Cause Of Retention Research Articles

Uranium speciation in the Lincang Ge-rich coal deposit, Yunnan Province, China: Theoretical implication for uranyl fixation and U mineralization

The Germanium (Ge)-rich coal deposit in Lincang, Yunnan Province, is an important source for Ge production in China. However, the elevated concentration of U in the Lincang coal limits the green utilization of Ge. This is partially attributed to inadequate knowledge of the modes of occurrence of U, despite its widely recognized organic affinity. In the present study, the density functional theory (DFT) calculation was adopted to explore the uranium species in the Lincang coal, based on existing experimental indications.Results show that uranyl cation (UO22+) in hydrothermal solution can be fixed by hydroxyls, phenols, and carboxyls in coal organics, as well as corresponding functional groups with O substituted by S. The reaction energies of uranyl-O complexes (5.87–7.90 eV) are a bit smaller than those of uranyl-S complexes (6.00–7.95 eV), implying slightly easier fixation of U by O-H containing structures. More specifically, carboxylic acids (5.87–5.96 eV) and thionocarboxylic acids (6.00–6.12 eV) are easier to bind with uranyl cation relative to other O-H and S-H containing structures, respectively.Eighteen model compounds were calculated to simulate the modes of occurrence of U in the Lincang deposit. Results show that U species are present in the forms of various U-O and U-S complexes, and the S-bridged complexes are generally less stable than corresponding O-bridged structures. To achieve best stabilization, uranium is capable of binding with at most six molecules of phenol/ethanol, four molecules of catechol (one H dissociated)/benzoic acid, or three molecules of catechol (both H dissociated)/acetic acid. By comparison, the U-S complexes can achieve a 4-coordinated tetrahedral saturation when U combined with four molecules of methyl mercaptan, ethanethiol, phenyl mercaptan, benzene-1,2-dithiol (one H dissociated), or thiobenzoic acid, as well as a 6-coordinated distorted octahedral saturation for three molecules of benzene-1,2-dithiol (both H dissociated).In addition, there is a slight possibility for U bonded to carbon rings, suggested by weak binding energies (−0.70 eV to −2.20 eV). The disulfide bond (S-S) can react with U to form a stable S-U-S complex, which is probably the cause of retention of enriched U in the Late Permian super-high-organic-sulfur (SHOS) bituminous coals from southern China.This study helps for a better understanding on the modes of occurrence of U in the Lincang Ge-rich coal deposit and benefits the green recovery of critical metals. Further, it perhaps inspires the eco-friendly utilization of other U-rich coals.

Prevalence and local causes for retention of primary teeth and the associated delayed permanent tooth eruption.

This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of retained primary teeth (RPT) associated with delayed permanent tooth eruption and the factors associated with this condition in German children. This is across-sectional retrospective study that evaluated panoramic radiographs from orthodontic patients. The diagnosis of RPT was established according to Nolla developmental stage. The primary tooth was considered retained when its successor permanent tooth was in Nolla stage8, 9, or10. Statistical analysis was performed with an α of 5% (p < 0.05). Atotal of 102children (48girls and 54boys), and 574 primary teeth and their respective permanent successor teeth were evaluated. We classified 192 teeth as RPT. Sixty-one (59.8%) children presented one or more RPT. Gender was not significantly different between RPT and control teeth (p = 0.838; odds ratio 0.95, confidence interval 95% 0.44-2.16). In the majority of the RPT cases (68.7%), no clear cause to explain the prolonged retention was identified. The pathological problems most commonly observed with RPT were dental fillings (19.3%), followed by dental caries (4.6%), and ectopic tooth eruption (2.1%). The incidence of RPT associated with delayed permanent tooth eruption in German children was high and the most common pathological condition associated with RPT was dental caries.

A Case of Hydropyometra Secondary to Vaginal Atresia: A Case Report

Hydrometrocolpos refers to the accumulation of secretions within the endometrial and endovaginal canal. The causes of retention of cervico-vaginal secretions are varied. Herein, we report a case of a seven-day-old female child presented to us for follow up as antenatal ultrasound done at nine months which had showed round cystic lesion with internal echoes in fetal lower abdomen. With the help of clinical examination and diagnostic imaging, the case was diagnosed as hydropyometra secondary to vaginal atresia and managed successfully by surgical intervention.

Retention of Urine After Radical Hysterectomy for Cervical Cancer

Background: Radical hysterectomy is the main treatment for cervical cancer. But must of the patients suffered from postoperative bladder dysfunction, such as retention of urine. Objective: To evaluate the retention of urine after radical hysterectomy for cervical cancer in the patients up to stages IA to IIB. Methodology: A cross sectional control study was conducted in the patients diagnosed with cervical cancer and treated with radical hysterectomy in the department of obstetrics and gynecology, first affiliated hospital, Zhengzhou University, P. R. of China to evaluate the postoperative retention of urine in 90 patients from 2003 to 2006. Result and Conclusion: A total of 90 patients with cervical cancer, who underwent radical hysterectomy were included in this study. 25 patients, i.e. 27.8% were menopausal and 11 patients, i.e. 12.2% had blood loss more than 500ml. The patients with retention of urine after radical hysterectomy was compared in relation with loss of blood volume intra- operatively, parity, and menopause; as the possible causes of retention of urine. The overall frequency of retention of urine among the patients who underwent radical hysterectomy for the cervical cancer was 42.2%. The statistical analysis showed that the relation of urine after radical hysterectomy for cervical cancer with loss of blood volume, parity and menopause was found to be nonsignificant. So, retention of urine after radical hysterectomy for cervical cancer might be related to the operative procedure which effects partial sympathetic and parasympathetic denervation during a radical dissection. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/hprospect.v10i0.5636Health Prospect Vol.10 2011, pp.1-4

Fowler's syndrome: a primary disorder of urethral sphincter relaxation

Key content Urinary retention is a relatively uncommon presentation in young women. Women with Fowler's syndrome are often found to have an abnormally elevated urethral pressure profile, increased urethral sphincter volume and characteristically abnormal electromyography of the urethral sphincter. The only treatment that has been found to restore voiding in women with Fowler's syndrome is sacral neuromodulation. Sphincter injections of botulinum toxin are a possible outpatient‐based alternative. Learning objectives To review the typical symptoms and signs associated with Fowler's syndrome. To share the current understanding about why this condition may occur. To understand how to evaluate and treat a woman with suspected Fowler's syndrome. Ethical issues Fowler's syndrome should be considered in women presenting with urinary retention where the cause for retention is uncertain.

Effects of Storage Temperature and Duration on Bioactive Concentrations in the Seed and Oil of Brassica napus (Canola)

The effects of storage temperature and duration on phytosterol, tocopherol and carotenoid concentrations are assessed in canola seed, and oil extracted using two different techniques, over a 10 month period. Increases to oxidation indices (K232, K270 and ΔK) are observed in the solvent extracted oils, and in the seed stored at 40 °C, indicating the formation of primary and secondary oxidation products. Only small decreases in the concentrations of γ‐tocopherol and β‐carotene are observed across the 10 month period. Phytosterol concentration decreases over time, with similar degradation rates observed in both seed and oils. α‐tocopherol and lutein are well preserved up to 7 months in all samples, despite oil oxidation, and further research will be needed to identify the cause for retention of bioactives. The results indicate that in order to preserve phytosterols, tocopherols and carotenoids in seed stored in bulk for extended periods, storage temperatures should remain at or below 21 °C. Moreover, oil stored at 4 °C or −18 °C, results in high bioactive concentrations and slows the onset of oil oxidation, compared to oil stored at room temperature.Practical Applications: Industrial storage conditions have been shown to greatly influence the chemical processes that occur with canola seed and oil. However, the effects of typical storage conditions on phytosterols, tocopherols and carotenoids in canola seed and extracted oil, are not yet known. This study presents the effects of typical seed and oil storage conditions on phytosterol, tocopherol and carotenoid concentrations, whilst monitoring oxidation indices and FFA, and thus provides information to seed handlers and oil processors on storage conditions that may preserve these bioactives. Moreover, the different behaviours of bioactives are examined relative to the oil extraction technique used, and present opportunities to optimise oil extraction techniques.Time series plots for α‐tocopherol concentrations in canola oil stored at different temperatures over 280 days, illustrating a difference in behaviour between the solvent extracted oil and the hand‐press extracted oil.

Effects of flow interruption on transport and retention of iron oxide colloids in quartz sand

Due to the complexity of flow conditions as well as solid matrix and colloid surface properties, solid knowledge about the transport of iron oxide colloids in soils remains scarce. In order to analyze the influence of flow conditions on iron oxide colloid transport and retention, breakthrough behavior of negatively charged, organic matter-coated goethite (OMCG) colloids in saturated quartz sand columns was investigated under continuous and stagnant flow conditions. Classic DLVO and extended DLVO (XDLVO) interaction energies including Lewis acid/base parameters were evaluated using measurements of sessile drop contact angles and zeta potentials of OMCG colloids and quartz. Results elucidated that under continuous flow conditions, OMCG colloids were highly mobile, which was in agreement with calculated unfavorable attachment conditions revealed by predictions of both DLVO approaches. In contrast, during intervals of flow interruption, significant amounts of OMCG colloids were retained in the solid matrix and could not be remobilized via re-establishment of flow. The magnitude of colloid retention increased with the duration of flow interruption; OMCG colloids were almost completely immobilized after 112h. Further experiments were conducted in order to determine possible colloid retention mechanisms. Results indicated that the major cause for retention during flow stagnation was OMCG colloid capture at locations with attractive DLVO/XDLVO interactions, promoted by fast gravitational settling of colloids onto the solid matrix. We compared breakthrough curves to model predictions, where we demonstrated that an attachment term with a stagnant fluid switch was required in the mass balance in order to reproduce the measurements. We conclude that high mobility of OMCG colloids and prediction of that transport behavior with the applied DLVO approaches were only valid under continuous flow conditions. Under more discontinuous hydraulic conditions relevant in natural soils, such as flow interruption, OMCG colloid transport behavior was modified significantly.

Pore‐network modeling of particle retention in porous media

Transport and filtration of micron and submicron particles in porous media is important in applications such as water purification, contaminants dispersion, and drilling mud invasion. Existing macroscopic models often fail to be predictive without empirical adjustments and a more fundamental approach may be required. We develop a physically‐representative, 3D pore network model based on a particle tracking method to simulate particle retention and permeability impairment in polydisperse particle systems. The model includes the effect of hydraulic drag, gravity, electrostatic and van der Waals forces, as well as Brownian motion. A converging‐diverging pore throat geometry is used to capture the mechanism of interception. With the analytical solution of fluid velocity within a pore throat, the trajectory of each particle is calculated explicitly. We also incorporate surface roughness and particle–surface interaction to determine particle attachment and detachment. Pore throat structure and conductivity are updated dynamically to account for the effect of deposited particles. Predictions of effluent concentration and macroscopic filtration coefficient are in good agreement with published experimental data. We find that the filtration coefficient is dependent on the relative angle between fluid flow and gravity. Particle deposition by interception is significant for large particle/grain size ratios. Brownian diffusion is the primary cause of retention at low Peclet numbers, especially for small gravity numbers. Particle size distribution is found to be a cause of hyperexponential deposition often observed in experiments. Permeability reduction was small for strong repulsive forces because particles only deposited in paths of slow velocity. © 2017 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 63: 3118–3131, 2017

MP74-12 DECREASED EXPRESSION OF CAVEOLIN 1 AND 2 IN THE AGING RAT URINARY BLADDER: POTENTIAL MARKER OF BLADDER DYSFUNCTION IN THE ELDERLY POPULATION

RESULTS: 126 patients were enrolled from March 2014 to July 2015. Logistic regression models to predict recovery within 14 days was dependent upon age (below 70, OR 4.11?2.18, p1⁄40.008), retention volume (over 450, OR 0.22?0.14, p1⁄40.017; over 600, OR 0.26?0.15, p1⁄40.024), recent operation (vs. spontaneous, OR 4.38?2.26, p1⁄40.004), and sex (females were less likely with OR 0.11?0.06, p<0.001) (p<0.001, ROC AUC1⁄40.83). CONCLUSIONS: The study generally disregards the cause of retention, attempting to present a general outline of when to expect recovery from acute urinary retention, unrelated to urological interventions. The results suggest that old age, female sex, and spontaneous occurrence are risks of delayed recovery. Furthermore, retention amounts incrementally at 450 and 600ml increase risk of delayed recovery.

Attrition Analysis -In Indian Organised Retailing Industry with special reference to Coimbatore

The Indian retailing industry is under a switch phase seeing as the opening up of the country's monetary system. following IT and BPO industry the retail industry is witnessing the utmost level of attrition, as it is growing exponentially. Where skills are reasonably limited and where staffing is expensive or where it takes more than a few weeks to fill a available job, attrition is likely to be challenging from a organization point of view. This is particularly factual of situations in which you are bringing up the rear staff to directly competitors or where customers have developed associations with individual employees. Coimbatore is one of the leading retailing business hubs of India and thus it was felt to have some sort of introspection of its manpower. Therefore this manuscript focuses primarily on employee retention programs. It looked at strategies for maximizing the likelihood of retention in retailing segment. It also deals with the causes for retention, ways of managing and rising employee retention. The literature shows that pay and reimbursement were found to be the most significant organizational factors upsetting attrition in both the size of companies, higher pay package and better job profile were the most significant personal factors upsetting attrition in mutually group companies.

Diagnostic Values and Outcomes of Patency Capsule in Patients With Known or Suspected Intestinal Strictures

Introduction: Video capsule endoscopy (VCE) is a standard tool for evaluating small bowel (SB) diseases. The most common complication of VCE is capsule retention. The most common cause of retention is SB stricture. Patency capsule (PC) is a self-dissolving capsule used to assess functional patency of the SB before VCE. However, data on the predictive values of PC are scarce. The purpose of our study was to evaluate the performance of PC in patients with known or suspected SB strictures and to identify predictive parameters of PC failure. Methods: At our institution, a tertiary academic center, we perform more than 1,000 VCEs each year. Inclusion criteria for this study included 306 patients with known or suspected SB strictures between 2009 and 2015 who had a PC study. Data on passage and failure of PC study and the clinical, imaging and laboratory parameters of these patients were collected. The patients with retained VCE (n=15) and/or surgery (n=4) were considered the reference standard for clinically significant luminal strictures. The sensitivity, specificity, positive (PPV) and negative (NPV) predictive values, positive (PLR) and negative (NLR) likelihood ratios, and ROC curve with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated. A p value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Among the 306 patients, 43 patients (14%) failed to pass PC. Of the 43 patients, 21 (48.8%) had prior abdominal surgeries, 10 (23.3%) had chronic use of NSAIDs, and 8 (18.6%) had suspected or known Crohn's disease. 7 patients (16.3%) reported abdominal symptoms with PC failure, while the other 36 reported no symptoms. There were no statistical differences in the clinical parameters, including concurrent opioid use and diabetes, and laboratory parameters, including CRP and ESR, between the patients who passed (n=263) and who failed to pass PC (n=43). The sensitivity, specificity, PPV, NPV, PLR and NLR with their respective CIs for PC examination are detailed in Table 1. The AUC estimate of ROC curve was 0.51. Conclusion: While the sensitivity is low, the high specificity and NPV of the PC examination suggests that patients with suspected or known SB strictures can undergo VCE safely if PC has passed, thereby making it a useful test prior to VCE.Table 11

Retention of Urine after radical Hysterectomy for Cervical Cancer

A total of 90 patients with cervical cancer, who underwent radical hysterectomy were included in this study. 25 patients, i.e. 27.8% were menopausal and 11 patients, i.e. 12.2% had blood loss more than 500ml. The patients with retention of urine after radical hysterectomy were compared in relation with loss of blood volume intra- operatively, parity, and menopause; as the possible causes of retention of urine. The overall frequency of retention of urine among the patients who underwent radical hysterectomy for the cervical cancer was 42.2%. The statistical analysis showed that the relation of urine after radical hysterectomy for cervical cancer with loss of blood volume, parity and menopause was found to be non-significant.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jmmihs.v1i1.9897 Journal of Manmohan Memorial Institute of Health Sciences Vol.1(1) 2011; 24-29

Retention of Urine after radical Hysterectomy for Cervical Cancer

A total of 90 patients with cervical cancer, who underwent radical hysterectomy were included in this study. 25 patients, i.e. 27.8% were menopausal and 11 patients, i.e. 12.2% had blood loss more than 500ml. The patients with retention of urine after radical hysterectomy were compared in relation with loss of blood volume intra- operatively, parity, and menopause; as the possible causes of retention of urine. The overall frequency of retention of urine among the patients who underwent radical hysterectomy for the cervical cancer was 42.2%. The statistical analysis showed that the relation of urine after radical hysterectomy for cervical cancer with loss of blood volume, parity and menopause was found to be non-significant.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jmmihs.v1i1.9897 Journal of Manmohan Memorial Institute of Health Sciences Vol.1(1) 2011; 24-29

Urinary retention

Urinary retention, defined as the inability to void, is a common medical problem. If unidentified and/or untreated, it may become a serious condition that can lead to kidney damage or urosepsis, compromising the patient's life. Acute urinary retention (AUR) is usually easy to identify and to treat as patients usually complain of hypogastric pain and anuria. Proper bladder drainage with urethral or suprapubic catheter is the first line of treatment, with posterior studies to determine the cause of retention. Chronic urinary retention (CUR) is often much more difficult to identify. It is invariably linked to increased post-void residual urine (PVR), but its asymptomatic nature makes it often a hidden condition. There is a wide range of intrinsic and extrinsic, obstructive and non-obstructive causes affecting the lower urinary tract, which can lead to urinary retention. Due to the differences in urinary physiology and in order to simplify diagnosis and management, these are usually studied separately in men and in women. Management consists of a variety of options depending on the cause of retention, including conservative treatment, drug therapy and several forms of surgery. In this review, we make an overview of the main causes of acute and chronic urinary retention in men and women, focusing on the main aspects of diagnosis and management.

How water retention in porous media with cellulose ethers works

Cellulose ethers (CE) are widely used in mortars as water retaining agents; however the cause of retention remains unknown. This paper attempts to clarify the involved mechanisms using several macroscopic experiments (water retention WR standard tests, imbibition and filtration tests). We highlight that WR is not specific to cement but occurs for every porous media. Then, using model porous media and different fluids we point out a critical mechanism of WR with CE solutions: a jamming effect during water transport through the porous medium. This effect may be explained by the presence of polydisperse aggregates which result from native cellulose or hydrophobic interactions. Finally we present a statistical model for filtration which predicts all the qualitative trends observed experimentally.

The Possible Role of Opiates in Women with Chronic Urinary Retention: Observations from a Prospective Clinical Study

Urinary retention in women often presents a diagnostic difficulty, and the etiology may remain unidentified even after excluding structural and neurological causes. We evaluated a group of women referred to a specialist center with unexplained urinary retention. A total of 61 consecutive women with complete urinary retention were evaluated. Urological and neurological investigations locally had failed to identify a cause. Urethral pressure profile, sphincter volume measurement and in some cases urethral sphincter electromyography were performed to diagnose a primary disorder of sphincter relaxation (Fowler's syndrome). Mean patient age was 39 years (range 18 to 88). Following investigations, a probable etiology was identified in 25 (41%) women, the most common being Fowler's syndrome. Of the women 24 (39%) were being treated with opiates for various pain syndromes and in 13 no other cause of retention was identified. Opiates could be discontinued in only 2 patients, and both demonstrated improved sensations and voiding. The cause of urinary retention may remain unknown in spite of extensive investigations. Young women regularly using prescription opiates for various undiagnosed pain syndromes present a challenging clinical problem and this study suggests that iatrogenic causes should be considered if voiding difficulties emerge. An association between opiate use and constipation is well-known and, although urinary retention is a listed adverse event, it appears to be often overlooked in clinical practice. It is hypothesized that Fowler's syndrome is due to an up-regulation of spinal cord enkephalins and that exogenous opiates may compound any functional abnormalities predisposing young women to urinary retention.

Management Outcome of Acute Urinary Retention

Objectives: To assess for predictors of outcome in patients presenting with acute urinary retention (AUR). Methods: A study was performed in our unit to evaluate trial without catheter (TWOC) and successive management. We assessed for predictors of surgical or medical management, which included: age, volume drained at time of catheterisation, cause of retention, serum creatinine, success of trial of voiding, co-morbidities, prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and prostate size on digital rectal examination (DRE). Results: 72 men were entered into the study over an 18-month period: 27 had a successful first TWOC, 20 patients had a second TWOC, and 6 were successful. In total, 31 of the 33 patients with a successful TWOC remained on α-blockers without a further episode of AUR within a minimum of 6 months’ follow-up. Patients failing TWOC were managed by transurethral resection of the prostate (n = 22), long-term catheterisation (n = 15) or prostatic stents (n = 3), and 1 patient died prior to intervention. Three predictors were significant on multivariate analysis: PSA (>2.9 ng/ml), prostate size on DRE (large) and volume drained at time of catheterisation (≥1,000 ml). Conclusion: Patients with elevated PSA (>2.9 ng/ml), a large prostate size on DRE and a volume drained at time of catheterisation >1,000 ml are best managed by surgical intervention, while those with volumes drained at time of catheterisation of <1,000 ml, a PSA ≤2.9 ng/ml, and moderate to small prostate on DRE may be managed medically.

Protocol Based On the Rapid RT Real Time Viewer to Prevent Incomplete Capsule Endoscopy Studies

Introduction: Capsule endoscopy (CE) has demonstrated its utility to study the small bowel (SB). However, in up to 16% of the studies the cecum is not reached, leaving a variable non-visualized extension of intestine and thus potentially compromising the validity of the study. Around 3% of those cases are secondary to capsule retention from different recognizable causes. In the rest the cause unknown as the capsule is excreted later without problems. The role of delayed gastric emptying in those cases is controversial. The AGILE patency capsule (Given Imaging®) was designed to help prevent capsule retention and the Rapid RT (Given Imaging®) was designed to allow real time view of the capsule images but there are no strategies designed to ensure CE study completion. Aim: To evaluate the efficacy and outcomes of a protocol based on the use of the Rapid RT real time viewer to prevent incomplete CE studies of unknown cause. Material and Methods: Prospective study of PillCam SB2 (Given Imaging ®) CE studies performed at our institution between February and September 2008. Patients prepared with a minimal PEG solution (750cc). The Rapid RT was used to assess passage of the CE into the SB at 30 and 60 min. If still in the stomach at 60min, erythromycin 250mg i.v. was infused slowly over 30min. Another check was made 45 minutes later and if still in the stomach endoscopy was performed to advance the CE into the small bowel. The Rapid RT was also used to confirm arrival to the colon. A check was made at 6h and 30min, if the CE was still in the SB and no obvious cause of retention or symptoms were present, 250ml of PEG solution were administered. This strategy was repeated every 30min until the end of the battery life. Results: Thirty seven patients (12M: 25F;man age 47) were included. The capsule had passed into the SB at 60 min in 32patients. Five patients (13.5%) were infused erythromycin and of those one (2.7%) required upper endoscopy to advance the CE into the SB. The CE had reached the colon at 6h30min in 29 patients (78.3%) while in another 6 patients (16.2%) one dose of PEG solution was sufficient to achieve passage into the colon. Capsule retention occurred in two patients (5.4%) due to a duodenal stricture (1) and a tight ileostomy (1) that were visualized by the real time viewer. Both were solved by endoscopic means. No incomplete studies from unknown causes were registered. Conclusions: Our protocol based on the use of the Rapid RT real time viewer is effective to prevent incomplete CE studies due to delayed gastric emptying or unknown reasons. Studies comparing this approach with other strategies are warranted.

Retention of the capsule endoscope: a single-center experience of 1000 capsule endoscopy procedures

Retention of the video capsule is the most significant complication associated with capsule endoscopy (CE). There are limited data on incidence, risk factors, and outcomes of capsule retention. We aimed to determine the incidence of capsule retention and to investigate the causes and clinical outcomes of capsule retention. Single tertiary referral medical center. All patients who underwent CE for suspected small bowel disease from June 2002 to March 2006. Retrospective case series. Capsule retention occurred in 1.4% of our patients (14/1000). Eleven patients failed to pass the capsule because of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) enteropathy (diaphragm disease). One patient had capsule retention from an obstructing carcinoid tumor. Metastatic ovarian cancer with invasion of the ileum was the cause of retention in another patient. One patient who did not have surgical removal of the capsule because of loss of follow-up had retention caused by a small-bowel tumor suspicious for carcinoid tumor on CT enterography. All patients remained "asymptomatic" from the retained capsules. Thirteen patients underwent elective partial small-bowel resection and capsule removal. No deaths were associated with these surgeries. Eleven patients recovered promptly, whereas 2 patients had mild postoperative ileus. Retrospective study. Retention of the capsule endoscope appears to be infrequent. The most common cause is diaphragm disease resulting from NSAIDs in this study population. In most cases, capsule retention is asymptomatic, and it usually leads to surgical removal, which appears safe and also identifies and treats the underlying small-bowel condition.

Intraoperative findings in revision chronic otitis media surgery.

In this study, we reviewed the surgical findings in a series of revision tympanomastoidectomy to determine the most common causes of failure in chronic otitis media surgery. The intraoperative findings at revision mastoidectomy with tympanoplasty of 116 patients were analyzed. The most common sites of pathologic tissue at revision surgery (with cholesteatoma and/ or granulation tissue) were unexenterated cells of the sinodural angle. The most common mechanical cause of retention of debris in canal wall down procedures was facial ridge.