Cause Of Liver Disease Research Articles

Insights of gut-liver axis in hepatic diseases: Mechanisms, clinical implications, and therapeutic potentials.

With the rising prevalence of chronic liver diseases worldwide, there exists a need to diversify our artillery to incorporate a plethora of diagnostic and therapeutic methods to combat this disease. Currently, the most common causes of liver disease are non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, hepatitis, and alcoholic liver disease. Some of these chronic diseases have the potential to transform into hepatocellular carcinoma with advancing fibrosis. In this review, we analyse the relationship between the gut and liver and their significance in liver disease. This two-way relationship has interesting effects on each other in liver diseases. The gut microbiota, through its metabolites, influences the metabolism in numerous ways. Careful manipulation of its composition can lead to the discovery of numerous therapeutic potentials that can be applied in the treatment of various liver diseases. Numerous cohort studies with a pan-omics approach are required to understand the association between the gut microbiome and hepatic disease progression through which we can identify effective ways to deal with this issue.

Progression from Non-alcoholic Steatohepatitis to Advanced Liver Diseases and Mortality Among Medicare Patients.

Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) may progress to more advanced liver disease. This study aimed to characterize NASH progression and mortality in the Medicare population. Patients with NASH in 100% Medicare fee-for-service claims accrued from2015-2021 who were≥66years old at index diagnosis, continuously enrolled for≥12months prior to and≥6months following index (unless death), and had no evidence of other causes of liver disease were included. Diagnosis codes defined severity states: non-cirrhotic NASH, compensated cirrhosis (CC), decompensated cirrhosis (DCC), hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), and liver transplant (LT). Survival analyses of disease progression and mortality were conducted for each state and by year of progression (Y1-5). Cox proportional hazards models assessed risk factors of worsening disease. Mean age and follow-up were 72.2 and 2.8years in 14,806 unique patients (n=12,990 NASH; 1899 CC; 997 DCC; 209 HCC; 140 LT). Progression rates were highest for patients with CC (11-37% for Y1-5), followed by DCC (3-18%), NASH (3-12%), and HCC (2-4%). Mortality rates were highest for patients with HCC (41-85% for Y1-5), followed by DCC (41-76%), LT (7-33%), CC (6-26%), and NASH (2-12%). Patients with any disease progression had a 5-year mortality rate more than double that of patients without progression (41% vs. 16%). Delayed progression from NASH was associated with lower mortality risk; the 5-year mortality rate was 26% lower for patients with progression in Y2 vs. Y1 (32% vs. 43%) and further decreased for progression in Y3-Y5. Risk factors included age, nursing home use, congestive heart failure, coagulopathy, fluid/electrolyte disorders, and unexplained weight loss. Medicare patients≥66years with NASH experience high risk of disease progression associated with increased mortality rates. Slower disease progression is associated with lower mortality rates, suggesting that therapies that can delay or prevent NASH progression may reduce morbidity and mortality.

Nonlinear relationship between the triglyceride–glucose index and alanine aminotransferase in children with short stature

Metabolic dysfunction associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) is a common cause of liver disease in children and adolescents. The relationship between insulin resistance (IR) and MAFLD in children with short stature remains largely unknown. The present study was to investigate the relationship between the triglyceride–glucose (TyG) index and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels in children with short stature. A total of 1754 children with short stature were enrolled. Anthropometric, biochemical and hormonal indexes were collected through physical measurement examinations and laboratory tests. A nonlinear association was found between the TyG index and ALT. The inflection point of the curve was at a TyG index of 8.24. In multivariate piecewise linear regression, only when the TyG index was greater than 8.24 was there a significant positive association between the TyG index and ALT (β 5.75, 95% CI 3.30, 8.19; P < 0.001). However, when the TyG index was less than 8.24, there was no significant association between the TyG index and ALT (β −0.57, 95% CI −1.84, 0.71; P = 0.382). This study demonstrated a nonlinear relationship between TyG index and ALT in children with short stature. This finding suggests that a high TyG index is associated with elevated ALT in children with short stature.

Longitudinal controlled attenuation parameter and liver stiffness in children with and without perinatal HIV infection in South Africa.

Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) is an emerging cause of liver disease in HIV. Transient elastography (TE) with controlled attenuation parameter (CAP) measures liver stiffness as a marker of liver fibrosis and CAP as a measure of hepatic steatosis. Our aim was to evaluate longitudinal CAP and liver stiffness in children with perinatally acquired HIV (PHIV) on antiretroviral therapy (ART) from early life compared to children without HIV (HU). Prospective cohort study. PHIV and HU were followed annually for two years. During the study, 60% of PHIV switched from older ART regimens to tenofovir disoproxil, lamivudine and dolutegravir (TLD). Longitudinal evolution of CAP and liver stiffness were investigated in two PHIV groups - on older ART and on TLD - compared to HU children using linear mixed effects models. 263 children and adolescents (112 PHIV, 151 HU) aged 7-20 years were followed. PHIV on older ART had CAP 8.61% (95% CI 4.42-12.97, P < 0.001) greater than HU and no significant difference in CAP between PHIV on TLD and HU. No significant difference in liver stiffness was found between PHIV on older ART regimens and PHIV on TLD compared to HU. PHIV on older ART had higher CAP than HU, whereas in PHIV switched to TLD there was no difference in CAP compared to HU. There was no difference in liver stiffness between either PHIV group and HU. This suggests starting ART early in life might protect PHIV from developing hepatic fibrosis.

An atlas of the human liver diurnal transcriptome and its perturbation by hepatitis C virus infection

Chronic liver disease and cancer are global health challenges. The role of the circadian clock as a regulator of liver physiology and disease is well established in rodents, however, the identity and epigenetic regulation of rhythmically expressed genes in human disease is less well studied. Here we unravel the rhythmic transcriptome and epigenome of human hepatocytes using male human liver chimeric mice. We identify a large number of rhythmically expressed protein coding genes in human hepatocytes of male chimeric mice, which includes key transcription factors, chromatin modifiers, and critical enzymes. We show that hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, a major cause of liver disease and cancer, perturbs the transcriptome by altering the rhythmicity of the expression of more than 1000 genes, and affects the epigenome, leading to an activation of critical pathways mediating metabolic alterations, fibrosis, and cancer. HCV-perturbed rhythmic pathways remain dysregulated in patients with advanced liver disease. Collectively, these data support a role for virus-induced perturbation of the hepatic rhythmic transcriptome and pathways in cancer development and may provide opportunities for cancer prevention and biomarkers to predict HCC risk.

Cardiovascular risk in US adults with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) vs. matched non-NASH controls, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2017-2020.

NASH is considered a contributor to atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) risk; however, its contribution beyond traditional risk factors for CVD, particularly diabetes, is less clearly understood. This study aimed to quantify the cardiovascular-event risk associated with NASH, independent of diabetes status. A cross-sectional analysis was conducted using the 2017-2020 NHANES pre-pandemic cycle. NASH was defined based on presence of steatosis without other causes of liver disease, and FibroScan+AST score from vibration-controlled transient elastography (VCTE). Significant fibrosis (stages F2-F4) was identified by liver stiffness measurement from VCTE. Predicted primary CV-event risk was estimated using both the Pooled Cohort Equations (PCE) and the Framingham Risk Score (FRS). NASH patients were matched with non-NASH controls on age, sex, race/ethnicity, and diabetes status. Weighted logistic regression was conducted, modeling elevated predicted CV risk (binary) as the dependent variable and indicators for NASH / fibrosis stages as independent variables. A sample of 125 NASH patients was matched with 2585 controls. NASH with significant fibrosis was associated with elevated predicted 10-year CV risk, although this association was only statistically significant in PCE analyses (odds ratio and 95% CI 2.34 [1.25, 4.36]). Analyses restricting to ages <65 years showed similar results, with associations of greater magnitude. Independent of diabetes, a significant association was observed between NASH with significant liver fibrosis and predicted primary CV-event risk in US adults, particularly for those <65. These findings suggest the importance of accounting for NASH and liver-fibrosis stage in predicting CV-event risk.

Successful treatment of acute liver failure due to Wilson's disease: Serendipity or fortuity?

Acute liver failure (ALF) may be the first and most dramatic presentation of Wilson's disease (WD). ALF due to WD (WD-ALF) is difficult to distinguish from other causes of liver disease and is a clear indication for liver transplantation. There is no firm recommendation on specific and supportive medical treatment for this condition. To critically evaluate the diagnostic and therapeutic management of WD-ALF patients in order to improve their survival with native liver. A retrospective analysis of patients with WD-ALF was conducted in two pediatric liver units from 2018 to 2023. During the study period, 16 children (9 males) received a diagnosis of WD and 2 of them presented with ALF. The first was successfully treated with an unconventional combination of low doses of D-penicillamine and zinc plus steroids, and survived without liver transplant. The second, exclusively treated with supportive therapy, needed a hepatotransplant to overcome ALF. Successful treatment of 1 WD-ALF patient with low-dose D-penicillamine and zinc plus steroids may provide new perspectives for management of this condition, which is currently only treated with liver transplantation.

Comparative efficacy of pharmacologic therapies for MASH in reducing liver fat content: Systematic review and network meta-analysis.

Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH) is a leading cause of liver disease. Dynamic changes in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) proton-density-fat fraction (PDFF) are associated with MASH resolution. We aimed to determine the relative efficacy of therapeutic agents for reducing hepatic fat, assessed by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) proton-density-fat fraction (PDFF). In this systematic review and network meta-analysis, we searched MEDLINE and Embase from inception until Dec 26, 2023, for published randomized-controlled trials (RCTs) comparing pharmacological interventions in patients with MASH that assessed changes in MRI-PDFF. The primary outcome was the absolute change in MRI-PDFF. The secondary outcome was a ≥30% decline in MRI-PDFF. A surface under-the-curve cumulative ranking probabilities (SUCRA) analysis was performed. Of 1550 records, a total of 39 RCTs (3311 participants) met the inclusion criteria. For MRI-PDFF decline at 24 weeks, aldafermin (SUCRA: 83.65), pegozafermin (SUCRA: 83.46), and pioglitazone (SUCRA: 71.67) were ranked the most effective interventions. At 24-weeks, efinopegdutide (SUCRA: 67.02), semaglutide + firsocostat (SUCRA: 62.43), and pegbelfermin (SUCRA: 61.68) were ranked the most effective interventions for achieving a ≥30% decline in MRI-PDFF. This study provides an updated, relative rank-order efficacy of therapies for MASH in reducing hepatic fat. These data may help inform the design and sample size calculation of future clinical trials and assist selection of combination therapy.

Etiology-Specific Effects of Impaired Functional Status on Liver Transplant Outcomes.

Pre-liver transplant (LT) functional status is an important determinant of prognosis post LT. There is insufficient data on how functional status affects outcomes of transplant recipients based on the specific etiology of liver disease. We stratified LT recipients by etiology of liver disease to evaluate the effects of functional status on post-LT prognosis in each subgroup. 2005-2019 United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS) Standard Transplant Analysis and Research (STAR) was used to select patients with liver transplant. A total of 14,290 patients were included in the analysis. These patients were stratified by functional status according to Karnofsky Performance Scale (KPS) score: no assistance, some assistance, or total assistance. They were then further divided into six diagnosis categories: metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD), hereditary disorders, hepatitis C, hepatitis B, autoimmune disease (AID), and alcoholic liver disease (ALD). Primary endpoints included all-cause mortality and graft failure, while secondary endpoints included organ-specific causes of death. Those under the age of 18 and those with non-whole liver or prior liver transplantation were excluded. Patients with MASLD requiring some assistance (aHR: 1.57, 95% CI 1.03-2.39, p = 0.04) and those requiring total assistance (aHR: 2.32, 95% CI 1.48-3.64, p < 0.001) had higher incidences of graft failure compared to those requiring no assistance. Those with MASLD requiring total assistance had a higher all-cause mortality rate than those needing no assistance (aHR: 1.62, 95% CI 1.38-1.89, p < 0.001). Patients with hereditary causes of liver disease showed a lower incidence of all-cause mortality in recipients needing some assistance compared with those needing no assistance (aHR: 0.52, 95% CI 0.34-0.80, p = 0.003). LT recipients with hepatitis C, AID, and ALD all showed higher incidences of all-cause mortality in the total assistance cohort when compared to the no assistance cohort. For the secondary endpoints of specific cause of death, transplant recipients with MASLD needing total assistance had higher rates of death due to general cardiac causes, graft rejection, general infectious causes, sepsis, general renal causes, and general respiratory causes. Patients with MASLD cirrhosis demonstrated the worst overall outcomes, suggesting that this population may be particularly vulnerable. Poor functional status in patients with end-stage liver disease from hepatitis B or hereditary disease was not associated with a significantly increased rate of adverse outcomes, suggesting that the KPS score may not be broadly applicable to all patients awaiting LT.

Usefulness of Body Fat and Visceral Fat Determined by Bioimpedanciometry versus Body Mass Index and Waist Circumference in Predicting Elevated Values of Different Risk Scales for Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease.

Obesity constitutes a public health problem worldwide and causes non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (MALFD), the leading cause of liver disease in developed countries, which progresses to liver cirrhosis and liver cancer. MAFLD is associated with obesity and can be evaluated by validated formulas to assess MAFLD risk using different parameters such as the body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC). However, these parameters do not accurately measure body fat. As MAFLD is strongly associated with obesity, we hypothesize that measuring body and visceral fat by electrical bioimpedance is an efficient method to predict the risk of MAFLD. The objective of our work was to demonstrate that electrical bioimpedance is a more efficient method than the BMI or WC to predict an elevated risk of MAFLD. A cross-sectional, descriptive study involving 8590 Spanish workers in the Balearic Islands was carried out. The study's sample of employees was drawn from those who underwent occupational medicine examinations between January 2019 and December 2020. Five MAFLD risk scales were determined for evaluating very high levels of body fat and visceral fat. The determination of body and visceral fat was performed using bioimpedanciometry. Student's t-test was employed to ascertain the mean and standard deviation of quantitative data. The chi-square test was used to find prevalences for qualitative variables, while ROC curves were used to define the cut-off points for body and visceral fat. The calculations included the area under the curve (AUC), the cut-off points along with their Youden index, sensitivity, and specificity. Correlation and concordance between the various scales were determined using Pearson's correlation index and Cohen's kappa, respectively. As both total body fat and visceral fat increase, the risk of MAFLD increases with a statistically significant result (p < 0.001), presenting a higher risk in men. The areas under the curve (AUC) of the five scales that assess overweight and obesity to determine the occurrence of high values of the different MAFLD risk scales were very high, most of them exceeding 0.9. These AUC values were higher for visceral and body fat than for the BMI or waist circumference. FLD-high presented the best results in men and women with the AUC at around 0.97, both for visceral fat and total body fat, with a high Youden index in all cases (women body fat = 0.830, visceral fat = 0.892; men body fat = 0.780, visceral fat = 0.881). In our study, all the overweight and obesity scales show a very good association with the scales assessing the risk of MAFLD. These values are higher for visceral and body fat than for waist circumference and the BMI. Both visceral fat and body fat are better associated than the BMI and waist circumference with MAFLD risk scales.

Fibro-Scan Based Score and Novel Noninvasive Serum Marker, FGF-21, to Assess Liver Fibrosis in Morbidly Obese Patients

Abstract Background (NAFLD) is currently the most common cause of liver disease in the Western world, affecting up to 20- 30% of the general adult population. It is a growing public health problem, because of the increasing prevalence of the pathologies that contribute to its development such as obesity and inflammation status. Aim of the Work The study is aimed to develop and validate noninvasive scoring system for assessment liver fibrosis in morbidly obese patients with NAFLD. Subjects and Methods This is a Prospective cohort study, was carried out on 50 morbidly obese patients selected from internal medicine department, El Demerdash Hospital, through a period of six months. Results There were 32(64.0%) male and 18(35.0%) female with mean age 40.48 (± 12.16) SD. There were 14(27.0%) between (20 -30), 11(22.0%) between (30-40), 9(18.0%) between (40-50) and 16(32.0%) ≥50. Mean Weight (Kg) was 106.6 (± 13.31) SD with range (82.50 – 145.5), mean Height (Cm) was 171.7 (± 6.25) SD with range (158.0 – 185.0), mean BMI (Kg/m2) was 36.17 (± 4.15) SD with range (29.30–43.40), mean Waistcircumference 113.1 (±7.64) SD with range (92.0 – 129.0). There were 37(74.0%) with Co-morbidity. 10(20.0%) have DM, 11(22.0%) have HTN, 11(22.0%) have CDK and 5(10.0%) have COPD. Conclusion That the combination of Fibroscan and, APRI, FGF-21 and FIB-4 methods provides a valuable approach for assessing liver fibrosis in NAFLD patients. This can eliminate the need for liver biopsy in patients without clear indication. In addition, several recent studies have also validated the used of non-invasive markers in the diagnosis of NAFLD. The establishment of a national program for the recognition of NAFLD is therefore essential to reduce the risk of liver disease progression.

Sex-based Disparities in Liver Transplantation for Hepatocellular Carcinoma and the Impact of the Growing Burden of NASH.

The cause of liver disease is changing, but its impact on liver transplantation (LT) for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in women and men is unclear. We performed a nationwide study to assess the prevalence and posttransplant survival outcomes of the various causes of liver disease in women and men with HCC. Data were obtained from the United Network for Organ Sharing database from 2000 to 2022. Data related to the listing, transplant, waitlist mortality, and posttransplant mortality for HCC were extracted. The proportion of HCC related to the various causes of liver disease among LT candidates and recipients and posttransplant survival were compared between women and men. A total of 51 721 individuals (39 465 men, 12 256 women) with HCC were included. From 2000 to 2022, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) was the fastest-growing cause of liver disease among female LT candidates with HCC (P < 0.01), followed by alcohol-associated liver disease. NASH overtook chronic hepatitis C as the leading cause of liver disease in 2020 and 2022 among waitlisted women and men with HCC, respectively. Female patients with HCC spent a significantly longer time on the LT waitlist compared with male patients (β: 8.73; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.91-14.54). Female patients with HCC from alcohol-associated liver disease also have a lower probability of receiving LT (subdistribution hazard ratio: 0.90; 95% CI, 0.82-0.99). Among transplant recipients with NASH HCC, female sex was associated with lower posttransplant mortality compared with male sex (hazard ratio: 0.79; 95% CI, 0.70-0.89; P < 0.01). Women have a significantly longer waitlist duration compared with men. NASH is now the leading cause of liver disease among both female and male LT candidates and recipients with HCC.

Hepatitis B Risk Factors are Frequently Present in Children at Jinnah Postgraduate Medical Centre in Karachi.

Infection with the hepatitis B virus (HBV) poses a serious threat to global public health. More than 300 million instances of chronic hepatitis are brought on by it, which is the primary cause of liver disease. This study was conducted to determine the risk factors of HBV in children at Jinnah Postgraduate Medical Centre, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan. This cross-sectional study was conducted at the Department of Gastroenterology, Jinnah Postgraduate Medical Centre, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan from January 2019 to April 2022. A total of 134 children aged below 16 years with HBV were recruited in this study. Demographic information was recorded. Screening for HBV was done in all patients. Investigations including liver biochemistry, hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), and HBV DNA polymerase chain reaction (PCR) were conducted in the hospital along with a complete blood count and ultrasound whole abdomen. All information was collected on a predesigned proforma and evaluated using statistical package for the social sciences (SPSS), version 25.0, software. The mean age of patients was 11.02 ± 2.19 years. There were 57.46% males. The frequent risk factor was vertical transmission in 47% of children followed by blood transfusion in 23.9% of children, horizontal transmission in 13.4% of children, and prior history of surgical or dental intervention in 17.2% of children. In this study, vertical transmission was the most common route of transmission of HBV. Additionally, 11% of family members were HBV positive. None had concomitant hepatitis C virus (HCV) and HDV infection. All pregnant females should be screened. Children on chronic blood transfusion therapy should be screened annually. Additionally, birth-dose HBV vaccination should be implemented as a key step in HBV prevention among Pakistani children. Butt N, Kamani L, Khemani H. Hepatitis B Risk Factors are Frequently Present in Children at Jinnah Postgraduate Medical Centre in Karachi. Euroasian J Hepato-Gastroenterol 2024;14(1):16-19.

Machine learning reveals the contribution of lipoproteins to liver triglyceride content and inflammation.

Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) is currently the most common chronic liver disease worldwide and is strongly associated with metabolic comorbidities, including dyslipidemia. Herein, we aim to estimate the prevalence of MASLD and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH) in Europeans with isolated hypercholesterolemia and isolated hypertriglyceridemia in the UK Biobank and to estimate the independent contribution of lipoproteins to liver triglyceride content. We selected 218,732 Europeans from the UK Biobank without chronic viral hepatitis and other causes of liver disease, of whom 14,937 with liver magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data available. Next, to examine the relationships between traits in predicting liver triglyceride content, we compared the predictive performance of several machine learning methods and selected the best performing algorithms based on the minimum cross-validated mean squared error (MSE). There was an approximately 3-fold and 4-fold enrichment of MASLD and MASH in individuals with isolated hypertriglyceridemia (p=1.23E-41 and p=1.29E-10, respectively), whereas individuals with isolated hypercholesterolemia had a marginal higher rate of MASLD and no difference in MASH rate compared to control group (p=0.019 and p=0.97, respectively). Among machine learning methods, feed-forward neural network had the best cross-validation MSE on the validation set. Circulating triglycerides, after body mass index (BMI), were the second strongest independent predictor of liver proton density fat fraction (PDFF) with the largest absolute mean Shapley additive explanation (SHAP) value. Isolated hypertriglyceridemia is the second strongest, after obesity, independent predictor of MASLD/MASH. Individuals with hypertriglyceridemia, but not with hypercholesterolemia, should be screened for liver disease.

Regulating bile acids signaling for NAFLD: molecular insights and novel therapeutic interventions.

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) emerges as the most predominant cause of liver disease, tightly linked to metabolic dysfunction. Bile acids (BAs), initially synthesized from cholesterol in the liver, undergo further metabolism by gut bacteria. Increasingly acknowledged as critical modulators of metabolic processes, BAs have been implicated as important signaling molecules. In this review, we will focus on the mechanism of BAs signaling involved in glucose homeostasis, lipid metabolism, energy expenditure, and immune regulation and summarize their roles in the pathogenesis of NAFLD. Furthermore, gut microbiota dysbiosis plays a key role in the development of NAFLD, and the interactions between BAs and intestinal microbiota is elucidated. In addition, we also discuss potential therapeutic strategies for NAFLD, including drugs targeting BA receptors, modulation of intestinal microbiota, and metabolic surgery.

Community dialogue to enhance understanding of beliefs, behaviours and barriers to care for people living with liver disease and HBV infection in KwaZulu Natal, South Africa

IntroductionThe World Health Organisation (WHO) has set targets for the elimination of Hepatitis B virus (HBV), which include preventing new infections and reducing deaths. We explored beliefs, behaviours and barriers to diagnosis, prevention and treatment for people living with HBV infection (PLWHB) and those with liver disease in a rural South African population in KwaZulu-Natal, to gather information to inform research and support the development of improved clinical and public health services. MethodsUsing an interdisciplinary approach (combining public engagement, social science, clinical and laboratory team members) we conducted a community dialogue with members of the Africa Health Research Institute (AHRI) Community Advisory Board (CAB). Notes from the discussions were used to write up an account from which themes were identified during a team debrief session for data analysis. ResultsThere was a lack of knowledge and awareness of HBV infection and transmission and prevention amongst CAB members, also reported among community members and healthcare workers. The participants recognised liver disease symptoms. Perceived causes of liver disease reported by the CAB were alcohol and non-adherence to HIV treatment. Barriers to care included stigma, poverty, and delays in referrals for HBV diagnosis and management. ConclusionUnderstanding barriers to care is important to shape future services for diagnosis, treatment and prevention of HBV and liver disease which are accessible, affordable and acceptable to the local population. Education, awareness and advocacy for improved liver health care pathways are required to make them effective for local communities.

Liver Metabolomics Analysis Revealing Key Metabolites Associated with Different Stages of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Hamsters.

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is not only the top cause of liver diseases but also a hepatic-correlated metabolic syndrome. This study performed untargeted metabolomics analysis of NAFLD hamsters to identify the key metabolites to discriminate different stages of NAFLD. Hamsters were fed a high-fat diet (HFD) to establish the NAFLD model with different stages (six weeks named as the NAFLD1 group and twelve weeks as the NAFLD2 group, respectively). Those liver samples were analyzed by untargeted metabolomics (UM) analysis to investigate metabolic changes and metabolites to discriminate different stages of NAFLD. The significant liver weight gain in NAFLD hamsters was observed, accompanied by significantly increased levels of serum triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and aspartate aminotransferase (AST). Moreover, the levels of TG, LDL-C, ALT, and AST were significantly higher in the NAFLD2 group than in the NAFLD1 group. The UM analysis also revealed the metabolic changes; 27 differently expressed metabolites were detected between the NAFLD2 and NAFLD1 groups. More importantly, the levels of N-methylalanine, allantoin, glucose, and glutamylvaline were found to be significantly different between any two groups (control, NAFLD2 and NAFLD1). Receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) curve results also showed that these four metabolites are able to distinguish control, NAFLD1 and NAFLD2 groups. This study indicated that the process of NAFLD in hamsters is accompanied by different metabolite changes, and these key differently expressed metabolites may be valuable diagnostic biomarkers and responses to therapeutic interventions.

Association of Circulating Markers of Microbial Translocation and Hepatic Inflammation with Liver Injury in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes.

Virtually the entire spectrum of liver disease is observed in association with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM); indeed, T2DM is now the most common cause of liver disease in the U.S. We conducted a pilot study to investigate the relevance of increased microbial translocation and systemic inflammation in the development of liver injury in patients with T2DM. Patients with T2DM (n = 17) and non-diabetic controls (NDC; n = 11) aged 25-80 yrs. participated in this study. Serum levels of endotoxin, calprotectin, soluble CD14 and CD163, and several inflammatory cytokines were measured. In addition to standard liver injury markers, ALT and AST, novel serum markers of liver injury, keratin 18 (K-18) M30 (apoptosis-associated caspase-cleaved keratin 18), and M65 (soluble keratin 18) were evaluated. Statistical analyses were performed using the Mann-Whitney test to assess differences between study groups. Pearson's correlation analysis was performed to determine the strength of association between two variables using GraphPad Prism 9.5.0 software. Patients with T2DM had significantly higher levels of sCD14 in comparison to NDC, suggesting an increase in gut permeability, microbial translocation, and monocyte/macrophage activation. Importantly, relevant to the ensuing inflammatory responses, the increase in sCD14 in patients with T2DM was accompanied by a significant increase in sCD163, a marker of hepatic Kupffer cell activation and inflammation. Further, a positive correlation was observed between sCD163 and endotoxin and sCD14 in T2DM patients but not in NDC. In association with these changes, keratin 18 (K-18)-based serum markers (M65 and M30) that reflect hepatocyte death were significantly higher in the T2DM group indicating ongoing liver injury. Notably, both M65 and M30 levels correlated with sCD14 and sCD163, suggesting that immune cell activation and hepatic inflammation may be linked to the development of liver injury in T2DM. These findings suggest that the pathogenic changes in the gut-liver axis, marked by increased microbial translocation, may be a major component in the etiology of hepatocyte inflammation and injury in patients with T2DM. However, larger longitudinal studies, including histological evidence, are needed to confirm these observations.

Association of statins with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in patients with diabetes.

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common cause of chronic liver disease in patients with diabetes; limited data suggested that statins may reduce the risk of NAFLD progression. This study aimed to examine the association between statins and the development or progression of NAFLD in veterans with diabetes. In a new-user negative control design, we conducted a retrospective propensity score (PS)-matched cohort study of patients with diabetes between 2003 and 2015. After excluding patients with other causes of liver disease, we formed PS using 85 characteristics. The primary outcome was a composite NAFLD progression outcome. Primary analysis examined odds of outcome in PS-matched cohort. Post-hoc analysis included a PS-matched cohort of statin users with intensive lowering of low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) vs low-intensity lowering. We matched 34,102 pairs from 300,739 statin users and 38,038 non-users. The composite outcome occurred in 8.8% of statin users and 8.6% of non-users (odds ratio (OR) 1.02, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) 0.97-1.08). In the post-hoc analysis, intensive lowering of LDL-C compared to low-intensity showed increased NAFLD progression (OR 1.21, 95% CI 1.13-1.30). This study showed that statin use in patients with diabetes was not associated with decreased or increased risk of NAFLD progression. Intensive LDL-C lowering, compared to low-intensity LDL-C lowering, was associated with an increased risk of NAFLD progression.

Characterization of Circulating HCV Genotypes: A Cohort Study in Uttar Pradesh, India

Hepatitis C virus infection is one of the main causes of liver disease that can lead to liver cirrhosis and finally to the chronic development of Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC). With 8 different HCV genotypes circulating, it becomes necessary to characterize the pathogenesis caused by each one of the HCV genotypes infecting population of a particular setting. Present study aims to identify the circulating Hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotypes in the different areas of State of Uttar Pradesh, India and understand their clinical etiology and related co-morbidities. The patients reporting to Sharda Hospital, Uttar Pradesh, India who were diagnosed positive for HCV were included in the study. The informed consent was obtained and then blood was drawn. In-house primers, for all the 8 genotypes were prepared and RT-PCR was performed. The amplified product was subjected to Agarose gel electrophoresis to identify the genotypes present in individual samples. Total 30 serum samples were taken. Of these, 21 (70%) showed presence of multiple genotypes, while 7 (23.33%) showed positivity for single genotype and two did not show any bands. Presence of multiple genotypes in individual patient has been reported for the first time. The pathological consequences of multiple genotypes within one host need to be studied further in terms of increased risk of developing a chronic liver disease. Further studies are being undertaken to study association of specific HCV genotype and multiple genotypes, Core, NS3 and NS5 viral proteins with the disease progression to develop predictors of liver cirrhosis and HCC.