatment groups (P1, P2, P3, P4), which were Cyanobacteria spirulina extract with a concentration of 60 , 70, 80 and 90 mg/ml. The sample was applied to a well microtiter plate, then incubated overnight at 37°C for 1 x 24 hours, then painted with 0.1% crystal violet. After that, it was rinsed with sterile distilled water, then given 0.2 mL of Tween 80 concentration of 2% and measured Optical Density with an ELISA Reader with a wavelength of 570 nm, then biofilm inhibition percentage as calculated. Results: The mean value of the percentage of S. mutans biofilm inhibition in group K(+): -131,694(SD 10,758) ; P1: -12,234(SD 2,402) ; P2: 11,076(SD 6,387) ; P3: 19.7020(SD 11,670) ; P4: 40,214(12,057) there were significant differences between P2 and P4 also between P3 and P4. Conclusion: Cyanobacteria spirulina at concentrations of 70, 80 and 90 mg/ml had S. mutans biofilm inhibition, while Chlorhexidine 0.2% and Cyanobacteria spirulina 60 mg/ml did not.

A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW OF PARENTS' PATTERNS AND BARRIERS TO BRINGING CHILDREN TO THE DENTIST

Caries at an early age is a global problem that affects almost half of preschool children, the prevalence of early childhood caries (ECC) globally varies widely. One of the causes of caries in children less than 5 years old is the delay in the first visit to the dentist. The purpose of this study is to identify patterns of service utilization and obstacles that cause low visits to dentists so that programs can be planned that are able to increase the number of dental visits. A literature review was conducted using PubMed, ProQuest, SpringerLink, and ScienceDirect databases with keywords such as Dental care, Dental attendance, dental utilization, and Oral health promotion. The data were then thematically analyzed to uncover trends, common challenges, and effective interventions across the literature. The results of this systematic review show a pattern in visiting the dentist, including visiting for routine dental checkups, preventive treatments, acute pain conditions that have been experienced and trauma. The patterns of use of dental and oral health services in children are influenced by the level of parental education, the type of dental health care that is covered by limited health insurance, low socio-economic factors, socio-demographic factors, and lack of adequate insurance. This study aims to offer valuable insights into the patterns of dental care utilization and the obstacles preventing higher visitation rates to dental services. The findings are synthesized to highlight consistencies and gaps, ultimately providing insights to inform the development of programs aimed at improving dental visit rates.

Features of the structure of the palatine suture and interalveolar septum in occlusal relationship disorders in children with diastema

Aim. To study the radiographic characteristics of the construction of the anterior area of the palatal suture and the tops of the interalveolar septum between the central incisors in children with thick locations, diastems of the central incisors.Materials and methods. The construction of the palatine suture in 63 children in 6-14 years old without diastema, addressed on the cause of caries, its complications and defect crown incisor, was accepted for rate (I group). 75 children of the same age with full dentition and diastema formed the 2nd group. Condition of palatal suture after orthodontic treatment was studied in 60 children aged 6-12 years with diastema of 1,8-5,2 mm.Results. At the time of removable bite, the palatal suture was wider in children with diastema than in the general population, which is probably related to its delayed and insufficient ossification. However, the width of the diastema did not depend on the width of the suture.Conclusion. In rate and under diastema the interalveolar septum can have a jagged, smooth and cratered shape.

The efficacy and safety of an enzyme-containing lozenge for dental biofilm control—a randomized controlled pilot trial

ObjectivesTo evaluate the effect of daily use of a multiple-enzyme lozenge on de novo plaque formation, on gingivitis development, and on the oral microbiome composition. MethodsThis trial with two parallel arms included 24 healthy adults allocated to the Active (n = 12) or Placebo (n = 12) group. Subjects consumed one lozenge three times daily for seven days, and no oral hygiene procedures were allowed. Differences in de novo plaque accumulation between a baseline period, and one and seven days of intervention were assessed by the Turesky-modification of the Quigley-and-Hein-Plaque-Index (TM-QHPI). The development of gingivitis after seven days of intervention was assessed by the Gingival Index (GI). Plaque and saliva samples were collected at baseline and after seven days of intervention, and evaluated by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. ResultsAll subjects completed the study, and no adverse events were reported. After one day, the average TM-QHPI was significantly lower in the Active than in the Placebo group, as compared to baseline (p = 0.012). After 7 days, average TM-QHPI values did not differ significantly between groups (p = 0.37). GI values did not increase during the intervention period, with no difference between groups (p = 0.62). Bacterial richness increased in both plaque and saliva samples over a seven-day oral hygiene-free period, with a statistically significant difference for the saliva samples (p = 0.0495) between groups. ConclusionsA multiple-enzymes lozenge decreased the build-up of de novo plaque after one day and slowed down the process of species increment in saliva. The lozenge may be an adjunct to regular mechanical plaque removal. Clinical significanceDental plaque is the main cause of caries, gingivitis, and periodontitis. The search for therapeutic adjuncts to mechanical plaque removal that have no harmful effects on the oral microbiome is important. Treatment with multiple plaque-matrix degrading enzymes is a promising non-biocidal approach to plaque control.

DESCRIPTION OF ODONTOGENIC INFECTIONS RELATED TO ORAL HYGIENE AT SDN 3 KALIBAWANG WONOSOBO INDONESIA

Odontogenic infection is a disease of the oral cavity, the leading cause of caries and periodontal disease. Inadequate ability to brush teeth is one of the causes of this pathological condition. This study aims to determine the description of odontogenic infections at SDN 3 Kalibawang, Kalibawang District, Wonosobo Indonesia. The research procedure used a total sampling technique, and the research variable was students at SDN 3 Kalibawang Wonosobo who experienced odontogenic infections. The tools used in this research were an Android smartphone, the HI BOGI application, and Microsoft Excel. Results odontogenic infections at the school were 70.21% positive in 33 students. The severity of untreated caries by gender: boys are bigger at 61.7%, while girls are 36.3%. Kalibawang State Elementary School 3, Wonosobo Regency, tested positive for an odontogenic infection, one of the causes of which could be triggered by inadequate tooth brushing.

Oxygen self-sufficient nanodroplet composed of fluorinated polymer for high-efficiently PDT eradicating oral biofilm

Oral biofilm is the leading cause of dental caries, which is difficult to completely eradicate because of the complicated biofilm structure. What's more, the hypoxia environment of biofilm and low water-solubility of conventional photosensitizers severely restrict the therapeutic effect of photodynamic therapy (PDT) for biofilm. Although conventional photosensitizers could be loaded in nanocarriers, it has reduced PDT effect because of aggregation-caused quenching (ACQ) phenomenon. In this study, we fabricated an oxygen self-sufficient nanodroplet (PFC/TPA@FNDs), which was composed of fluorinated-polymer (FP), perfluorocarbons (PFC) and an aggregation-induced emission (AIE) photosensitizer (Triphenylamine, TPA), to eradicate oral bacterial biofilm and whiten tooth. Fluorinated-polymer was synthesized by polymerizing (Dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate, fluorinated monomer and 1-nonanol monomer. The nanodroplets could be protonated and behave strong positive charge under bacterial biofilm acid environment promoting nanodroplets deeply penetrating biofilm. More importantly, the nanodroplets had extremely high PFC and oxygen loading efficacy because of the hydrophobic affinity between fluorinated-polymer and PFC to relieve the hypoxia environment and enhance PDT effect. Additionally, compared with conventional ACQ photosensitizers loaded system, PFC/TPA@FNDs could behave superior PDT effect to ablate oral bacterial biofilm under light irradiation due to the unique AIE effect. In vivo caries animal model proved the nanodroplets could reduce dental caries area without damaging tooth structure. Ex vivo tooth whitening assay also confirmed the nanodroplets had similar tooth whitening ability compared with commercial tooth whitener H2O2, while did not disrupt the surface microstructure of tooth. This oxygen self-sufficient nanodroplet provides an alternative visual angle for oral biofilm eradication in biomedicine.

Benefits of Stevia (Stevia rebaudiana B.) and Sirih (Piper betle L.) Leaves Combination Againts Dental Care

Oral health is the most important part, to improve its hygiene by maintaining teeth. Cavities are a common problem. Betel leaf as an antibacterial. Stevia leaves as bacteriostatic and bactericidal also eliminate the cause of tooth decay and gingivitis. The purpose of the study was to determine the antibacterial activity of toothpaste combined with betel leaf extract with stevia leaves against the growth of Streptococcus mutans bacteria. The study used an experimental method consisting of making betel leaf and stevia leaf extracts using the maceration method. Preparation of toothpaste with a combination of betel leaf extract with stevia leaves at a concentration of 15% with the ratio of betel leaves and stevia leaves, namely formula 1 (5%: 10%), formula 2 (7.5%: 7.5%), formula 3 (10%: 5%). Testing antibacterial activity by measuring the clear zone using the disc paper method with blood agar media. Data analysis using ANOVA and Paired T test. The results of the study obtained formula (5%: 10%) clear zone of 16.42 mm, formula (7.5%: 7.5%) of 17.24mm, formula (10%: 5%) of 17.94mm, positive control of 18.66mm, negative control of 2.75mm. Conclusion 10:5 combination toothpaste has antibacterial activity.

Ancient Genomes From Bronze Age Remains Reveal Deep Diversity and Recent Adaptive Episodes for Human Oral Pathobionts.

Ancient microbial genomes can illuminate pathobiont evolution across millenia, with teeth providing a rich substrate. However, the characterization of prehistoric oral pathobiont diversity is limited. In Europe, only preagricultural genomes have been subject to phylogenetic analysis, with none compared to more recent archaeological periods. Here, we report well-preserved microbiomes from two 4,000-year-old teeth from an Irish limestone cave. These contained bacteria implicated in periodontitis, as well as Streptococcus mutans, the major cause of caries and rare in the ancient genomic record. Despite deriving from the same individual, these teeth produced divergent Tannerella forsythia genomes, indicating higher levels of strain diversity in prehistoric populations. We find evidence of microbiome dysbiosis, with a disproportionate quantity of S. mutans sequences relative to other oral streptococci. This high abundance allowed for metagenomic assembly, resulting in its first reported ancient genome. Phylogenetic analysis indicates major postmedieval population expansions for both species, highlighting the inordinate impact of recent dietary changes. In T. forsythia, this expansion is associated with the replacement of older lineages, possibly reflecting a genome-wide selective sweep. Accordingly, we see dramatic changes in T. forsythia's virulence repertoire across this period. S. mutans shows a contrasting pattern, with deeply divergent lineages persisting in modern populations. This may be due to its highly recombining nature, allowing for maintenance of diversity through selective episodes. Nonetheless, an explosion in recent coalescences and significantly shorter branch lengths separating bacteriocin-carrying strains indicate major changes in S. mutans demography and function coinciding with sugar popularization during the industrial period.

ANTIBACTERIAL EFFECTIVENESS OF RAMBAI (Sonneratia Caseolaris) LEAVES EXTRACT AGAINST STREPTOCOCCUS MUTANS

Background: The 2018 Riskesdas data stated that dental caries prevalence in Indonesia was 88.8%. Dental caries is a multifactorial disease characterized by hard tissue damage to the enamel, dentin, and cementum of the teeth. One of the causes of caries is the presence of a microorganism called Streptococcus mutans. Rambai leaf extract (Sonneratia caseolaris) is a typical plant of South Kalimantan with content flavonoids, tripernoids, tannins, phenols, steroids that have antibacterial properties against the growth of Streptococcus mutans which can prevent caries. Purpose: To determine the difference in the effectiveness of the antibacterial extract of rambai leaves (Sonneratia caseolaris) against bacteria Streptococcus mutans in vitro. Methods: This research was a true experimental with a post-test-only design and a control group, using six treatment groups, namely 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, positive control (povidone iodine 1%), and negative control (aquadest) respectively. Each treatment got 3 repetitions. The antibacterial test method used in this study was the liquid dilution method to determine the Minimun Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) by using Spectrophotometer and solid dilution to determine the Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) by using tools Colony Counter. Results: Based on the results and data analysis, it can be seen that the rambai leaf extract has a MIC of 20% and a MBC of 60%. Conclusion: Rambai leaf extract (Sonneratia caseolaris) can inhibit and have antibacterial activity against the growth of Streptococcus mutans. Keywords: Antibacterial, Rambai leaf extract, Streptococcus mutans

Human PRH1, PRH2 susceptibility and resistance and Streptococcus mutans virulence phenotypes specify different microbial profiles in caries

Lifestyle- and sucrose-dependent polymicrobial ecological shifts are a primary cause of caries in populations with high caries prevalence. In populations with low prevalence, PRH1, PRH2 susceptibility and resistance phenotypes may interact with the Streptococcus mutans adhesin cariogenicity phenotype to affect caries progression, but studies are lacking on how these factors affect the microbial profile of caries. We analysed how the residency and infection profiles of S.mutans adhesin (SpaP A/B/C and Cnm/Cbm) phenotypes and commensal streptococci and lactobacilli influenced caries progression in a prospective case-referent sample of 452 Swedish adolescents with high (P4a), moderate (P6), and low (P1) caries PRH1, PRH2 phenotypes. Isolates of S.mutans from participants were analysed for adhesin expression and glycosylation and invitro and in situ mechanisms related to caries activity. Among adolescents with the resistant (P1) phenotype, infection with S.mutans high-virulence phenotypes was required for caries progression. In contrast, with highly (P4a) or moderately (P6) susceptible phenotypes, caries developed from a broader polymicrobial flora that included moderately cariogenic oral commensal streptococci and lactobacilli and S.mutans phenotypes. High virulence involved unstable residency and fluctuating SpaP ABC, B-1, or Cnm expression/glycosylation phenotypes, whereas low/moderate virulence involved SpaP A phenotypes with stable residency. Adhesin phenotypes did not display changes in individual host residency but were paired within individuals and geographic regions. These results suggest that receptor PRH1, PRH2 susceptibility and resistance and S.mutans adhesin virulence phenotypes specify different microbial profiles in caries. Swedish Research Council and funding bodies listed in the acknowledgement section.

Combating Cariogenic Streptococcus mutans Biofilm Formation and Disruption with Coumaric Acid on Dentin Surface.

Streptococcus mutans, the primary cause of dental caries, relies on its ability to create and sustain a biofilm (dental plaque) for survival and pathogenicity in the oral cavity. This study was focused on the antimicrobial biofilm formation control and biofilm dispersal potential of Coumaric acid (CA) against Streptococcus mutans on the dentin surface. The biofilm was analyzed by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) viability assay, microtiter plate assay, production of extracellular polymeric substances (EPSs), florescence microscopy (surface coverage and biomass μm2) and three-dimensional (3D) surface plots. It was observed that CA at 0.01 mg/mL reduced bacterial growth by 5.51%, whereases at 1 mg/mL, a significant (p < 0.05) reduction (98.37%) was observed. However, at 1 mg/mL of CA, a 95.48% biofilm formation reduction was achieved, while a 73.45% biofilm dispersal (after 24 h. treatment) was achieved against the preformed biofilm. The MTT assay showed that at 1 mg/mL of CA, the viability of bacteria in the biofilm was markedly (p < 0.05) reduced to 73.44%. Moreover, polysaccharide (EPS) was reduced to 24.80 μg/mL and protein (EPS) to 41.47 μg/mL. ImageJ software (version 1.54 g) was used to process florescence images, and it was observed that the biofilm mass was reduced to 213 (μm2); the surface coverage was reduced to 0.079%. Furthermore, the 3D surface plots showed that the untreated biofilm was highly dense, with more fibril-like projections. Additionally, molecular docking predicted a possible interaction pattern of CA (ligand) with the receptor Competence Stimulating Peptide (UA159sp, PDB ID: 2I2J). Our findings suggest that CA has antibacterial and biofilm control efficacy against S. mutans associated with dental plaque under tested conditions.

The Overview of Correct Toothbrushing and Diet Habit Towards Oral Health Status Using Indonesian Digital Caries Risk Assessment (IDCRA)

Abstract. Dental caries is an infectious disease in oral health and has become a major problem in Indonesia due to a lack of awareness. There are several causes of dental caries, such as consuming sugary snacks and toothbrushing habits which are common in school-aged children. Based on the caries risk assessment survey conducted in Yogyakarta, as many as 76.5% of the children had a high carries risk, 12.9% had a low caries risk, and 10.6% had a moderate caries risk. This research aims to determine the overview and correlation of correct toothbrushing and diet habit on oral health status using the IDCRA application at SD (Elementary School) Muhammadiyah Pepe and SD Muhammadiyah Warungboto Yogyakarta. This research type is descriptive-analytic with a cross-sectional design. The data were collected by subjective and objective intra-oral screening to examine the number of dental caries experiences (DMF-T/def-t) using IDCRA application in elementary school students aged 6-9. The data were then analysed using Spearman correlation by SPSS. The results revealed that students at SD Muhammadiyah Pepe and SD Muhammadiyah Warungboto Yogyakarta had caries with an average of DMF-T/def-t 7,5, meaning each had seven teeth with caries. In addition, most students (74%) consumed sugary snacks 1-3 times daily, while 60,6% needed to brush their teeth correctly. The caries incidence in school-aged children at SD Muhammadiyah Pepe and Warungboto Yogyakarta was classified as very high. This was influenced by their habit of brushing teeth and dietary habits done by the students. So promotive and preventive activities to increase the knowledge and awareness of children and parents need to be carried out regularly.

Discrepancy in Caries Prevalence by Gender Among School-Going Children in the Population of Hyderabad: A Cross-Sectional Study

Background: Dental caries is a highly prevalent oral disease. The primary cause of dental caries involves bacteria, notably Streptococcus mutans, thriving in an acidogenic environment, breaking down fermentable carbohydrates and ultimately leading to the formation of cavities. Multiple studies have indicated a higher female predilection towards dental caries. Aim: The aim of this study is to find out a possible relationship between gender and the prevalence of dental caries among children in order to increase awareness of the significance of consistent oral hygiene practices. Materials and Methods: This was a cross-sectional survey conducted on a study sample of 5332 children from 8 to 16 years. Intraoral camera was used to carry out the clinical examination by trained dental professionals. Data was compiled and analysed using SPSS version 29. Statistical analysis was done using Chi square test. Results: Among 5332 subjects, 844 males (31.34%) out of 2693 and 894 females (33.88%) out of 2639 were found to have dental caries. Chi square test was used to determine the significance of difference between the prevalence of dental caries among males and females. It showed a statistically significant correlation between dental caries and gender (p&lt;0.05). Conclusion: Dental caries is frequently disregarded in its early stages, despite its detrimental effects. Considering the plethora of variables that contribute, especially in women, it is essential to encourage self-awareness and refrain from underestimating its impact. Ignoring dental cavities can lead to premature tooth loss, which can have an adverse effect on general health. Keywords: Dental Caries, Gender, Prevalence, Children, Chi-square test, Intraoral camera

Pengaruh Konsentrasi Ekstrak Biji Kakao Terhadap Diameter Zona Bening Pada Bakteri Streptococcus Mutans

Cocoa beans can inhibit the growth of pathogenic bacteria such as Streptococcus Mutans. Utilization of cocoa bean extract as an anti-bacterial inhibitor containing chemical compounds extracted in simplicia aims to increase the content in the form of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins and polyphenols. Streptococcus Mutans is a gram-positive facultative anaerobic coccus that is usually found in the human oral cavity and one of the causes of tooth decay or cariogenic bacteria capable of creating an acidic atmosphere in the mouth and can metabolize carbohydrates. This paper describes the effect of the concentration of cocoa bean extract on the diameter of the clear zone of Streptococcus Mutans bacteria. The antibacterial test was carried out using the Mueller Hinton Agar (MHA) method, samples of cocoa bean extraction were prepared by maceration method with varying concentrations of 2.5% to 12.5% ​​at 2.5% intervals. With an interval of three hours, measurements were carried out for 48 hours of observation. The results showed that the greater the concentration of cocoa bean extract, the larger the diameter of the clear zone, with the smallest diameter (8.44 ± 1.61) mm (for a concentration of 2.5%) and the largest diameter (9.70 ± 1.66) mm (for a concentration of 12.5%).

Review on risk factors associated with childhood caries

Caries, also known as tooth decay or worm's tooth, is a disease of the oral cavity caused by multiple factors. It is one of the most common diseases of humans worldwide, and the World Health Organization (WHO) has identified it as one of "three major diseases affecting human health" along with tumors and cardiovascular disease. Genetics, the environment, and microorganisms all play a role in the development of its diseases. Caries is the leading cause of tooth loss in children, with a prevalence that is five times higher than that of asthma. It lowers adult life quality by causing pain in the teeth, spoiling their appearance, and making it difficult to replace missing teeth. Preventing and controlling a condition like childhood caries requires an understanding of the elements that contribute to it. This research will conduct a systematic literature review to examine the potential causes of caries in younger children.

Risk Factors for Caries in Elementary School Children Based on Caries Management by Risk Assessment (CAMBRA)

Background: the prevalence of dental caries in children aged 10 to 14 years is almost 41.4%. The CAMBRA method helps doctors identify the cause of dental caries by identifying risk factors in each patient. Based on research, the etiology of dental caries was found by identifying risk factors in each participant. This study aims to describe what factors influence dental caries in children based on CAMBRA. Method: This research uses observational analysis with. The respondents were students at SDN Kadipiro I, Bantul, Special Region of Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Purposive sampling was used to create the sample, which included 82 children between the ages of 10 and 12 years. The research was carried out by finding dental caries risk factors using the CAMBRA method: 1. cavity or new dentin lesion, 2. white spot, 3. restoration in the last three years, 4. saliva volume, 5. plaque index/PHPM, 6. water pH saliva, and 7. Frequency of consumption of sweet foods. Data were analyzed using the SPSS version 25.0 program which included frequency analysis. Results: The results of the analysis showed five risk factors for caries, namely the condition of the teeth, cavities or new dentin lesions were found in 58 respondents (70.7%), predisposing factors, the number of plaque was obtained in 44 respondents (53.7%), the frequency of protective factors was obtained and the frequency of caries was obtained. 63 respondents experienced dental caries. Conclusion: The risk factors for dental caries based on CAMBRA that influence children's dental caries are the criteria for lesion depth of dentin, saliva pH, and amount of plaque. Keywords: CAMBRA, risk actors, caries, children

Tindakan Topikal Aplikasi Flour (TAF) di SD Tandang 01 Semarang

Background: Dental caries is an infectious disease characterized by tooth decay or tooth decay. The main cause of dental caries is the bacterium Streptococcus mutans. Elementary school children aged 6-12 years are a group that is prone to caries due to deep pits and fissures on their permanent teeth. One of the most effective caries prevention efforts is the topical application of fluoride. Topical fluoridation is highly recommended for newly erupted children's teeth to strengthen the enamel layer and inhibit the demineralization process. Methods: Solving problems using methods including; counseling, tooth brushing together, and topical application of flour. Results: Students who participated in this activity consisted of 49% of students and 51% of elementary school students. The activity started with counseling about carien, brushing teeth together and finally giving Flour Topical Application. Conclusion: All students who met the dental health requirements were successfully given the Topical Flour Application