Cause Of Segmentation Research Articles

비정규직의 일자리 이동성 분석

This study examines the changes in the economic activity status of non-regular workers, especially the transition to regular employment. Empirical analysis is carried out with Economically Active Population Survey data between 2006 and 2021. As a result of the analysis through the transition matrix, the conversion between wage and non-wage workers and the conversion between regular and non-regular workers among wage workers has decreased significantly over the past 15 years. In particular, the conversion ratio of non-regular workers to regular workers declined significantly from 18.9% in 2006-07 to 10.1% in 2020-21. The conversion of non-regular workers to regular workers has a higher proportion by turnover than by tenure, and the conversion to regular workers by tenure has decreased significantly. And the decline in the conversion ratio to regular workers is greater for non-fixed term contract workers and temporary agency workers. These results are generally consistent with the results of previous studies. However, this study does not provide an explanation of the reason for the decrease in the conversion to regular workers. Considering the empirical results and the trend of the proportion of non-regular workers among wage workers, additional studies of the cause of segmentation is needed.

A Tale of Oversimplification and Deregulation: The Mainstream Approach to Labour Market Segmentation and Recent Responses to the Crisis in European Countries

After advocating flexibilisation of non-standard work contracts for many years, some European and international institutions and several policy makers now indicate the standard employment relationship and its regulation as a cause of segmentation between the labour market of ‘protected’ insiders, employed under permanent contracts with effective protection against unfair dismissal, and the market of the ‘non-protected’ outsiders, working with non-standard contracts. Reforms of employment legislation are therefore being promoted and approved in different countries, supposedly aiming to balance the legal protection afforded to standard and non-standard workers. This article firstly argues that this approach is flawed as it oversimplifies reasons for segmentation and concentrates on an ‘insider–outsider’ discourse that cannot easily be transplanted into continental Europe. After reviewing current legislative changes in Italy, Spain and Portugal, I argue that lawmakers have focused on ‘deregulation’ rather than ‘balancing protection’ when approving recent reforms. I question the mainstream approach to segmentation and some of its derivative proposals, such as calls to introduce a ‘single permanent contract’, on the grounds that they neglect the essential role of job protection in underpinning the effectiveness of fundamental and constitutional rights at the workplace.

A Tale of Oversimplification and Deregulation: The Mainstream Approach to Labour Market Segmentation and the Recent Responses to the Crisis in European Countries

After advocating flexibilization of non-standard work contracts for many years, some European and international institutions and several policy makers now indicate the standard employment relationship and its regulation as a cause of segmentation between the labour market of guaranteed insiders, employed under permanent contracts with effective protection against unfair dismissal, and the market of the not-guaranteed outsiders, working under non-standard contracts. Reforms of employment legislation are therefore promoted and approved in different Countries, allegedly aiming at the legal afforded to standard and non-standard workers. This paper firstly argues that this approach is flawed, since it oversimplifies reasons of segmentation as it concentrates on an insiders-outsiders discourse that cannot easily be transplanted in Continental Europe. After reviewing new legislative changes in different European Countries, it is then argued that lawmakers focused on deregulation rather than balancing of protections when approving recent reforms. The mainstream approach to segmentation and some of its derivative proposals, such as the calls to introduce a single permanent contract, are lastly called into question, as they seem to neglect the essential role of job protection in underpinning the effectiveness of fundamental and constitutional rights at the workplace.

Upper plate deformation and seismic barrier in front of Nazca subduction zone: The Chololo Fault System and active tectonics along the Coastal Cordillera, southern Peru

The South America plate boundary is one of the most active subduction zone. The recent Mw = 8.4 Arequipa 2001 earthquake ruptured the subduction plane toward the south over 400 km and stopped abruptly on the Ilo Peninsula. In this exact region, the subduction seismic crisis induced the reactivation of continental fault systems in the coastal area. We studied the main reactivated fault system that trends perpendicular to the trench by detailed mapping of fault related-geomorphic features. Also, at a longer time scale, a recurrent Quaternary transtensive tectonic activity of the CFS is expressed by offset river gullies and alluvial fans. The presence of such extensional fault systems trending orthogonal to the trench along the Coastal Cordillera in southern Peru is interpreted to reflect a strong coupling between the two plates. In this particular case, stress transfer to the upper plate, at least along the coastal fringe, appears to have induced crustal seismic events that were initiated mainly during and after the 2001 earthquake. The seafloor roughness of the subducting plate is usually thought to be a cause of segmentation along subduction zones. However, after comparing and discussing the role of inherited structures within the upper plate to the subduction zone segmentation in southern Peru, we suggest that the continental structure itself may exert some feedback control on the segmentation of the subduction zone and thus participate to define the rupture pattern of major subduction earthquakes along the southern Peru continental margin.

The evolution of stock market integration in the post-liberalization period – A look at Latin America

I use ADRs to examine if the equity markets of Argentina, Chile, and Mexico have become internationally integrated in the post-liberalization period and, if not, whether direct and/or indirect barriers are the cause of segmentation. In addition, I assess the evolution of the level of integration over time to determine if these markets are converging to or diverging from integration. I find that these markets have not become integrated. More revealing is that there is no secular trend towards greater integration. In fact, the Brazilian and Mexican currency crises temporarily increased the level of segmentation of Argentina and Chile, and appear to have had a more persistent effect on the level of integration of Mexico, as this market has become increasingly segmented in the post-crisis period. It appears that both direct and indirect barriers are responsible for the segmentation.

Labour market segmentation in Cameroonian manufacturing

The economic crisis in Cameroon has provided a test for distinct causes of labour market segmentation. Many firms that previously followed rigid legislation have ceased to do so, while a traditional informal sector has continued outside almost all regulation. We categorise workers as informal, formal, or regulated, by firm characteristics, and test for labour market segmentation between these sectors. Direct legislation is the most significant cause of segmentation. We find limited evidence that the costs of becoming formal create rationing in formal‐sector jobs. While addressing both sets of rigidities would have maximum impact on unemployment in Cameroon, reforming direct labour legislation is likely to have the most beneficial short‐term impact.

Long-lived oceanic transform boundaries formed above mantle thermal minima

The causes of segmentation of mid-ocean ridges by long-lived transform boundaries are poorly understood. Large (>200 km) offsets of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge are distributed neither regularly nor randomly, but are mostly clustered in the equatorial region, where they can be traced outside the active transform to South American and African sheared continental margins. This permanent cluster of transforms is located above a long-lived upper mantle thermal minimum. Permanent transforms at 50°–55°N and perhaps at 45°–50°S are associated with mantle secondary thermal minima. A cluster of transforms disrupts the mid-ocean ridge above a mantle thermal minimum at the Australian-Antarctic discordance. Conversely, “hot” stretches of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge are devoid of major transforms. Low magmatic budget and high-strength rheology of cold, thick lithosphere above cold mantle caused the formation of weak and unstable oceanic rift segments during the opening of the equatorial Atlantic and Australian-Antarctic oceans, favoring the development of initial transform clusters and maintaining them as permanent structural and/or geochemical boundaries. Thus, some long-lived transform clusters may be caused ultimately by upper mantle thermal minima, and not vice versa; thermal anomalies created in the mantle by these transforms (“transform cold edge effect”) are second-order “rebound” effects.

Are institutions or economic rents responsible for interindustry wage differentials?

Much research on wage gaps in less-developed countries (LDCs) has used the segmented labor market paradigm, but the causes of segmentation often are not clearly identified. This paper uses an alternative approach — that of interindustry wage differentials — to guage whether interindustry wage gaps are caused by the existence of rents in certain industries or by key institutions such as minimum wage laws and social security legislation. Evidence from Ecuador suggests that institutions are more important than rents in explaning the existence of high wage industries.