Causes Of Slow Growth Research Articles

Business Model Innovation with Value Creation Approach in B2B E-Commerce

The rapid development of the digital era accompanied by the COVID-19 pandemic has made many business owners switch from selling offline to selling online. The emergence of the online B2B (Business to Business) marketplace is poised to experience exponential growth in the coming few years. However, ULA as start-up B2B e-commerce in Indonesia experienced decreasing trend for the last 6 months from GMV (Gross Merchandise Value) and active stores. This research is aimed to identify B2B e-commerce challenges and propose business model innovation to create long term revenue for B2B e-commerce in ULA with value creation approach. This research will use primary data which gathered through qualitative interviews and company internal data. The researcher conducted interviews with stall owners and compared the results of the interviews with the C-Level of ULA. All data will be analysed by using business model analysis from Afuah (2014) to identify the root cause of slow growth of ULA in the recent months and using value creation approach from Amit and Zott (2001) to propose business model innovation. There are four value dimensions of value creation in e-business; efficiency, lock-in, complementarities, and novelty, which are coherent with ULA as B2B e-commerce. The results of this study stated that customer segment and value proposition of ULA become had wrong positioned and are the cause of the decline in business performance. ULA B2B-commerce should focus on the strategy used to overcome these problems by leveraging the four sources of value creation and developing business model innovations. This strategy can be implemented by providing workshops and partner assistance for small retailers to improve their economy.

Openness, Institutions, and Policies: Determinants of Globalisation and Economic Growth in Developing Countries(Distinguished Lecture)

Globalisation describes the increasing integration of national economies through international trade, capital transfers, and the exchange of information or knowledge. This paper focuses exclusively on trade integration. Most economists hold that reducing trade barriers has a decisive positive effect on economic growth and poverty reduction (“openness hypothesis”). However, some economists diagnose deficient or weakly enforced non-market institutions as the major cause of slow growth. The main goal of this paper is to show that these two seemingly contrary points of view do not exclude each other. Openness is not only influenced by trade policy but also by other policies and the quality of institutions. Available data show a high negative correlation between the logarithm of tariff rates and indicators of the quality of institutions. Cross-national growth regressions demonstrate that the explanatory power of trade protection and a combined measure of openness, on the one hand, and institutional quality, on the other hand, is comparable. Therefore, it is concluded that liberal trade policies are recommendable, but must be complemented by sound macroeconomic management, micro-policy to strengthen domestic competition, and institutional improvements.

Effects of dietary tributyrin and physterol ester supplementation on growth performance, intestinal morphology, microbiota and metabolites in weaned piglets.

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary tributyrin (TB) and physterol ester (PSE) supplementation on the growth performance and intestinal health of weaned piglets. Ninety-six piglets were randomly allocated to one of four groups, including a control group (basal diet), TB group (basal diet+1500gt-1 TB), PSE group (basal diet+300gt-1 PSE) and TB+PSE group (basal diet+1500gt-1 TB+300gt-1 PSE). All groups had eight replicates with three piglets per replicate. The experiment lasted for 28days. The results showed that dietary TB supplementation increased (p<0.05) average daily feed intake and average daily gain, as well as the acetate and butyrate concentration in ileum, and dietary PSE supplementation decreased (p<0.05) the ratio of feed to gain (F/G) on days 1-14 of the trial. Dietary TB or PSE alone supplementation improved the ratio of villus height to crypt depth (VH/CD) and the expression level of Occludin in ileum. The linear discriminant analysis effect size analysis identified eight biomarkers in the control group, 18 in the TB+PSE group, two in the PSE group in ileum respectively. Correlation analysis showed that the relative abundances of Enterococcus, and Streptococcus were positively correlated (p<0.05) with propionate concentration, while the relative abundance of Clostridium_sensu_stricto_1 was negatively correlated (p<0.05) with acetate concentration in ileum. These findings suggest that dietary TB or PSE alone supplementation could alter the growth performance, intestinal morphology, microbiota community and metabolites of weaned piglets. Weaning stress is a major cause of slow growth and increased diarrhoea in piglets. This study demonstrated that dietary TB and PSE presented a beneficial role in growth performance and gut health via regulating intestinal morphology, microbiota composition and metabolites.

The rise of the syndrome – sub‐optimal growth disorders in farmed shrimp

AbstractThe phenomenon of slow growth in farmed shrimp was observed for the first time in 1989 in Penaeus vannamei as a clinical manifestation of runt deformity syndrome caused by infectious hypodermal and hematopoietic necrosis virus. Subsequently, it was recorded in Penaeus monodon during 2001–2002. Since then, the condition described as monodon slow growth syndrome (MSGS) has been reported from many countries. Though not leading to mortality, retarded growth at the pond level results in significant economic losses. Several potential pathogens have been identified from affected shrimp; however, no confirmed causal relationship has yet been established. Initially, P. vannamei farmed alongside slow growth‐affected P. monodon were unaffected by the condition. Further, experimental studies suggested that P. vannamei was not susceptible. However, in recent years, increasing incidence of severe growth retardation has been reported in farmed P. vannamei. Currently, slow growth is considered as one of the most impactful production‐limiting conditions affecting shrimp farming across Asia. Similar to MSGS, many infectious agents have been detected in slow growth‐affected P. vannamei, especially the microsporidian Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei. Further, genetic and environmental factors have been suggested to play a role. However, the exact cause of slow growth remains elusive, proposing that it may be a multi‐factor syndrome. This review tracks the trajectory of the condition over the period of significant expansion of shrimp farming and postulates that conventional single pathogen/single disease paradigms are insufficient to deal with chronic yield‐limiting syndromes. We suggest more realistic, multi‐dimensional aetiological consideration of syndromic and emerging diseases in shrimp aquaculture.

Technological change, rent and income inequalities: A Schumpeterian approach

Increasing levels of income inequality have recently attracted much attention. The literature has concentrated on the hypothesis that increasing levels of income inequality are the cause of slow growth and social unbalances. This paper contributes to exploring an alternative hypothesis according to which increasing levels of income inequality are the consequence, rather than the cause, of slow growth and more specifically of the slowing pace of technological change. The paper articulates the Schumpeterian hypothesis that the rate of technological change exerts a significant influence in reducing income distribution. Due to the powerful effects of creative destruction, the rate of technological change engenders a reduction in wealth and rent inequalities that are highly skewed and, consequently, limits income inequality. We test this hypothesis in an empirical exercise by implementing quantile regressions on a large dataset of advanced and industrializing economies. The inequality diminishing effect of technological change holds along the entire income inequality distribution, but exhibits larger effects in countries where the concentration of wealth and, consequently, income asymmetries are stronger. These results have novel welfare implications and suggest some crucial insights for economic policy analysis.

Gender, Development and Economic Growth in Sub-Saharan Africa

A plethora of scholars have attempted to discern the causes of slow growth in the sub-Saharan Africa region. The effects of global economic integration, corruption, geography and ethnic diversity have been widely explored. Mainstream growth analyses, however, have not yet integrated the body of scholarship that identifies the linkages between gender, economic development and growth. This paper explores the theoretical and empirical macro-growth effects of gender inequality in sub-Saharan Africa. It further identifies two key policy avenues for promoting gender equality and thus growth: public investment to reduce the gender gap in care burdens, and a shift in emphasis of central bank targets to employment.

An Exploratory Analysis of Women's Empowerment in India: A Structural Equation Modelling Approach

ABSTRACT The study is an exercise to explore possible directions of causation of level of women's empowerment, a latent variable, with related factors with the view to identify the causes of slow growth of it in India applying the ‘Structural Equation Modelling' (SEM) method to Third National Family and Health Survey data conducted during 2005–2006. The results recognise the inefficiency of education and employment policies formulated in India for women required to bring about behavioural changes among women to fight against the norms of patriarchal society. Significant regional variations are also observed. Priority should be given to an awareness campaigning programme to change social norms and the spread of education and information systems may play a significant role in doing so. The regulatory authority may involve non-governmental organisations (NGOs) in this context.

The impact of information and communication technology on economic growth: evidence from developed and developing countries

This study examines whether, and to what extent, information and communication technology (ICT) has helped to improve economic growth. We adopt the traditional growth model as a framework to estimate contributions of labor, ICT, and non-ICT capital to economic growth in developed and developing countries. The estimates of the growth model by using time-series cross-country data of a total of 62 countries for the period of 2000–2006 reveal that economic growth effect of ICT differs across different income groups of countries. The paper concludes that ICT plays a major role in the growth of high and upper-middle income groups, but fails to contribute to the growth of the lower-middle income group countries. Such findings suggest that the level of investment in ICT is not the cause of slow growth in lower-middle developing countries as previously thought.

Detection of viruses in Penaeus monodon from India showing signs of slow growth syndrome

The presence of viruses implicated in slow growth of Penaeus monodon, hepatopancreatic parvovirus (HPV), monodon baculovirus (MBV), infectious hypodermal and hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHHNV) and Laem–Singh virus (LSNV) was studied by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in 72 P. monodon samples, which showed slow growth rate. The prevalence of IHHNV was highest 18/72 (25%) followed by HPV 5/72 (6.9%), LSNV 3/72 (4.2%) and MBV 3/72 (4.2%). Further, 20/72 (27.7%) samples were positive for WSSV and 18/72 (25%) had clinical conditions typical of monodon slow growth syndrome (MSGS) of which eight samples had IHHNV, two had LSNV and remaining eight were free from all known slow growth viruses. In a hatchery based study, 71 post larval samples were analysed and the incidence of IHHNV was highest 44/71 (61.9%) followed by MBV 7/71 (9.8%), HPV 6/71 (8.4%) and WSSV 2/71 (2.8%). Hatchery rearing of IHHNV infected P. monodon nauplii up to 50 days confirmed the virus to be responsible for slow growth. The study suggests the presence of IHHNV in India and indicates that this virus could be one of the causes of slow growth in cultured P. monodon.

Interpopulation variation in growth and life-history traits of the introduced sunfish, pumpkinseed Lepomis gibbosus, in southern England

Summary We examined attributes of growth and reproduction in 19 populations of pumpkinseed (Lepomis gibbosus) introduced into southern England in order to: (i) assess variability of these traits in a northern European climate; (ii) assess inter-relationships among these variables; and (iii) compare these attributes with populations from other parts of Europe where pumpkinseeds have been introduced. Growth rates varied considerably among populations, but juvenile growth rates and adult body sizes were generally among the lowest in Europe. Mean age at maturity ranged from 2.0 to 3.9, and was strongly predicted by the juvenile growth rate (earlier maturity with faster juvenile growth). Other population parameters that also displayed significant negative associations with mean age at maturity were gonadosomatic index, body condition, and adult body size (total length, TL at age 5). Mean TL at maturity and the adult growth increment showed no significant associations with any of the other growth or life-history variables. Pumpkinseed populations in England matured significantly later than those introduced into warmer, more southerly areas of the continental Europe. All of these data suggest that a combination of cool summer temperatures and resource limitation is the cause of slow growth, small adult body size and delayed maturity relative to introduced populations on the European mainland.

Responses of cypermethrin-induced stress in haematological parameters of Korean rockfish, Sebastes schlegeli (Hilgendorf)

An increasing number of synthetic pyrethroids are used as an environmental friendly substitute of organophosphate and organochlorine insecticides. Pesticide pollution in the coastal ecosystem of Korea is considered to be a cause of slow growth and prevalence of diseases in commercial fishes. Therefore, it is necessary to develop fast techniques to detect insecticide toxicities. In the present work the results of rapid and inexpensive laboratory experiments show the patho-physiological alteration of blood parameters to sublethal concentration of pyrethroid insecticide (cypermethrin) in the commercially important Korean rockfish (Sebastes schlegeli). Cypermethrin-exposed fish showed erythropenia, low haematocrit and haemoglobin content and hyperglycemia, especially for long-term exposure at high concentrations. Cypermethrin caused increased levels of serum glutamic-acid-oxylacetic-acid-transaminase, glutamic-acid-pyruvic-acid-transaminase and alkaline phosphatase, concomitant with a decreased concentration of chloride ion and blood serum osmolality, indicating the disruptive activity of cypermethrin after 8 weeks exposure. Moreover, reduced level of serum total protein, albumin, cholesterol, lysozyme activity and significantly higher level of glucose, bilirubin and malondialdehyde were measured and attributed to an increased demand for energy by fish under stress to cope with detrimental conditions imposed by chronic exposure to the toxicant.

Evaluating short stature in children.

A child's growth reflects his or her general state of health. Growth deceleration therefore may result from processes that ultimately threaten much more than height and weight. Accurate height and weight measurements and routine plotting of growth data on standard growth charts are important elements of pediatric practice. A decrease in length of height percentiles may be physiologic in infancy and in puberty. However, in order to distinguish physiologic from pathologic growth deceleration, a careful history and physical examination needs to be obtained. Quite frequently, laboratory and radiographic studies are needed to distinguish with confidence between causes of slow growth in these phases of life. Such studies are always required to evaluate growth deceleration during childhood, because growth deceleration in this phase is virtually always the result of a pathological process. If constitutional growth delay is diagnosed, reassurance is often adequate treatment, though continued monitoring of growth and bone age is indicated. Growth deceleration due to other processes is often treatable. Delineation of the causes of poor growth is particularly important because these disease processes may produce other serious problems.

Policy Recommendations to Enhance Farm-Level Use of Fertilizer and Irrigation Water in Sub-Saharan Africa

ABSTRACT Food production per capita has declined in sub-Saharan Africa in recent years, as population has increased faster than agricultural production. The causes of slow growth in agricultural productivity include poor soil fertility, insufficient use of chemical and organic supplemental fertilizer, and inadequate investments in irrigation systems and other infrastructure. In addition, government policies that have taxed agriculture heavily have limited the farm-level accumulation of capital and discouraged farmers from making the investments needed to enhance productivity. This paper describes public policies and investments that will enhance the farm-level availability and use of fertilizer and water resources, with the ultimate goals of improving food production and rural incomes, and enhancing food security. Examples include enabling farmers to obtain market prices for their output, requiring them to pay per-unit prices for irrigation water and fertilizer, and supporting investments in infrastructure and institutions that will enhance the delivery of water and fertilizer to remote, rural areas. Public investments and policies that lead to higher rates of growth in agricultural productivity may generate substantial public benefits in many countries.

Ash Yellows in Velvet Ash in Zion National Park, Utah: High Incidence but Low Impact

Possible causes of slow growth and dieback of velvet ash (Fraxinus velutina) in Zion National Park, Utah, were investigated. Mycoplasmalike organisms (MLOs) were detected by means of the DAPI (4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole-2HCl) fluorescence test in 5, 7, and 45% of velvet ash sampled in three localities but were not detected in singleleaf ash (F. anomala). In Zion Canyon, MLOs were detected in 51% of velvet ash ≥6 cm dbh and in 35% of saplings. Branch dieback occurred in 74% of trees ≥6 cm dbh in which MLOs were detected and in 56% of noninfected trees

Economic development in the South Pacific promoting the private sector

Over the past decade the economies of the independent island states of the South Pacific have become sluggish to the point of stagnation. Despite substantial flows of overseas development assistance (ODA), national economic managers have in the past failed to adopt policies which ensured increasing prosperity. Apologists for the poor performance of the islands have suggested a wide range of constraints such as small size, but one of the major causes of slow growth has been the adoption by island governments of import substituting and domestic self-sufficiency policies. Instead of an outward looking private sector which had to fight and be efficient in the international marketplace, governments encouraged production for local needs behind tariff walls, and licensing frameworks which supported inefficiency and a lack of entrepreneurial spirit. The encouragement of the private sector requires the recognition by governments of industry needs. This paper reviews some recommendations put forward by researchers, scholars and business practitioners in this regard. These recommendations include proposals for: the adoption of macroeconomic policies which provide a stable economic environment; the encouragement of niche industries which reflect the skills and capacity to perform of small, isolated states; the adoption of suitable legislation and the recognition that apart from taxation incentives the private sector takes into account law and order, the availability of skilled or semi-skilled workers, common sense union practices and easy access to the incentives offered by governments.

The Ambiguity of Verdoorn’s Law: A Case Study of the British Regions

Given that the model underlying Verdoorn's Law is neoclassical, it is surprising the usage it has received in non-neoclassical models on the condition of economic progress. Verdoorn's (1949) use of Tinbergen's 1942 neoclassical model (Tinbergen, 1959, pp. 182-221) to show the feasibility of the elasticity of capital with respect to labor being constant over time (a necessary prerequisite for the stability of the Verdoorn coefficient under the conditions of long-period analysis) had only static increasing returns to scale; no dynamic increasing economies or learning by doing was involved. It was Kaldor's (1966) application of Verdoorn's Law to help explain the causes of slow growth in the British economy in the post-war years that started the debate both on the validity of Kaldor's hypothesis and what Verdoorn's Law might indicate. Verdoorn stated the model in terms of:

Changes in the Cyclical Pattern of Real Wages: Evidence From Nine Countries, 1955-80

monetary policy. In the United Kingdom, the monetarist vice has gripped the economy even longer, and similar deflationary policies have been in effect in other Western economies. Interestingly enough, these policies were instituted in the context of a prolonged period of economic decline. Annual average rates of growth of Gross Domestic Product for nine OECD countries' fell from 6-8 to 5 o% to 2 6 % over the periods I955-66, i966-73, and I973-79.2 Similarly, unemployment has risen dramatically in the last io years. The causes of slow growth and high unemployment are undoubtedly various; however, it is clear that restrictive macroeconomic policy has played an important role. That is, the recent situation is at least in part attributable to a deliberate effort to induce an economic slump. The task of systematically examining the origins and motivations of this policy still awaits us. However, this paper presents an account of a general development in the pattern of real wages over the business cycle which is a plausible determinant of current policy. The evidence indicates that short-run cyclical movements in output no longer exert a determinate influence on real wage growth, a development which may have been the impetus for long-term deflation. This account is based on an econometric study of nine countries over the period I955-80. The study has three noteworthy econometric features. The first is that data from the nine countries are combined in a pooled model with homogeneous coefficients. The use of a cross-national sample ensures against the attribution of general theoretical status to particular empirical findings from a single country.3 Second, the units of observation are business cycle turning

Nitrogen cycling in undisturbed and manipulated boreal forest

Like most forests and several other natural terrestrial ecosystems, the boreal forest accumulates N in biomass and soil organic matter, even although measured rates of biological N 2 fixation are normally low. The accumulation of N is disrupted if the forest canopy is removed by natural causes (fire, wind-felling or insect outbreaks) or by cutting. During the period after such a ‘catastrophe’ (in fact a common event in boreal forests, considered in a long-term perspective), the accumulation is discontinued or even changed into a loss of N from the site. Some losses are caused directly by fire or, in managed forests, by removal of biomass. These losses are usually small, except with whole-tree utilization. Nitrogen losses associated with nitrification processes (both leaching and denitrification) may be more serious on a cleared area, where uptake by vegetation is inconsiderable for some period. Nitrate formation may then take place both in the humus layer (the mor) and in the mineral soil, although the pH may be well below 4.5 in the mor layer. Scarcity of available N in the soil is a common cause of slow growth. Effects of fertilization on ecosystem functions are discussed.

Inhibition of growth by imadazol(on)e propionic acid: Evidence in vivo for coordination of histidine catabolism with the catabolism of other amino acids

Imidazole propionic acid (ipa), a gratuitous inducer of the histidine-utilization (hut) system in Salmonella typhimurium, inhibits the organism's growth on succinate minimal medium. Induction of the hut system is necessary, but not sufficient, to cause inhibition. A study of the ability of single amino acids to relieve ipa-restricted growth suggests that insufficient glutamate is the cause of slow growth. The inhibition of growth by imidazolone propionic acid (iopa), an intermediate in the catabolism of histidine to glutamate, is similar to that by ipa. Studies using 2, 3, 5-triphenyl tetrazolium chloride plates to examine amino acid catabolism suggest that accumulation of ipa or iopa leads to inactivation of aspartate amino-transferase (AAT). This interpretation is supported by studies of an Escherichia coli mutant lacking AAT. The mutant grows poorly on succinate minimal medium, and the poor growth is relieved by the same amino acids that relieve ipa- and iopa-restricted growth. These and other findings are discussed in terms of coordination of the histidine-utilization system with enzymatic activities involved in the catabolism of other amino acids.

Growth of Wild and Hatchery Strains of Brook Trout

Abstract Various growth characteristics of the brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) were investigated by comparing the performance of three wild populations with five hatchery groups. Wild populations attained a total length at the end of 2 years of about 6 inches, which was less than half the size of the hatchery trout in the same period. Differences in weight between wild fish and hatchery fish for the same period were of the order of 10 times. Unfavorable temperature and lack of food were chief causes of slow growth of wild populations. Among the hatchery groups, inbreeding caused a decrease in growth. Randomly bred groups were very similar in size at all times up to 20 months of age. Growth rates of brook trout decline rapidly with increase in length or weight. Total length does not increase exponentially over long time periods, but growth in length more closely approximates a linear series with time. Different mathematical models were applied to growth data from the hatchery groups. The Walford-Ford c...