Cause Of Elongation Research Articles

Responses of cracked stiffened plates to low-cycle fatigue loads

Low cycle fatigue (LCF) crack propagation experiments are conducted on 12 stiffened plate specimens with centrally located through cracks using MTS Dynamic Test System. The a-N curves of the specimens are obtained via crack propagation videos recorded by an electron microscope. Accumulated maximum crack opening displacement (AMCOD) is measured by an extensometer. Accumulated mean strain (AMS) is calculated from the loading rod displacement data recorded by the computer that controls the test machine. The effects of LCF loading on crack propagation, AMCOD and AMS are analyzed based on the experimental results. The parameter values in the general constitutive relation for fatigue crack growth are derived through curve fitting the da/dN-a results. Comparisons of AMCOD and elongation of the 12 specimens show that the two parameters are almost equal at all times; correlation between AMCOD and elongation is almost 1 for all 12 specimens. AMCOD is the main cause of elongation. The three responses (crack propagation, AMCOD and AMS) of the specimen to LCF loading occur simultaneously. Evaluating crack propagation length, AMCOD and AMS together can increase the accuracy of the evaluation of the ultimate strength of cracked structural elements in a ship.

Ion hammering eliminated as cause of elongation of embedded nanoparticles

New research challenges proposed synergy model invoking ion hammering with transient melting.

Dynamic Regulation of the 7TM Receptor Bacteriorhodopsin Function under Alkaline pH Conditions

Bacteriorhodopsin (bR), a light-driven proton pump for light energy capture in Halobacterium Salinarum, has been studied by multidisciplinary approaches to reveal the molecular machinery of proton transfer and photocycle. In order to study the functionally related structural change in the M intermediate state, different media with a high pH value have been used to extend the lifetime of the M state. However, not much attention have been paid to the conformational changes that occur around the retinal binding pocket and expand further to the overall structure in the ground state. In this study, dynamic regulation of bR function under alkaline pH conditions has been investigated by magic-angle spinning solid-state NMR through chemical shifts, torsion angle and C-H bond length measurements on reconstituted [10,11,14,15-13C4]-retinal-labelled bR purple membrane samples. Combined with UV spectroscopy, light-induced transient absorption changes and molecular dynamic simulations, possible perturbation mechanism from the retinal binding pocket to the overall structure have been discussed. Our results show that C14 of the retinal chromophore is more sensitive to the environmental change than any other carbon sites due to its adjacent position to the C13 pivot. Elongation and attenuation of the M state may be caused by the shift of trans-cis thermal equilibrium to a more populated cis configuration in the dark-adapted purple membrane. Deprotonation of the alkaline residues on the helices C, D, F and G may result in the reformation of the H-bond network on both proton release and uptake channels and further the cause of elongation and attenuation of the M and N states, and vanish of the O state in the bR photocycle.

Cable Twist Pitch Variation in $\hbox{Nb}_{3}\hbox{Sn}$ Conductors for ITER Toroidal Field Coils in Japan

In March 2010, the Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA) was the first to start the mass production of toroidal field (TF) conductors among the six parties who were procuring TF conductors in the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor project. The height and width of the TF coils are 14 m and 9 m, respectively. The conductor is a cable-in-conduit conductor with an operating current of 68 kA. A circular multistage superconducting cable is inserted into a circular stainless steel jacket with a thickness of 2 mm. A total of 900 Nb <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> Sn strands and 522 copper strands are cabled around the central spiral and then wrapped with stainless steel tape whose thickness is 0.1 mm. The superconducting cables are inserted into the jacket assembled using the automatic butt Tungsten Inert Gas welding technique. Cable insertion is one of the key technologies in the jacketing process because the gap between the inner surface of the jacket and the outer diameter of the superconducting cable is only 2 mm in diameter. It was observed that the cabling pitch of the destructive sample is longer than the original pitch at cabling. JAEA carried out the tensile tests of the cable and the measurement of the cable rotation during the insertion to investigate the cause of the elongation. The cause of elongation was clarified, and the results are described in this paper.

Newly identified star clusters in M33 - III. Structural parameters

We present the morphological properties of 161 star clusters in M33 using the Advanced Camera For Surveys Wide Field Channel onboard the Hubble Space Telescope using observations with the F606W and F814W filters. We obtain, for the first time, ellipticities, position angles, and surface brightness profiles for a significant number of clusters. On average, M33 clusters are more flattened than those of the Milky Way and M31, and more similar to clusters in the Small Magellanic Cloud. The ellipticities do not show any correlation with age or mass, suggesting that rotation is not the main cause of elongation in the M33 clusters. The position angles of the clusters show a bimodality with a strong peak perpendicular to the position angle of the galaxy major axis. These results support the notion that tidal forces are the reason for the cluster flattening. We fit King and EFF models to the surface brightness profiles and derive structural parameters including core radii, concentration, half-light radii and central surface brightness for both filters. The surface brightness profiles of a significant number of clusters show irregularities such as bumps and dips. Young clusters (Log age < 8) are notably better fitted by models with no radial truncation (EFF models), while older clusters show no significant differences between King or EFF fits. M33 star clusters seem to have smaller sizes, smaller concentrations, and smaller central surface brightness as compared to clusters in the MW, M31, LMC and SMC. Analysis of the structural parameters presents a age-radius relation also detected in other star cluster systems. The overall analysis shows differences in the structural evolution between the M33 cluster system and cluster systems in nearby galaxies. These differences could have been caused by the strong differences in these various environments.

Elongated Styloid Process Associated With Nevoid Basal Cell Carcinoma Syndrome

This article presents a case with nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome (NBCCS) and an elongated styloid process. Basal cell carcinoma syndrome, also known as Gorlin-Goltz syndrome, is an autosomal dominant inherited syndrome manifested by multiple defects involving the skin, nervous system, eyes, endocrine system, and bones. Elongated styloid process or calcified stylohyoid ligament cause craniofacial or cervical pain. The actual cause of elongation of the styloid process or the calcification of the stylohyoid ligament is unclear. The cause of elongation of styloid process in this case may be the calcification induced by NBCCS. This report is the first case presentation of NBCCS with elongated styloid process. Elongated styloid process might be described as an anomaly of an NBCCS.

Elongation in profundus tendon repair. A clinical and radiological study.

A radiographical study of 63 digits with tendon lacerations within the digital sheath is presented. 60 of these digits were evaluated clinically 6-36 months (mean 15 months) after surgery. At primary tendon repair one wire marker was placed on each side of the repair site in the profundus tendon. The distance between the markers was measured at operation and postoperatively on 3 different occasions on radiograms. The results showed that increase of the distance between the markers by more than 5 mm, considered to indicate elongation in the suture, occurred in 25 out of 59 repaired profundus tendons (42%) and in most instances this happened during the period of immobilization. The cause of elongation could be identified in 9 digits. In 5 it was due to rupture of the suture material, the tendons being repaired with 5-0 Flexon steel wire. In the other 4 digits, sutured with 4-0 Silky Polydec, slipping of the knot was revealed at reoperation. There was a strong correlation between increased distance between the markers and a poor outcome, elongation being the most frequent cause.

The physiology of cell elongation

The phenomena of growth may be separated into different processes, such as differentiation, elongation and maturation. Of these, only cell elongation will be dealt with in the following pages. The term elongation will be used for any permanent enlargement of cells already formed by differentiation. As the size of a plant cell is determined by the extent of the surface of its wall, cell elongation may be defined also as any permanent increase in the surface of the cell wall. Although elongation was studied by the earlier botanists, analysis of its mechanism had not yet been made some few years ago, and the views of different authors at that time differed widely. Almost every theoretical possibility was formulated into a theory. The question as to which factor initiates elongation, and which of the many properties and factors, playing parts during or varying with elongation, is the primary and direct cause of elongation and its limiting factor, could not be answered with certainty. Before considering contemporary ideas on the subject, a short survey of the different views of older investigators will be given, thus providing a clearer introduction to the problem, and some definitions will precede this survey in order to prevent misunderstanding: